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DECISION TREE FOR HALAL FOOD
FORENSICS (UBAT- HALFOR)
Project Leader: Muhamad Afiq Bin Abd Razak1, Project Members: Mohd Anuar Ramli2, Faezy Adenan3
1,3Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies (ACIS), UiTM Shah Alam, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2Academy of Islamic Studies University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Contact: muhamadafiq@uitm.edu.my Phone: 019-2979114
PROBLEM STATEMENT
OBJECTIVES
USEFULNESS
INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, food production has become more advanced than never before. Technological advancement in food technology enabled newer inventions and application such as the
utilization of food additives, texture enhancer, flavourings and product imitation. Halal food industry, as part of food and beverages industry sector ranked the first contributing to
Malaysia’s economy. Halal food industry too, impacted on the advancement of food technology thus faces newer challenges such as food fraud, food adulteration and other food
crimes.
Food adulteration is one of the major threat in halal
food supply chain. The issue of food adulteration is
due to several factors, such as defrauding buyers of
food and food ingredients for economic gain,
namely known as Economically Motivated
Adulteration (EMA) (Johnson, 2014), food
terrorism, and attack on food with malicious
intention are the threats that potentially disrupting
the halal food chain. These threats needs to be
eradicated to protect consumers and their right to
be protected (Nasihah et al, 2017)and having their
food supply chain secured. Therefore, a
comprehensive framework to address these threats
are necessitated that includes the parameter of
Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), food forensic methods
and food safety. Contamination that occurs in food
production must be assess thoroughly and this can
be analysed by using a comprehensive framework.
1. To apply the concept of umum balwa in halal
food forensic practice.
2. To analyse the root cause of contamination,
whether it is intentional or non-intentional incidents.
1. To provide a precise and concise solution for food
industry and halal regulatory body in determining
for halal when it comes to contamination.
2. To provide a step-by-step approach for analysing
food contamination.
3. To protect consumer and safeguard halal supply
chain from the threats of food adulteration,
malicious attack on food, and food fraud.
REFERENCES
1. Louise Manning, Robert Smith, Jan Mei Soon. (2016). Developing an organizational typology of criminals in the meat supply
chain, Food Policy, 59,44-54
2. Razak M.A.B.A., Ramli M.A.B., Rosele M.I., Ariffin M.F.M. (2018) Consideration of ‘Umūm Al-Balwū Method in Food
Contamination from Halalan Toyyiban Perspectivūe.In: Muhammad Hashim N., Md Shariff N., Mahamood S., Fathullah Harun H.,
Shahruddin M., Bhari A. (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Halal Conference (INHAC 2016). Springer, Singapore
3. Mohd Sukri Hassan. (2018). Forensik Halal Perspektif Sains, Syariah & Perniagaan. Nilai: Penerbit USIM.
4. Musa N., Muslim N., Omar M.F.C., Husin A., (2016). The Cadbury Controversy: Blessings in Disguise?. In:Ab. Manan S., Abd
Rahman F., Sahri M. (eds) Contemporary Issues and Development in the Global Halal Industry.
5. Naimat, Nasihah and Abu Bakar, Elistina and Muhammad Ariff, Afida Mastura and Othman, Mohhidin (2017) Hak dan
perlindungan pengguna dalam produk halal. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics, 28.54 -68. ISSN 1511-
2802
6. Saskia, M. C. R., Huisman, W., Luning, P, A. (2017). Food Fraud Vulnerability and its Key Factor. Trends in Food Science &
Technology 67,76-75.
7. Silvius Stancie. (2015). Horse Meat Consumption –Between Scandal and Reality. Procedia Economics and Finance 23,697-
703.
NOVELTY
1. Framework for halal food forensic
embedded with Islamic jurisprudence
principle with food safety requirements.
2. UBAT is a model framework that is
applicable with halal food forensics practice.
3. UBAT is developed to be compatible with
scientific methods.
IMPACT TOWARDS
HUMANITY
1. Impact on food industry and halal
regulatory body: UBAT-HALFOR will
provide as a template for contamination
risk management as well as halal
determination consideration. Food crime
such as food fraud can be evaded by
analysing with UBAT-HALFOR.
2. Impact on society: UBAT-HALFOR
decision tree is design based on logical
reasoning approach that enhances society
especially consumer to be critical and
analytic thinking.
DECISION TREE DESCRIPTION
PROJECT MEMBERS
AWARDS
Silver Medal –Minggu Terbuka Akademik
(MiTA 2018)
POTENTIAL STAKEHOLDERS
Regulatory
Bodies Halal
Laboratories International
Organization
Component 2: Halal Forensic Analysis Tool (HALFOR)
This components comprises of 3 steps. In the final stage of UBAT, food contamination is analysed by using scientific
methods and instruments such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Gas Chromatography (GC), Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) to determine any possibility of human intervention. If there is indication that the contamination is
intentional, it is considered as a case of food adulteration. This further can be investigated to determine the purpose of
adulteration: Economically Motivated Adulteration (EMA), food fraud, attack on food (malicious) or other food-related
crime. Finally, if proven to be a case of food crime, law and order will take place to address the crime involved and the
perpetrator will be undergo lawsuit to the relevant Act and Regulation. A complete process of this decision tree will
ensure that the halal food supply chain is safe, secured and sustainable.
DR. MOHD ANUAR RAMLI
Senior Lecturer
Department of Fiqh & Usul
Academy of Islamic Studies
University of Malaya
mohdanuar@um.edu.my
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this poster was supported by Academy of Contemporary
Islamic Studies (ACIS) UiTM Shah Alam. The decision tree is developed as
part of research finding from Masters degree (Title: Application of Umum
Balwa Method in Food Contamination Issues) and Doctoral degree research
output conducted by Muhamad Afiq Abd Razak (project leader).
The decision tree is named as UBAT-HALFOR refers
to Umum Balwa Analysis Tool –HALal FORensic
Analysis Tool.
Component 1: Umum Balwa Analysis Tool
(UBAT)
UBAT is produced based on the usul fiqh discussion
in considering Umum Balwa ( ) for halal food
incident polemics. The purpose of UBAT is to
determine any food contamination occurred is met
with the principle of Umum Balwa (lit. widespread
hardship). In Islamic jurisprudence, Umum balwa is a
type of masyaqqah (hardship) that enabled
concession (rukhsah). This decision tree comprises
two components: Umum Balwa Analysis Tools
(UBAT) which involved 4 steps. In order to determine
that, food contamination must be assess through
UB1–UB4 criteria. The final process of UBAT is to
detect whether it is intentionally occurred or
unintentionally occurred. If there is proven that the
food contamination is on purpose it will be further
analysed to the 3-steps Halal Forensic Analysis Tool
(HALFOR).
METHODOLOGY
SAMPLE CASE STUDY
UBAT-HALFOR DECISION
TREE (4 + 3 STEPS) Mad-Cow Disease Beef
Products (BSE)
UB1: Tayyib
contamination. Because it
is considered as safety
issue.
UB2: Small ranged scale.
The mad-cow disease is
difficult to detect and
the agent is called prion,
a misfolded protein that
attack nervous system.
UB3: It is uncontrollable
as it is difficult to trace
for mad-cow disease
tainted beef products in
the market.
UB4: The cause of the
abnormality of prion is
unknown. Research
shows that animal feed
that includes parts of a
cow used.
This indicate an
intentional attempt,
thus umum balwa is not
applicable. HALFOR is
proceed.
HF1: Contaminated beef
product can cause
similar disease
transferred to human.
HF2: Food Adulteration
HF3: Act 281, Food Act
1983, Section 13B
Porcine DNA Cross-
Contamination
UB1: Halal
Contamination. The
hukm
will follow to the
DNA’s origin.
UB2: Small ranged
scale. In case of
2014 incidents,
batches found to be
at the end of the
supply chain.
UB3:
Uncontrollable.
Based on the 2014
incident, it is found
that the source of
contamination not
from any part of the
process. The
detection at the
retail level, the
product is exposed
with infinite source
of cross-
contamination.
UB4: After
investigation,
JAKIM and
representative of
Majlis Fatwa
Kebangsaan
confirmed that the
contamination is
unintentional.
Therefore it fits with
the criteria of umum
balwa. For that, the
decision tree ended
and HALFOR is not
proceed.
MR. FAEZY ADENAN
Lecturer
Academy of Contemporary
Islamic Studies (ACIS)
UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor
faezyadenan@uitm.edu.my
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Library Research
Documentation
method
Content Analysis
Qualitative –
Inductive approach
UB1: Tayyib
Contaminant.
Research shows
horse meat contain
traces of
phenylbutazone.
UB2: Small ranged scale. Horse
Meat often mixed with beef.
UB3: It is uncontrollable as it is
difficult to distinguish horse meat
and beef in finished products.
UB4: The
adulteration is
intentional for
economic gain
(EMA)
This indicate an
intentional attempt,
thus umum balwa is
not applicable.
HALFOR is proceed.
HF1: Phenylbutazone
can cause side effects
towards human.
HF2: Food Adulteration
HF3: Act 281, Food Act
1983, Section 13B
SAMPLE CASE STUDY
Horse Meat
Scandal-
Adulteration
in Meat
Based
Products
