Conference Paper

The study on optimization of cement and fine aggregate by blast furnace slag in concrete

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Abstract

Generation of industrial by-products has increased significantly with industrialization. One such by-product from iron smelting industry is iron slag, which is generated from blast-furnaces while extracting iron. This blast furnace slag is used to make a cementitious material by grinding it into fine powder, known as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). This blast furnace slag is also used to make a glassy granular product, Granulated blast furnace Slag (GBFS) which can be used as fine aggregate. Present experimental work investigates feasibility of using GBFS as replacement of natural sand and GGBS as replacement of cement in concrete respectively. Concrete cubes have been prepared and their compressive strength is checked for M30 grade of concrete. Thus, it can be concluded that GGBS and GBFS can be used to partially replace cement up to 55% and sand up to 50% in concrete respectively without affecting their compressive strength. Thereby reducing carbon dioxide emission and curtailing cost of concrete by 20.25%.

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... Due to the abundance of siliceous component, the furnace bottom slag can be used as aggregate in the filling materials and further replace natural sand. Generally, the pozzolanic activity of furnace bottom slag after grinding is better than finely grinding Class Ⅱ fly ash, thus it can also be used to replace fly ash for reprocessing when fly ash is insufficient supply (Singh et al., 2019). In addition, excessive free-MgO and free-CaO are ripened in water, which easily causes volume expansion and makes the filling body lose its original strength (Lee et al., 2019). ...
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... We generate 7.8 million tonnes of blast furnace slag in India. By quenching the molten blast furnace slag with a powerful water jet, 100% glassy slag grains are produced [13][14][15]. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the strength of M20 Grade concrete by partially replacing cement with GGBS and fine aggregate with fly ash. ...
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Fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) are selected primarily based on cost and durability. In addition, since the emissions of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are very low, environmental pollution can be suppressed to some extent. An examination conducted in a lab on the ideal level of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) to partially replace cement and fly ash to partial replacement of fine aggregate to study the strength characteristics of concrete as compare to conventional concrete (CC) of M20 grade. Significant development in infrastructures leads to production of concrete is more compare to all material. Cement and aggregates both are significant ingredients in concrete. In manufacture of cement, large amount of carbon dioxide is released so it causes global warming. Usage of river sand in great demand causes depletion of natural resources, some industrial waste can be used partially to resolve these problems. The utilization of waste material from the industries has been continuously emphasized in the project work. The present work is to use GGBS (Ground granulated Blast furnace slag) and Fly ash as combined replacement for ordinary Portland cement and river sand respectively. M20 grade of concrete with W/C 0.5 is carried out with percentage of cement replacement by GGBS i.e, 0%, 15%, and 20% along with the Fly ash as 0%, 15% and 20%. For all mixes compressive strength and Spilt tensile Strength are determined at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. The optimum strength of concrete mix is obtained for the represent of 20% GGBS and 20% fly ash.
... Following these modifications and the addition of superplasticizer, a higher compressive strength of approximately 40 MPa was observed at 28 days compared to the 30 MPa of regular cement concrete. The compressive strengths achieved due to various percentages of coarse iron slag replacement has been demonstrated in Figure 3 Singh et al., (2019) replaced natural sand with 10% to 50% fine grained slag and achieved a 28 days compressive strength of 45.1 MPa for 30% replacement which is comparable to that of conventional concrete. Singh and Siddique (2016) on the other hand produced concrete specimens with 10%, 25% and 40% fine slag replacement. ...
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... At present, the use of fly ash, blast furnace slag, metakaolin, and other mineral admixtures to replace part of the cement used in concrete is the main solution to alleviate the large resource consumption and negative impact on the environment in the cement production process [17][18][19][20][21][22]. Blast furnace slag is the most common mineral admixture and a type of industrial waste slag discharged from the blast furnace when smelting pig iron, so it has the characteristics of low environmental damage and low price [23][24][25]. The concrete mixed with blast furnace slag has reduces the amount of cement required, improves the performance of concrete, reduces the cost of concrete, and reduces the damage of industrial waste slag on the environment. ...
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... Recently, the interest in environmentally friendly development has increased worldwide, especially in the construction industry. Because of the depletion of natural aggregate resources and environmental pollution problems, research is being conducted to develop alternative aggregates or use industrial by-products [1][2][3][4]. ...
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With the increased industrialization, generation of industrial by-products has increased significantly. There are many types of industrial by-products depending upon the industry. Utilization of such types of by-products has become an enormous challenge. One such type of by-product is ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) which is produced from the blast-furnaces of iron and steel industries. GGBS is very useful in the design and development of high quality cement paste/mortar and concrete. This paper presents comprehensive details of the physical, and chemical properties, and hydration reaction. It also covers the workability, setting times, compressive strength, chloride and sulfate resistance of cement paste and mortar.
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This paper presents a laboratory investigation on optimum level of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) on the compressive strength of concrete. GGBS was added according to the partial replacement method in all mixtures. A total of 32 mixtures were prepared in four groups according to their binder content. Eight mixes were prepared as control mixtures with 175, 210, 245 and 280 kg/m3 cement content in order to calculate the Bolomey and Féret coefficients (KB, KF). For each group 175, 210, 245 and 280 kg/m3 dosages were determined as initial dosages, which were obtained by removing 30 percent of the cement content of control concretes with 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m3 dosages. Test concretes were obtained by adding GGBS to concretes in an amount equivalent to approximately 0%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 110% of cement contents of control concretes with 250, 300, 350 and 400 kg/m3 dosages. All specimens were moist cured for 7, 14, 28, 63, 119, 180 and 365 days before compressive strength testing.The test results proved that the compressive strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS increases as the amount of GGBS increase. After an optimum point, at around 55% of the total binder content, the addition of GGBS does not improve the compressive strength. This can be explained by the presence of unreacted GGBS, acting as a filler material in the paste.
Article
At the present, most industrial slags are being used without taking full advantage of their properties or disposed rather than used. The industrial slags, which have cementitious or pozzolanic properties, should be used as partial or full replacement for Portland cement rather than as bulk aggregates or ballasts because of the high cost of Portland cement, which is attributable to the high energy consumption for the production of Portland cement. The traditional way to utilize metallurgical slags in cementing materials is to partially replace Portland cement, which usually results in a lower early strength and longer setting times. Presence of activator(s) can accelerate the break-up of structure and hydration of slags. Many research results have indicated that clinkerless alkali-activated slags even exhibit higher strengths, denser structure and better durability compared with Portland cement. In this paper, the recent achievements in the development of high performance cementing materials based on activated slags such as blast furnace slag, steel slag, copper slag and phosphorus slag are reviewed.
Metals and Alloys, 54th Edition Iron and steel slag (Final Release), Government of India, Ministry of Mines
  • Indian Minerals Yearbook
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Indian Minerals Yearbook, Part II: Metals and Alloys, 54th Edition Iron and steel slag (Final Release), Government of India, Ministry of Mines, Indian Bureau of Mines, Indira Bhawan, Civil Lines, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440001(2015).
Final report on durability and strength development of ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete
  • P W C Leung
  • H D Wong
P.W.C. Leung and H. D. Wong, "Final report on durability and strength development of ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete," Hong Kong: Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department, (2010).
Plain and Reinforced Concrete code of Practice
IS 456, Plain and Reinforced Concrete code of Practice, New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standard (2000).