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The impact of improper solid waste management to plastic pollution in Indonesian coast and marine environment
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become a major concern in Indonesian coast and marine environment today. It occurs because 14% of the solid waste (SW) components in this country is plastic, and the SW management (SWM) infrastructure and services are still limited. The objectives of this article are to discuss the improper SWM and its impact to plastic pollution in Indonesia. Ten plastic pollution studies concerning macroplastics (MaP) and microplastics (MP) were described. These studies covered 5 regions, namely Java, East Nusa Tenggara, East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, North and Southwest Sumatera. The highest MP abundance of 37,440-38,790 particles/kg dry weight (DW) sediment was found in Jakarta Bay, followed by Wonorejo Coast in Surabaya City (414-590 MP particles/kg DW sediment). The MP has entered the food chain through bivalves and fish. Therefore, the plastic pollution which is related to population density, and inadequacy of SWM, needs urgent solution.
... This contamination, in turn, results in social, economic, and environmental consequences (Arukwe et al., 2012;Monavari et al., 2013;Nunes et al., 2020). In recent decades, marine pollution from solid waste has become increasingly prominent among the impacts experienced by coastal areas (Andriolo et al., 2020;Herrera-Franco et al., 2024;Lestari & Trihadiningrum, 2019). Marine litter has become a global concern for authorities and scientists alike, primarily due to its escalating contamination of marine ecosystems and possible effects on organisms (Garcés-Ordóñez et al., 2020;Herrera-Franco et al., 2024). ...
... It is no wonder that UNESCO initiated the Ocean Decade program, an international campaign with varied objectives focused on transformative ocean science solutions for sustainable development (UNESCO-IOC, 2023). In contrast to the efforts of UNESCO and international scientific organizations, the escalating demand for utilization and development of coastal areas (Diniz et al., 2022;Halpern et al., 2019), coupled with inadequate resource management by public authorities, has led to a significant rise in marine pollution (Herrera-Franco et al., 2024;Lestari & Trihadiningrum, 2019). This trend is particularly pronounced in beaches and other transitional coastal ecosystems (Herrera-Franco et al., 2024;Ramos & Costa, 2023;Ribeiro et al., 2021). ...
Coastal areas globally face mounting challenges due to increased human activities, resulting in substantial environmental impacts on beaches and marine ecosystems. This study delves into the influence of peak tourist seasons on cigarette butts (CBs) contamination along an urban beach, specifically Mar Grosso beach boardwalk in Laguna, Brazil. The study period spanned peak tourist seasons (PS) and off-seasons (OS), with data collected on CBs density and degradation levels across different areas of the boardwalk. A total of 6621 CBs were collected from the beach boardwalk along Mar Grosso beach, resulting in a density of 0.50 CBs/m². It is worth noting that higher CBs densities were observed during the PS (0.38 CBs/m²), particularly in areas with urban structures that attract human presence, despite the presence of waste collection bins. Stages II and III of CBs degradation were the most abundant along the Mar Grosso beach boardwalk. Moreover, our research indicates a severe pollution index for the Mar Grosso Beach boardwalk during the PS season in all analyzed sectors (18.25–31.60). The study underscores the urgent need for improved waste management practices, environmental education, and policy interventions to curb CBs contamination and its adverse impacts on coastal ecosystems and public health.
... The increase in population size and waste management in major cities in Indonesia has been the subject of in-depth research, particularly concerning the growth of waste volume [11,12], service coverages [13,14], and final processing management at landfill site which still employ open dumping practices [15][16][17]. The practice of using landfill as the final disposal method for municipal waste in Indonesia is generally driven by cost considerations. ...
... Methane, as one of the greenhouse gases, directly impacts global climate change, as documented in previous studies [7,22]. The waste disposal system utilizing open dumping methods also significantly contributes to environmental pollution through leachate [13,23,24]. ...
... Environmental problems in Indonesia still need more intensive attention (Fatimah et al., 2020;Lestari and Trihadiningrum, 2019;Brotosusilo et al., 2020). Natural and human resources whose functions have not yet been effectively maximized will cause lasting damage if they are not immediately handled exclusively and sustainably. ...
This study investigates the antimicrobial efficacy of eco-enzymes derived from organic waste, specifically fruit and vegetable peels, against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Eco-enzymes were produced through a simple fermentation process involving kitchen scraps, brown sugar, and water. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar diffusion assays, where different concentrations of eco-enzymes were tested against bacterial cultures. Results showed significant inhibition zones, indicating effective antimicrobial properties against both bacterial strains. Higher concentrations of eco-enzymes correlated with larger inhibition zones, highlighting their potential as natural alternatives for bacterial control in various applications, including food processing and wastewater treatment. Furthermore, eco-enzymes contribute to sustainable organic waste management by converting waste into useful bio-sanitizers, floor cleaners, bio-pesticides, and plant fertilizers. This research underscores the dual benefits of eco-enzymes in reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development goals.
... Previous research has extensively documented the environmental and economic impacts of plastic pollution in Indonesia (Arifin et al. 2023;Lestari and Trihadiningrum 2019;Mueller et al. 2022;Purba et al. 2019;Sari et al. 2022;Vriend et al. 2021), highlighting the urgent need for effective waste management strategies. Studies have shown that public awareness and education are crucial for the success of environmental policies (Debrah et al. 2021). ...
This study explores the influence of adaptive management indicators on consumer willingness to adapt to the single-use plastic (SUP) ban in Java Island, Indonesia, where the policy has been initiated but not yet fully implemented across all locations. Employing an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and logistic regression models, the research examines the impact of environmental responsibility, social and legislative influences, enforcement and compliance mechanisms, material preferences, personal guilt, and income levels on sustainable behavior. The findings highlight significant factors driving consumer adaptation, revealing the importance of enhancing environmental education, robust enforcement, social influence, and accessible eco-friendly alternatives. Environmental responsibility and satisfaction, external influences, and personal guilt were strong predictors of willingness to adapt, while income level was also a significant determinant. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers to design targeted strategies that foster public support and compliance with environmental policies, emphasizing the need for multifaceted approaches to promote sustainability and reduce plastic waste.
... In addition to pharmaceutical contamination, agricultural practices generate substantial amounts of organic waste annually [26]. This waste, due to improper management, has resulted in environmental degradation and health hazards [27]. Among these agricultural by-products, Cola acuminata husk is one significant waste material, especially in West African countries where its cultivation is prevalent. ...
Cola acuminata husk-activated carbon (CAHAC) was produced using acid activation with H3PO4 to sorb amodiaquine (AMDQ). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses were used to characterize the raw and activated Cola acuminata husk, respectively. The concentrations of AMDQ adsorbed onto Cola acuminata husk-activated carbon at various operating conditions, including contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial AMDQ concentration, and temperature, were determined from the batch adsorption that was conducted. Langmuir’s model gave the best description of the adsorption process with maximum adsorption capacity of 31.59 mg g⁻¹ at 303 K and value of 0.9811. The Dubinin-Raduskevich model revealed that the adsorption process followed a physisorption nature with values of < 8 kJ mol⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics also revealed pseudo-second order as the best fit with values ranging from 0.9603 to 0.9998. Thermodynamic parameters established that the adsorption process is spontaneous with negative standard Gibbs free energy change ∆G values (− 25.75 to 27.66 kJ mol⁻¹), feasible, and endothermic with positive standard enthalpy change (+ 2.89 kJ mol⁻¹). The activation energy values, ranging from 5.41 to 5.58 kJ/mol, indicate that the adsorption process is governed by physisorption nature. Hence, this study established an effective and efficient use of Cola acuminata husk adsorbent for the sorption of amodiaquine.
... Beach surveys in Indonesia and in other parts of the world typically target macroplastics, resulting in substantial knowledge gaps regarding microplastics [71,72]. Surveying beach ecosystems for these smaller fragments of plastics is important as beach sediments have been shown to act as a sink for microplastics [15]. ...
Marine plastics stranded on the coastlines of remote small islands threaten both the ecological integrity of local ecosystems and communities’ well‐being. However, despite the growing quantities of stranded plastics in these locations, the remote nature of these sites renders monitoring and intervention efforts difficult to undertake. Within this context, we developed a citizen science approach to monitor stranded marine plastics in collaboration with villagers living on a remote small island in Indonesia. This study reports the co‐development and application of an approach that can be used and maintained independently by remote coastal communities. In the monitoring stage, the participants quantified both the weight and composition of stranded marine debris on a beach located in their village for a 4‐week period from late May to mid‐June 2021. The results revealed that the weekly accumulation of stranded marine debris on the beach was 3.97 kg/m ² , with 58% categorized as plastics. The stranded plastics sampled in this study were sorted and collected for recycling, estimated to provide a total economic value of 91,700 Indonesian Rupiahs (USD 5.84), or equivalent to 12.77% of the average monthly household income in the area. The citizen science activities indicated that the local villagers were capable of operating the designed monitoring system effectively, with the added benefits of supplementary earnings from recycling. An independently operated monitoring approach combined with collection efforts for recyclable items is important as remote islands have to manage increasing quantities of stranded marine debris despite the lack of an adequate local waste management system.
... (Utomo et al., 2024) The application not only serves as a waste management tool but also promotes environmental education and community collaboration. (Lestari & Trihadiningrum, 2019) Features like a children's game for waste separation foster environmental awareness from an early age, while a monetary exchange system for waste contributions incentivizes active participation. By focusing on user needs and making the platform accessible and engaging, this project aims to empower residents of Java's southern coast to make a lasting impact on marine waste reduction, setting a model for sustainable community-based conservation efforts. ...
Marine waste along the southern coast of Java, Indonesia, presents a critical environmental issue caused by ocean currents, tourism, and local industrial activities. This accumulation disrupts marine ecosystems and threatens the livelihoods of coastal communities. The lack of accessible and efficient waste management systems exacerbates the problem, highlighting the need for innovative solutions to foster community involvement and environmental awareness.To address this challenge, this study introduces a waste bank application prototype designed specifically for the region using a design thinking approach. This methodology involved five stages: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test. Data collection included interviews and surveys with local stakeholders, which identified key needs such as waste accumulation tracking, incentive-based participation, volunteer coordination, and environmental education for children. These findings guided the development of features like a contribution-based incentive system, event coordination, and a game to teach waste separation to younger users.The prototype underwent independent testing to evaluate its usability and effectiveness. Results demonstrated that the application successfully enhanced community engagement, offering a user-friendly platform that combines waste management with education. The inclusion of real-time tracking and rewards motivated active participation, while the educational game increased awareness among children.This study underscores the importance of collaborative, user-centered technology in addressing environmental challenges and provides a scalable model for sustainable waste management in coastal regions.
... Several rivers in Indonesia have been among the top source rivers of marine plastic debris in different studies (Lebreton et al. 2017;Meijer et al. 2021), and population and consumption growth, as well as severe problems with waste management, predict a worsening of plastic pollution in the future (Lestari and Trihadiningrum 2019). Published modelling for Jakarta suggests outgoing debris floats into the Indian Ocean, while incoming debris comes from Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Gulf of Thailand (Iskandar et al. 2021). ...
Context Marine litter is a growing global problem that impacts biodiversity and human societies alike. South-east Asia suffers significant impacts due to high biodiversity, dense human populations, and large volumes of plastics entering the marine environment, primarily through rivers. Aims Drawing on decision-theory principles, Structured Decision Making (SDM) can improve site selection for marine debris management by identifying the best options to reduce plastic exposure to species, ecosystems, and human populations in the marine and coastal environment, as well as an overall reduction of drifting plastic debris in the open ocean. Methods We combine an SDM framework with a plastic transport model and quantify benefits for environmental and social objectives across 542 locations covering 683 rivers along the coasts of south-east Asia in the biodiversity hotspot of the Coral Triangle. We modelled and quantified metrics for the reduction in volume and flow of plastics to all downstream coral reefs, key biodiversity areas, marine protected areas, and coastal communities. Key results No location is the best option across all objectives, but the multiple metrics help to navigate trade-offs across specific objectives. Despite 95% of all plastic debris remaining in circulation in the seascape after 2 months, several rivers contribute not only large volumes of plastic debris to the overall marine pollution but also large volumes of pollution downstream. Conclusions The increasing pollution of the marine environment with plastic debris can only be stopped by regulating and reducing the production of plastic products. However, as long as plastic debris is still circulating in the environment, the identification of these locations where the removal of plastic pollution will deliver the best outcomes for a set of important objectives will remain an important mitigation measure. The proposed framework effectively facilitates understanding existing trade-offs and can easily be adapted to include additional metrics or objectives. Using this framework enables decision-makers to develop a tailor-made prioritisation process for clean-up interventions in their unique socio-ecological contexts. Implications This new decision-science approach for identifying efficient spatial management strategies for plastic clean-up is transferable to any geography and has the capacity to enhance local-to-global plastic management.
... Kelimpahan mikroplastik pada biota dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, termasuk jenis habitat, ukuran dan jenis organisme, serta tingkat pencemaran di lingkungan tersebut. Proses konsumsi memungkinkan mikroplastik untuk masuk ke dalam rantai makanan baik langsung atau tidak langsung, di mana organisme yang lebih kecil mengonsumsi mikroplastik yang kemudian dimakan oleh predator yang lebih besar (Lestari et al., 2019). Penelitian mengenai kelimpahan mikroplastik pada biota menunjukkan bahwa tindakan mitigasi dan regulasi yang lebih ketat diperlukan untuk mengurangi sumber pencemaran plastik di lingkungan (Zakiah et al., 2024). ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi mikroplastik pada biota di Sungai Musi, khususnya di dekat Desa Sekayu, Musi Banyuasin, untuk memahami dampak pencemaran plastik terhadap ekosistem dan kesehatan manusia. Mikroplastik dapat memasuki ekosistem sungai dan mengontaminasi organisme akuatik, termasuk ikan, yang berpotensi membahayakan kesehatan ikan dan manusia serta berfungsi sebagai vektor kontaminan berbahaya dan patogen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan pengambilan sampel ikan melalui nelayan dan alat penangkap ikan. Ikan didata, diidentifikasi spesiesnya, serta diukur panjang dan beratnya. Identifikasi mikroplastik dilakukan dengan membedah ikan, mengangkat, menimbang, dan melarutkan saluran pencernaan dalam larutan KOH 10%. Jika diperlukan, ekstraksi kedua dengan H2O2 3% dilakukan. Sampel kemudian disaring menggunakan kain mesh 120 dibilas, dan dikeringkan sebelum identifikasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa mikroplastik terdiri dari fiber (2 partikel), fragmen (1 partikel), dan foam (1 partikel), dengan warna coklat mendominasi. Fiber terbesar berukuran 1068,92 µm, sementara foam terkecil berukuran 306,46 µm. Variasi warna dan ukuran mikroplastik dipengaruhi oleh oksidasi akibat paparan sinar matahari dan proses fragmentasi yang diperparah oleh radiasi UV. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya mitigasi dan regulasi untuk mengurangi pencemaran plastik dan dampaknya pada biota serta kesehatan manusia.
... This type of plastic is single-use, and because of that, the amount of plastic bag waste generated is abundant. Plastic bags are often not recycled properly, so many end up in landfills or scattered in the environment causing environmental pollution, which has a significant impact on the food chain [2]. ...
Currently, pyrolysis is the primary choice for addressing the significant problems caused by plastic waste. Temperature and catalysts are the main parameters in pyrolysis. However, using catalysts can become a serious problem when scaling up production capacity, as the process can become more complex and expensive due to the high cost of catalysts. Without a catalyst, the required pyrolysis temperature must be sufficiently high to achieve high-quality pyrolytic fuel oil. In this work, plastic grocery bag is pyrolyzed followed by distillation to produce a liquid similar to conventional fuel, called distillate plastic fuel. Non-catalyst and low-temperature pyrolysis was performed at a single temperature of 350 °C, followed by distillation at temperatures of 250 °C and 350 °C to determine the effect of distillation temperature on the chemical properties of the obtained distilled fuel. Elemental and composition analyses were conducted using the GCMS method. Results indicated that the chemical properties and composition of distilled plastic fuel are similar to diesel fuel with a heating value of approximately 43.362 to 44.364 MJ/kg.
... One of the positive impacts is boosting the economy and accommodation in the region, while one of the negative impacts is an increase in pollution due to improperly treated waste. Waste products like nickel slag, fly ash, steel slag, used bleaching earths, ship welding debris, and fuel leaks from ships can all contribute to heavy metal pollution in the environment [2]. In addition to these industrial activities, village community activities also add to the pollution burden. ...
The rapid development of mining activities, the shipping industry, and public transportation across the land and water areas of Boedingi Village can have both positive and negative impacts on the water quality of this area. This study aimed to determine the heavy metal content in yellowtail fish (Caesio cuning), a type of fish that is generally consumed by Boedingi villagers in North Konawe, Indonesia. A descriptive method with an environmental health risk assessment (EHRA) was employed to measure metal profiles (Pb, Cd, and Hg). The results showed that the metal levels in the water exceeded the thresholds, indicating significant heavy metal pollution. In addition, the Cd levels of the fish surpassed the food safety standard according to the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since Indonesia began its large-scale shift from conventional to electrical transportation, global and government collaboration have become critical in managing the environmental and health impacts of the related industries. This is especially important because this area is one of the largest nickel producers (the raw material of electrical transportation) both nationally and globally.
... A primary intensive human activities is related to waste management [21]. Poor waste management in Indonesia, is a major contributing factor to plastic pollution in rivers [22], [23]. One of the rivers experiencing microplastic pollution is the Brantas River. ...
... Similarly, in Mimika, Papua, anthropogenic waste is disposed of via rivers that flow into the sea, resulting in seawater being assessed as lightly to moderately polluted (Tanjung, Hamuna, & Alianto, 2019). Studies also have revealed alarming levels of plastic pollution along the Indonesian coast and marine ecosystems, notably in the form of microplastics found in fish and bivalves (Lestari & Trihadiningrum, 2019). ...
The Bajo tribe, inhabiting the coastal area of Tilamuta in Boalemo Regency, Gorontalo, has established sea-based settlements over several decades. As a community famously referred to as the "people of the sea," the Bajo people maintain a close connection with the marine environment, relying heavily on marine resources for sustenance. Paradoxically, the management of household waste in the Bajo Boalemo settlement contradicts the purported harmonious relationship between the Bajo people and the marine ecosystem. This study aims to comprehensively investigate, identify, and analyze the human power influencing the household waste management system in the Bajo Tribe settlement in Boalemo, Gorontalo. Employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including in-depth interviews and literature reviews, the research delves into the present perceptions, behaviours, and attitudes of the Bajo people in Tilamuta regarding household waste management in their community. The findings reveal that a majority of Bajo residents in Tilamuta acknowledge the detrimental impact of solid inorganic waste on the marine environment, recognizing its adverse effects on the quality of life for marine biota. In contrast, they view solid organic waste, such as food scraps and losses, and liquid waste, like sewage, as environmentally friendly, leading to intentional disposal into the sea, which is, in fact, harmful to the environment. Despite awareness of the risks associated with solid inorganic waste, occasional disposal into the sea persists, underscoring a form of anthropocentrism where convenience often outweighs environmental considerations. Addressing this issue requires a pivotal role from the government, involving raising awareness, disseminating crucial information about waste and its environmental impacts, and providing suitable facilities for waste management in Tilamuta. This study underscores the necessity of proactive measures to align the Bajo people's practices with sustainable environmental stewardship.
... Este artículo presenta la producción científica en ciencias sociales y gestión sobre residuos sólidos en contextos insulares. Esta revisión se justifica por la preocupación de los residuos sólidos en distintas islas del mundo (Lestari y Trihadiningrum 2019;Saat et al. 2019), donde temas, problemas y desafíos se tornan relevantes debido a las limitaciones de tamaño y densidad poblacional (Camilleri-Fenech et al. 2019;Verlis y Wilson 2019). No obstante sus limitaciones y densidades, se debería tener en cuenta que las concepciones de los límites, fronteras y sistemas finitos de una isla son relativos a los imaginarios y marcos conceptuales utilizados para el análisis (Baldacchino 2005), incluso si este se conceptualiza como un sistema carcelario (Gazzotti 2024), pudiendo incluir en su conceptualización de territorio insular a otras islas, océanos y barcos, más allá de un espacio finito (Pugh 2016). ...
2021 by the authors. Esta revista oferece acesso livre imediato ao seu conteúdo, seguindo o princípio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente o conhecimento científico ao público proporciona maior democratização mundial do conhecimento. Este manuscrito é distribuído nos termos da licença Creative Commons-Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode), que permite reproduzir e compartilhar o material licenciado, no todo ou em parte, somente para fim não comercial; e produzir, reproduzir, e compartilhar material adaptado somente para fim não comercial. RESUMEN Los residuos sólidos son un problema relevante para la gestión en contextos insulares. El artículo presenta un análisis de los temas, problemas y desafíos a través de un análisis sistemático de 70 artículos entre el año 2019 y 2022. Para dar cuenta del objetivo, metodológicamente se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria, sustentada en revisiones panorámicas, scoping studies, entendidos como el mapeo de conceptos claves en un área de investigación, utilizando las principales fuentes y tipos de evidencia disponibles. Para ello se utilizó la base de datos Web of Science (WOS) y SCOPUS, por ser los buscadores con mayor cobertura de publicaciones actuales. A través de un análisis categorial simple, se relevaron los siguientes temas: gestión de residuos sólidos, análisis de composición de residuos, efectos del turismo en la producción y gestión de residuos, análisis de factibilidad y viabilidad de Waste to Energy (WtE), integración tecnológica, impacto socioambiental y compostaje de residuos orgánicos. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que se generan grandes cantidades de residuos sólidos y especialmente el plástico se ha convertido en un gran problema y que los sistemas de gestión deben estar en constante mejora continua e integración tecnológica de los residuos sólidos en contextos insulares. ABSTRACT Solid waste is a relevant problem for management in island contexts. The article presents an analysis of the issues, problems, and challenges through a systematic analysis of 70 articles between 2019 and 2022. To meet the objective, an exploratory systematic review was carried out methodologically, based on panoramic reviews, scoping studies, understood as the mapping of key concepts in an area of research, using the main sources and types of evidence available. The Web of Science (WOS) and SCOPUS databases were used for this purpose, as they are the search engines with the greatest coverage of current publications. Through a simple categorical analysis, the following topics were surveyed: solid waste management, waste composition analysis, effects of tourism on waste production and management, Waste to Energy (WtE) feasibility and viability analysis, technological integration, socio-environmental impact and organic waste composting. The results obtained suggest that large amounts of solid waste are generated and especially plastic has become a major problem and that management systems should be in constant continuous improvement and technological integration of solid waste in island contexts.
... Este artículo presenta la producción científica en ciencias sociales y gestión sobre residuos sólidos en contextos insulares. Esta revisión se justifica por la preocupación de los residuos sólidos en distintas islas del mundo (Lestari y Trihadiningrum 2019;Saat et al. 2019), donde temas, problemas y desafíos se tornan relevantes debido a las limitaciones de tamaño y densidad poblacional (Camilleri-Fenech et al. 2019;Verlis y Wilson 2019). No obstante sus limitaciones y densidades, se debería tener en cuenta que las concepciones de los límites, fronteras y sistemas finitos de una isla son relativos a los imaginarios y marcos conceptuales utilizados para el análisis (Baldacchino 2005), incluso si este se conceptualiza como un sistema carcelario (Gazzotti 2024), pudiendo incluir en su conceptualización de territorio insular a otras islas, océanos y barcos, más allá de un espacio finito (Pugh 2016). ...
Los residuos sólidos son un problema relevante para la gestión en contextos insulares. El artículo presenta un análisis de los temas, problemas y desafíos a través de una revisión sistemática de 70 artículos, entre el año 2019 y 2022, en las bases de datos Web Of Science (WOS) y SCOPUS sobre residuos sólidos en islas a nivel mundial. Los temas que se relevan son el análisis de gestión de residuos sólidos, análisis de composición de residuos, efectos del turismo en la producción y gestión de residuos, análisis de factibilidad y viabilidad de Waste to Energy (WtE), integración tecnológica, impacto socioambiental y compostaje de residuos orgánicos. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que se generan grandes cantidades de residuos sólidos y especialmente el plástico se ha convertido en un gran problema y que los sistemas de gestión deben estar en constante mejora continua e integración tecnológica de los residuos sólidos en contextos insulares.
... Jambeck in [5] states that Indonesia is the second country in the world to produce plastic waste in its waters. This condition is increasingly inflamed, along with the low quality and infrastructure of waste management and smart waste management systems [6,7]. However, the government's focus on highlighting environmental sustainability is still limited [8,9]. ...
This study aims to compare the efforts of the Governments of Indonesia and Denmark in realizing a smart environment SDG's agenda. This urgency is motivated by the poor environmental conditions in Indonesia while the government is targeting a reduction in emission production by 2030. This research uses a qualitative method. The results of this study indicate that the Government of Indonesia in pursuing a smart environment has not been optimal. This can be seen from the several indicators used in this study: (1) the Attraction of Natural Conditions indicator, the Indonesian Government has not enforced regulations or programs aimed at maintaining the balance of green open spaces. Meanwhile, the Danish Government has launched a city greening program through construction of green buildings. (2) Air Pollution Integrated Index indicator, the Indonesian government has not been able to minimize the number of vehicles through the use of electromobility-based vehicles as has been done by the Danish government. (3) Indicators of Sustainable resource management, the Indonesian Government has not been able to optimize the development of technology for processing waste and waste into residues that can be reused. While in Denmark, which is able to turn waste into residue that can be reused.
... Although regulations stipulate sanitary landfills, most are operated using open dumping landfill methods (Damanhuri et al., 2014). Several studies indicate that improperly managed open dumping systems lead to various types of pollution, including contamination of aquatic environments, soil, and air (Abubakar et al., 2022;Lestari and Trihadiningrum, 2019;Nurhasanah et al., 2021;Siddiqua et al., 2022). ...
... According to such distinctions, assessing Indonesian purchase intention toward eco-friendly plastic products from Millennials and Gen Z separately is reasonable and necessary to develop more specific strategies for each group of customers. Third, the production level of solid waste that causes pollution reached 64 million tons, with a composition of 60% organic, 14% plastic, and 9% paper (Lestari & Trihadiningrum, 2019). It increases due to rapid economic growth, employment, and consumption, which lacks fostered awareness of eco-friendly behaviour (Arsawan et al., 2024). ...
The massive consumption of conventional recyclable products causes environmental pollution, so it is very important to raise public awareness about the use of green plastics. This study assessed a comprehensive understanding of the behavioural intention model of green plastic products from the perspective of the new generation. This study uses data collected from 551 new-generation customers of environmentally friendly recyclable plastic products in Indonesia. Data analysis employing partial least squares reveals that the behavioural intention model, including perceived quality, perceived value, trust, and satisfaction as determinants, is a fit across these generation cohorts. Further, this study claims that customer satisfaction is the main driver of behavioural intention, while trust is the main determinant of satisfaction with green plastic products for both generations. Finally, this study shows that millennial satisfaction is driven by perceived value, whereas new-generation satisfaction is determined by perceived quality. The study only considered behavioural intention, including quality, value, trust, and satisfaction as the drivers, meanwhile, other potential factors could influence the intention significantly as well. These findings specifically apply to green plastic products but not to other kinds of green products. In addition, the government can devise better policies supporting green products by offering tax incentives for recyclable products.
... In Indonesia, approximately 31% of clothing waste was not collected by the city service and those collected were not managed appropriately [8]. This has led to the pollution of the Indonesian marine environment by the microplastics produced through the polypropylene originating from textiles [9]. The fashion industry in Indonesia also creates 2.3 million tons of textile waste and only 0.3 million tons are reclaimed while the rest ends up in landfills, making the industry a part of the biggest contributors to pollution [10]. ...
... Di Indonesia saat ini pencemaran plastik menjadi masalah utama di lingkungan pesisir dan laut. Hal ini terjadi karena 14% komponen limbah padat di Indonesia ialah plastik, dan infrastruktur serta layanan pengelolaan sampah masih terbatas (Lestari and Trihadiningrum, 2019). ...
Kegiatan transportasi dan distribusi produk perikanan
memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam rantai pasok produk
perikanan, karena aktivitas pengiriman memiliki tingkat risiko yang
cukup besar dalam penurunan mutu produk perikanan mulai dari titik
awal hingga titik akhir. Penurunan kualitas produk perikanan dapat
berdampak luas dalam kegiatan usaha produk perikanan mulai dari
turunnya harga jual yang diakibatkan kerusakan pada mutu produk
perikanan, penolakan produk perikanan oleh konsumen, hilangnya
kepercayaan konsumen terhadap pelaku usaha produk perikanan seperti
usaha pengolahan dan pendistribusian, hingga berdampak pada kesehatan
konsumen dalam jangka panjang. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk
membahas teknik transportasi dan distribusi ikan yang baik untuk
meminimalisir kerugian dimasa mendatang terhadap produk perikanan
yang seharusnya bernilai tinggi.
... Plastic harms the environment and its health because it does not break down [2]. Indonesia is the second-largest contributor to plastic waste, especially in marine areas [3]. This causes problems in the sea, land, and air [4]. ...
This research improves the strength of plastic using avocado seed starch and PLA. The effect of blending avocado seed starch and PLA was optimized using the RSM approach by using two variables: water absorption and biodegradability. Mixing them using RSM gave the best result: 1.8 g of starch and 3 g of PLA. Degradable plastic has a tensile strength of 10.1 MPa, elongation at a break of 85.8%, and a Young’s modulus of 190 MPa. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the plastic had a -OH bond at 3273.20 cm−1, 3502.73 cm−1, and 3647.39 cm−1, a CH2 bond at 2953.52 cm−1, 2945.30 cm−1, and 2902.87 cm−1, a C=C bond at 1631.78 cm−1, and a C-O bond at 1741.72 cm−1. The plastic decomposed in the soil. It was organic and hydrophilic. Thermal tests demonstrated that the plastic can withstand heat well, losing weight at 356.86 °C to 413.64 °C, forming crystals and plastic melts at 159.10 °C—the same as PLA. In the melt flow test, the sample melted before measurement, and was therefore not measurable—process conditions affected it. A water absorption of 5.763% and biodegradation rate of 37.988% were found when the samples were decomposed for 12 days. The starch and PLA fused in the morphology analysis to form a smooth surface. The RSM value was close to 1. The RSM gave the best process parameters.
... In Jakarta, the PET bottle recycling rate was estimated at 69%, with 18% disposed of in landfills and 13% leaking into the environment, whereas the national estimate was considerably lower at 22% due to a lower waste collection coverage [22]. This condition causes plastic pollution in coastal and marine environments, as it was found that plastic bottle fragments make up 22.9% of the plastic pollution in Cilacap Coast, Central Java [15]. Therefore, it is crucial to encourage people in Indonesia to drink tap water instead of packaged water in order to reduce plastic pollution and expenditure for water consumption, as well as to ease the burden on waste management systems. ...
Although piped water is a safely managed water source, many people prefer drinking packaged/bottled water, which undermines environmental sustainability by creating waste plastics. Thus, to encourage drinking tap water, this study aimed to identify and fill the discrepancy between consumers’ perception of and the actual quality of the municipal water supply in Indonesia. Through questionnaire surveys in three cities, i.e., Malang, Bogor, and Semarang cities, we found that the majority of the residents, namely, 82%, 58%, and 66%, respectively, drank packaged water. Although the piped water supply from Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) has a good appearance, color, taste, and water quality, sporadic microbial contamination was detected due to the depletion of residual chlorine. However, packaged water was also contaminated by indicator bacteria owing to storage methods. There was a notable discrepancy between the residents’ perceptions of tap water safety and their choices of drinking water sources. The residents perceived spring water as a clean source, which influenced their selection of water sources more than the costs of water. Public drinking stations installed by PDAM helped to win consumers’ trust in PDAM water, indicating that installing more public drinking stations will encourage more people to drink piped water.
... The increasing use of plastic is causing various 2 environmental and health hazards due to its persistent and non-degradable nature [2]. Indonesia is the second-largest contributor to plastic waste, especially in marine areas [3]. This triggers many environmental problems, not only in the sea but also in the land and air [4]. ...
The research improves the strength of plastic using avocado seed starch and PLA. The effect of blending avocado seed starch and PLA was optimized using the RSM approach by using two variables: water absorption and biodegradability. Mixing them using RSM gave the best result: 1.8 g of starch and 3 g of PLA. Degradable plastic has a (tensile strength of 10.1 MPa; elongation at break of 85.8%; young modulus of 190 MPa). Infrared spectroscopy showed that the plastic had a -OH bond at 3273.20 cm-1, 3502.73 cm-1, 3647.39 cm-1, a CH2 bond at 2953.52 cm-1, 2945.30 cm-1, 2902.87 cm-1, a C=C bond at 1631.78 cm-1, and a C-O bond at 1741.72 cm-1. The plastic decomposed in soil. It was organic and hydrophilic. Thermal tests, the plastic can withstand heat well, losing weight at 356.86°C to 413.64°C, forming crystals and plastic melts at 159.10°C—the same as PLA. Melt flow test, sample melts before measurement, therefore not measurable—process conditions that affect. Water absorption of 5.763% and biodegradation rate of 37.988% decomposed for 12 days. In morphology analysis, the starch and PLA fused to form a smooth surface. RSM found value was close to 1. RSM gave the best process parameters.
... Every year, Indonesia produces approximately 3.2 million tons of unmanaged plastic waste, of which 1.29 million tons of plastic waste ends up in the sea. The ocean area surrounding Indonesia has the second-highest amount of plastic pollution, after that surrounding China [10]. ...
... Logam berat merupakan bahan berbahaya yang mampu merusak tubuh makhluk hidup. Logam berat dapat berasal dari peleburan logam, pertambangan, industri, limbah rumah tangga dan limbah domestik [5]. ...
Sungai Asahan Tanjungbalai merupakan sungai yang menghasilkan ekspor laut dan perairan seperti kerang, ikan, dan udang. Akumulasi tembaga yang berlebihan di dalam tubuh organisme dapat menganggu proses fisiologis dan metabolisme. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar logam berat tembaga (Cu) pada air dan daging udang galah ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ). Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian observasi, penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling , pengujian sampel air dan daging menggunakan Sepktrofotometer Serapan Atom (SSA). Analisis data menggunakan perhitungan BCF ( Bioconcentration Factor ). Hasil yang didapatkan pada uji logam air yaitu: stasiun I (0,0095 mg/L), stasiun II (<0,006 mg/L) dan stasiun III (0,0012 mg/L) yang kadarnya masih dibawah baku mutu (PPRI No. 22 Tahun 2021). Hasil yang didapatkan pada uji logam pada daging udang yaitu: stasiun I (9,09 mg/L), stasiun II (11,79 mg/L) dan stasiun III (9,55 mg/L) yang kadarnyamasih di bawah baku mutu (Direktur Jendral POM No. 03725 / B / SK / VII / 89).
... Nationally, 7.8 Mt of plastic waste is produced per year, and 58% remains uncollected [4]. Approximately 346.5 kton of plastic waste leaks into the marine environment yearly [4], contributing to 10.1% of plastic marine debris globally [6]. However, plastic recycling accounts for only about 10%, while 47% is openly burned, and the remainder is either sent to landfills, dumped on land, or leaks into waterways [7]. ...
In Indonesia, plastic constitutes the second largest component of municipal solid waste; however, 58% remains uncollected. Most plastic recycling depends on informal sectors, accounting for only 10% of the total, leaving the remainder to potentially harm the environment. This paper analyzes how cities in Indonesia have tackled their plastic waste problems from the perspective of the integrated sustainable waste management framework. This study focuses on plastic waste management (PWM) in three cities: Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang. Data were collected from 41 semi-structured interviews, a plastic waste composition data analysis, and site visits. The research outcomes include a comprehensive analysis of stakeholder roles, plastic waste flow, plastic waste composition data, and various challenges in PWM. This study identifies three main stakeholders in collecting plastic wastes: the Department of Environment as the main local government body, community-based waste banks, and private waste management companies. Most recyclable plastic waste is recovered through waste banks and private collection services. In 2022, the predominant types of plastic waste in Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Magelang City were soft plastics, thick plastics, and hard plastics, respectively. The challenges for the PWM stem from various aspects in political, legal, and institutional; environmental; financial and technical; and socio-cultural spheres. Positive trends towards an integrated system are observed, although full integration has not yet been achieved. The research recommends a multi-stakeholder cooperative approach involving municipal authorities, waste banks, and private collectors, responsive to local conditions and emphasizing sustainability aspects throughout waste management stages for a sustainable resource recycling in developing countries.
The purpose of this research is to analyse hazardous chemicals and biota extinction in environmental physics. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using survey research procedures through literature study and field study. Literature study was conducted through literature search from books and reputable online sites. Field studies were conducted through observations related to environmental pollution around the residences of VII semester students who took environmental physics courses. The results showed that there are various types of hazardous chemicals that cause biota extinction in environmental physics.
Purpose
The purpose of this research is to analyse the development and implementation of waste-to-energy (WtE) power plants as a strategy to manage municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indonesia. It aims to identify key determinants for the successful adoption of WtE technology in developing countries, focusing on the Benowo WtE power plant, Indonesia’s first large-scale WtE project.
Design/methodology/approach
This study reviews the development of the Benowo WtE power plant, examining political, regulatory and financial factors influencing its implementation. It analyses the roles of national and local government institutions, highlighting critical elements for the successful deployment of WtE projects in a developing country context.
Findings
The review shows that the success of WtE projects in Indonesia is significantly influenced by strong local government commitment, supported by political, financial and regulatory backing from the national government. The Benowo WtE power plant’s development demonstrates that with adequate support, WtE can be a viable solution for managing MSW and generating energy in developing countries. The study also identifies barriers to broader WtE adoption in similar contexts.
Research limitations/implications
The study is limited to 12 WtE projects in Indonesia, with in-depth analysis focused on a single case, potentially overlooking challenges and opportunities in other regions. Furthermore, the study does not include an economic analysis, such as a feasibility assessment. Future research could expand to multiple WtE projects and incorporate primary data collection to provide more comprehensive findings, including feasibility studies of each project.
Practical implications
The findings provide practical guidance for policymakers and stakeholders in developing countries, identifying critical areas for successful WtE deployment and offering a blueprint based on the Benowo WtE power plant.
Social implications
Implementing WtE projects can improve waste management, reduce pollution, enhance public health, create jobs and stimulate local economies. The study underscores the importance of government and community collaboration in addressing environmental challenges and fostering shared responsibility.
Originality/value
This research offers novel insights into WtE technology development in a developing country, specifically focusing on Indonesia’s first large-scale WtE power plant. By analysing the Benowo WtE power plant, the study provides valuable lessons and strategies for other developing nations aiming to adopt WtE solutions for MSW management, emphasising the critical role of government support.
In the context of an increasingly pressing environmental crisis, coastal areas in Indonesia face significant challenges related to sustainable natural resource management. Maritime education as a vital element in fostering environmental awareness must be revitalized to integrate green technology and cultivate ecological citizenship. This article aims to present systematic research findings on developing a framework for green maritime education that emphasizes ecological citizenship and sustainable practices in coastal areas. The literature review method is utilized to evaluate and analyze recent studies related to maritime education and the development of ecological citizenship. Findings indicate that a lack of knowledge about sustainability among students contributes to declining environmental quality, including increased pollution and ecosystem degradation. Furthermore, integrating environmentally sustainable practices, such as waste management and marine ecosystem conservation, into the maritime education curriculum can enhance students’ awareness and participation in sustainability initiatives. This research concludes that developing an innovative and inclusive framework for green maritime education is essential for cultivating ecological citizenship and building a more sustainable, environmentally conscious coastal community. The study's results provide a basis for formulating educational policies that respond effectively to environmental issues in coastal areas.
Marine plastic litter (MPL) poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems, wildlife, and human health globally. This study employs the adaptive capacity framework and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method to investigate residents' perceptions of adaptive indicators for managing MPL on Galang Island, Indonesia. The research finds that while residents recognize the importance of these indicators, they perceive their implementation to be lacking. Certain adaptation indicators, such as strengthening law enforcement measures, developing waste collection systems, promoting the 3 R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) solutions, and controlling waste on land and in the ocean, are deemed effective in mitigating plastic pollution. The study also reveals that demographic factors like gender, marital status, age, and income have minimal influence on waste management perceptions, with education being a primary determinant of awareness. These findings lay the foundation for community-based adaptation indicators in MPL management, offering insights into the effectiveness of current interventions and enabling the formulation of more targeted strategies. Ultimately, this research aims to enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems and coastal communities in Indonesia against the challenges posed by plastic pollution.
Plastic waste is the biggest problem that is happening in Indonesia. Plastic waste has resistance and the nature of Persiden. Increased production and low recovery rates cause accumulation of plastic flakes in waters called microplastic. Microplastic has the potential to be swallowed by aquatic biota that can cause internal bleeding and blockage of the digestive tract. Hue microplastic will affect humans who consume them. One of the aquatic biota that is often contaminated by microplastic is fish. Research related to microplastic contamination in the digestive tract of fish has often been carried out. This study examines the level of microplastic contamination in the digestive tract of fish in Indonesian waters refers to the available literature. The results showed that there were 5 types of microplastics contaminated in the digestive tract of fish in Indonesia, namely fiber, film/filament, fragments, pellets, rows, foam and granules.
There is limited empirical evidence showing the impacts of marine plastic pollution on ecosystem services or on human health and well-being in Global South countries. We aimed to estimate these impacts in the tropical archipelago of Indonesia, one of the top emitters of marine plastics globally, through an iterative Delphi survey, with an expert panel (n = 42) consisting of equal numbers of Indonesian scientists, policymakers, and practitioners. After two rounds of the survey, the analysis of interquartile ranges indicated that the experts reached a consensus in their predictions. The experts agreed that, over the next 10 years, plastics would be mainly accumulated in the coastal area of Java, the most densely populated island, and mostly in mangrove ecosystems. While all ecosystem services were harmed by plastic pollution, the most vulnerable services were food provisioning, genetic materials, nursery habitat, and recreation supplied by the highly vulnerable coastal ecosystems of, in descending order, mangrove, coral reef, seagrass, and sandy beach. These impacts on ecosystem services influenced different dimensions of human health and well-being and were dependent on the ecosystem types, as indicated in several statistically significant positive correlations (Spearman's rank), including those between the decline of mangrove ecosystem services and reduced household income, and between the decrease of coral reef ecosystem services and both deteriorating mental health and reduced household income. Overall, this study provides the first indication of Indonesian coastal ecosystems and ecosystem services to be prioritized for mitigation and monitoring efforts. The focus on impacts on human health and well-being also incentivizes ongoing efforts by policymakers, industry and commerce, the third sector, and the public in the country to address the contribution to global marine plastic pollution.
This study evaluates waste management strategies on Buluh Island to enhance marine ecosystem protection and ensure tourism sustainability. The research highlights a significant relationship between waste accumulation and the degradation of marine ecosystems, which threatens both the environment and the island’s tourism sector. Utilizing qualitative interviews, environmental assessments, and surveys with key stakeholders, the study identifies the pressing challenges of plastic waste and insufficient infrastructure. The findings recommend localized waste management interventions, community-driven initiatives, and circular economy practices that can mitigate environmental impact and support the island’s economic future. These insights provide a model for sustainable tourism in small coastal communities, integrating waste reduction with marine conservation efforts.
Microplastic defines as a tiny plastic particle that has a size of less than 5 mm and is ubiquitous in the environment. Due to the tiny size, this microplastic adversely affected the environment, notably aquatic life via ingestion, choking, and entanglement. This microplastic is arduous to degrade as it takes a thousand years due to the properties of plastic itself and consequently remains in nature. In dealing with microplastic issues, this paper reflects the occurrence, impact, toxicity, and degradation methods of microplastics in the environment including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Here, the physical treatment methods include incineration treatment, ultraviolet (UV), and photocatalytic. The incineration process contributes to environmental pollution due to the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere. In addition, chemical treatments for plastic waste are the degradation process involving chemical additives such as ethylene glycol (EG), nano-magnesium oxide (MgO), diethylene glycol (DEG), and calcium or zinc (Ca/Zn) stearate as a catalyst. These treatments depend on the chemicals that can affect human health and the ecosystem. The biodegradation treatment using bacterial and fungal species can consume the microplastic without disrupting the surrounding environment and biota. It includes recent findings on the biodegradation of microplastic under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Thus, biodegradation can be considered the best option to degrade microplastic as green and sustainable technology.
Dalam zaman ini, masalah lingkungan telah menjadi perhatian global. Kerusakan lingkungan yang terjadi disebabkan oleh kurangnya peran ajaran Islam dalam perlindungan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi peran seorang guru pendidikan agama islam dalam pembentukan karakter peduli lingkunga ndi Pondok Pesantren Modern ZIIS (Zamzam Integrated Islamic School) Cilongok, Banyumas dalam membentuk karakter santri yang memiliki kesadaran terhadap isu lingkungan melalui pendidikan Islam. Metode pengumpulan data melibatkan pengamatan, wawancara, dan pengumpulan dokumen. Informasi diperoleh dari kepala pondok pesantren, guru, staf, dan santri. Pendekatan analisis data menggunakan proses reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi observasi, peningkatan validitas, dan penggabungan data dari berbagai sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peran vital seorang guru PAI dalam pembentukkan karakter santri yang peduli terhadap lingkungan. Mengatur jadwal jaga dalam interval waktu tertentu di seluruh pesantren, menyediakan fasilitas sanitasi, melaksanakan aktivitas dan aturan yang mendorong pengelolaan lingkungan, dan seorang guru juga berperan dalam mendukung pendekatan ini. Secara khusus, memberikan pengajaran atau ceramah tentang pentingnya menjaga kebersihan lingkungan, memotivasi santri untuk tetap bersemangat dalam menjaga kebersihan lingkungan, dan memberikan bimbingan langsung dalam semua tindakan yang berkaitan dengan pembentukan karakter lingkungan santri.
Organisms such as Caulerpa racemosa seaweed, which play a pivotal role as primary producers in marine ecosystems, are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of heavy metal exposure. Thus, comprehending the levels of heavy metals, in conjunction with parameters such as the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pertaining to mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) within the sediment and C. racemosa seaweed in Brondong, Lamongan is imperative for safeguarding the safety of seaweed-derived food products. Sampling of C. racemosa was conducted within traditional seawater ponds utilized for the cultivation of giant groupers, alongside other varieties of seaweed. The concentrations of heavy metals in various anatomical components of the seaweed (ramuli, stolons, rhizoids) and sediment were determined through spectrophotometric analysis utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Laboratory analyses disclosed mercury (Hg) concentrations in C. racemosa ranging from 0.0212 ppm in rhizoids to 0.00437 ppm in ramuli, whereas tin (Sn) concentrations exhibited variability from 0.0392 ppm in rhizoids to 0.0390 ppm in ramuli. While mercury remained undetectable in sediment samples, moderate concentrations of tin were observed at approximately 2.10 ppm. The calculated bioconcentration factors (BCF) for tin in different segments of C. racemosa ranged from 0.0187 ppm to 0.0114 ppm, suggesting a low degree of bioaccumulation. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values spanned from -4.1876 to -4.2186 across distinct segments of C. racemosa , indicating marginal accumulation of heavy metals.
Indonesia has a very large area of oil palm plantations, one of which is the island of Sumatra. However, in processing and handling palm oil product waste in the form of palm shells, it has not been maximized. Therefore, the chemical decomposition process can play an important role in supporting waste management and sustainable energy use in Indonesia which is not yet optimal. In this research, the proper use of power will be tested with the help of microwaves as a reactor for the co-pyrolysis process of oil palm shells and polystyrene plastic. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate power to produce maximum co-pyrolysis products and to investigate the physical characteristics of the oil-pyrolytic products. The test uses a microwave oven which has a power variation of 300 W, 450 W, 600 W, and 800 W with the addition of a catalyst. The ratio of the composition of oil palm shells to polystyrene plastic is 1:1 with a total mass of 105 gr and using coconut shell charcoal as an activated carbon absorber. The pyrolysis temperature is 500 ℃, the nitrogen gas flow rate is 1.5 LPM, and the pyrolysis time is 60 minutes. Furthermore, testing the physical properties of the pyrolysis oil product in the form of density, acidity, and viscosity testing. The results showed that the optimal power to obtain oil-pyrolytic was 600 W with a product oil of 17.6%, and from the physical properties it had a low viscosity value of 2.55 mPa.s with a pH level of 6.6.
The circular economy emerged as a response to the aspiration to realize sustainable development in anticipation of production and consumption pressures on natural resources and the environment. In this economic system concept, waste management is carried out optimally, where the result of recycling waste will be a value-added product while reducing waste residue. The objectives of the community service program are to provide solutions to waste management problems in Lebak Regency, provide alternative business development using appropriate technology so that there is an increase in the economy of the community in Lebak Regency, and at the same time, build disciplined behavior in maintaining the environment. This service method uses Participatory Action Research (PAR), which involves community members as co-researchers in identifying educational needs, developing strategies, and implementing solutions. Furthermore, the method used was through the delivery of socialization to participants in a hybrid manner. The socialization material includes (i) the importance of waste processing, (ii) how to sort waste, and (iii) economic added value from waste processing. The results of community service are in the form of solving problems the community faces by utilizing the expertise of relevant academicians related to waste management in Lebak Regency, West Java. Furthermore, the implication of this community service is to increase literacy and awareness among government officials about adequate waste management so that they can manage waste in their areas to reduce the negative impact of landfills
Environmental pollution is a problem that has not been resolved until now in Indonesia. Especially in the problem of plastic waste which continues to increase at 64 million tons per year. One of the biggest contributors to plastic waste in the community is conventional plastic which is difficult to degrade, resulting in the accumulation of waste. One alternative to overcome this problem is to use biodegradable plastic made from environmentally friendly materials. Biodegradable plastic products utilize nata de coco waste which contains about 42.57% cellulose and shrimp shells with a chitin content of 15-20%. The process of converting cellulose and chitosan into biodegradable plastic requires several processing steps. Chitosan was mixed with distilled water for dissolution and acetic acid (1:99) % by volume was added. Heating and stirring were carried out. Then cellulose and glycerol were mixed and heated using the phase inversion method to produce biodegradable plastic. The product was evaluated through an elongation test, tensile strength test, uji biodegradable, water resistance test, mechanical test, and degradation test to determine the product characteristics. This study aims to help strategies to process nata de coco and shrimp shell waste into biodegradable plastics with an efficient process so that it can help overcome the problem of plastic waste.
Microplastics (MPs) are found in a wide range of ecosystems, from the Arctic to the deep ocean. However, there is
no data on their presence in terrestrial mammals that inhabit the Selva Maya. The aim of this study is to detect
the presence of MPs in the feces of the Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) from the region of Calakmul, located in the
Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. We analyzed 129 fecal samples collected during 2017 and 2018, obtaining 57 and 72
samples during the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Sixty-eight percent of the samples contained 743 MPs with
a mean of 19.3 ±28.1 MPs/kg of dry weight (DW) feces in both years. An inter-annual variation in the average
abundance of microplastic was observed during the two-year period (2017–2018), with a 72 % increase in these
plastic particles in feces. Fourteen polymers were identified, with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polypropylene
(PP) and polyester (PES) being the most abundant during both years. Although the effects of MPs on the health of
tapirs are not known, their presence is cause for concern. There is an urgent need for the implementation of
appropriate plastic waste management programs in communities of the Selva Maya to diminish the consumption
of MPs in species including humans where they pose a significant risk to health.
Nowadays every recent advancement or technology comes with the title of ecofriendly, sustainable, green approach, environment benign. Plastic, some decades before is a subject of interest due to its exceptional properties but nowadays it comes with legislative limits. In recent years, the use of plastics has been controlled under government rules and regulations due to its non-biodegradable nature. Plastic plays a prominent role in various sectors due to having diversified applications. Their remarkable properties make them unique products.
Single-use plastics mainly contribute to plastic pollution. They are lying on the ground and releasing toxic chemicals into the environment which become a serious threat to the ecosystem.
Due to modernization and industrialization, the construction industry is growing at the rate of knots. Road construction is the key factor to help to grow this industrial revolution. It also connects people and brings crucial social benefits. Roads contribute greatly to economic development.
In recent studies, it has been found that waste plastic greatly contributes to road construction due to its specific properties. Plastics boost up the rheological properties of bitumen and increase binding efficiency and can be mixed with bitumen and aggregate for road construction. The present chapter describes the role of waste plastic in road making. The process for this is broadly discussed with process design and advantages, disadvantages. Special emphasis has been given to the recent advancement of waste plastic in road construction scenarios.
Microplastic pollution is prevalent in the Ottawa River, with all open water samples (n = 62) and sediment samples (n = 10) containing microplastics. The median microplastic concentration of nearshore 100 L water samples was 0.1 fragments per L (ranged between 0.05 and 0.24 fragments per L). The larger volume Manta trawls samples taken in the middle of the Ottawa River had an overall mean concentration of plastics of 1.35 fragments per m³. Plastic concentrations were significantly higher downstream of the wastewater treatment plant (1.99 fragments per m³) compared with upstream of the effluent output (0.71 fragments per m³), suggesting that the effluent plume is a pathway for plastic pollution to the Ottawa River. The mean concentration of microplastic fragments recovered in the sediment samples was 0.22 fragments per g dry weight. The abundance of microplastics in the sediment was not significantly related to the mean particle size or the organic content of the sediment. The most common form of plastic particles found was microfibers. These made up between 70% and 100% of all plastic particles observed, although plastic microbeads and secondary plastic fragments were also recovered.
Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue. Open dumping and open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in low-income countries. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. The activity of the informal sector in developing cities was also reviewed, focusing on the main health risks due to waste scavenging. Results reported that the environmental impacts are pervasive worldwide: marine litter, air, soil and water contamination, and the direct interaction of waste pickers with hazardous waste are the most important issues. Many reviews were published in the scientific literature about specific waste streams, in order to quantify its effect on the environment. This narrative literature review assessed global issues due to different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment, population health, and sustainable development. The results and case studies presented can be of reference for scholars and stakeholders for quantifying the comprehensive impacts and for planning integrated solid waste collection and treatment systems, for improving sustainability at a global level.
Microplastic research has mainly concentrated on open seas, while riverine plumes remain largely unexplored despite their hypothesized importance as a microplastic source to coastal waters. This work aimed to model coastal accumulation of microplastic particles (1–5 mm) emitted by the Po River over 1.5 years. We posit that river-induced microplastic accumulation on adjacent coasts can be predicted using (1) hydrodynamic-based and (2) remote sensing-based modelling. Model accumulation maps were validated against sampling at nine beaches, with sediment microplastic concentrations up to 78 particles/kg (dry weight). Hydrodynamic modelling revealed that discharged particle amount is only semi-coupled to beaching rates, which are strongly mouth dependent and occur within the first ten days. Remote sensing modelling was found to better capture river mouth relative strength, and accumulation patterns were found consistent with hydrodynamic modelling. This methodology lays groundwork for developing an operational monitoring system to assess microplastic pollution emitted by a major river.
The widespread occurrence of microplastic has invaded the environment to an extent that it appears to be present throughout the globe. This review investigated the global abundance and distribution of microplastics in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Furthermore, the issues and challenges have been addressed for better findings in microplastics studies. Findings revealed that the accumulation of microplastics varies geographically, with locations, hydrodynamic conditions, environmental pressure, and time. From this review, it is crucial that proper regulations are proposed and implemented in order to reduce the occurrence of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Without appropriate law and regulations, microplastic pollution will eventually threaten human livelihood.
The accumulation of plastic debris in the oceans has been widely recognized as a threat to marine environment. A recent study estimated that Indonesia is one of the biggest sources of plastic wastes in the ocean, but directly-measured abundance data from the seawater in Indonesia is lacking. We documented the abundance and distribution of microplastics (size <5mm) in sub-surface seawaters of Sumba, a pristine region in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from 5 m, 50 m, 100 m, 300 m depth and near the sea bottom. Samples were examined for microplastics using flotation and filtration methods. We found microplastic in all sampling locations, consisting of fibers (45.45%), granules (36.36%) and other plastic form (18.18%). Most of microplastic particles were found at water depths less than 100 m (81.82%), which was the thermocline area. Our finding corroborates the believe that plastics has widely invaded marine environment in different parts of the seas and oceans, including pristine, remote, and unknown areas.
Due to resistance of polymer as basic properties of plastic, several studies have been conducted to understand the fate of plastic debris in the marine environment. Degradation is the most important process to control distribution of plastic debris a long the marine environment until the existence of plastic in the food chain. The physical and chemical changes of plastic because of degradation process will lead to the release of polluted substances which eventually more toxic for the environment. Furthermore, when plastic degraded become a microplastic will lead to easy ingested by biotic such as mussell which commonly consumed by humans. The aim of this research was to investigate the concentration of microplastic adsorbed and ingested by mussels considering characteristic of sea water. About 30 samples have been collected from 3 different locations that is brackish water (31 ppb), high salinity (36 ppb) and low salinity (33 ppb) for measuring a number of microplastic in mussels on three different salinity. The result of microstructure analysis by microscope showed that mussel evaluated from the marine environment contaminated by microplastic with average size of 211.163 μm. In high salinity sea water, microplastic found in mussel was greater than low salinity and brackish water. The SEM/EDX analysis showed the presence of SIO2 0.14 % (w/w), Na2O 24.27 %(w/w) and Al2O3 0.27 % (w/w) in the microplastic obtained in the mussel indicating the components which are mostly found in the plastic industries. The amount of microplastic in mussell could be used as pollution indicator in the marine environmental by plastic waste.
Plastics pollution in coastal areas is one of the topics that have received more attention over the past few years. The intertidal zone is a waters area that is directly affected by contamination of plastic waste from land and sea. The purpose of this study was to analyze the types and abundance of plastic waste in the intertidal zone and its impact on macrozoobenthos abundance. This research was conducted at Pesisir Desa Jaring Halus in February-April 2017. Macrozoobenthos and macro - micro plastic were collected by using quadratic transect. Sediments were collected with a core, to a depth of 30 cm. Microplastic and macroplastic abundances were analyzed using separation of sediment density and hand sorting. The dominant micro plastic types were film (52.30%), fiber (24.88%), fragments (22.74%), followed by pellets (0.1%). The total number of microplastics were 326,33 items and macro plastic were 308 items. Macroplastic abundance is positively correlated with microplastic (0.765). The abundance of macrozoobenthos is negatively correlated with microplastic abundance (-0.368) and with macro plastic abundance (-0.633). The management strategies were suggested clean up marine debris, decrease plastic using and built up the station of debris processing.
Marine debris is a global environmental problem especially apparent on small islands throughout the world. We implemented an educational outreach program to engage primary and secondary students in the scientific process using the tangible issue of marine debris on a typical small island in Indonesia (Barrang Lompo, Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi). Over a 3-year period, students conducted systematic sampling of debris on their island's beaches. They quantified the enormity of the debris problem, discussed data, and compared experiences with partner schools in California. The program inspired a unique, local perspective on marine debris that includes greater awareness of human health impacts as well as a need for realistic solutions to this problem faced by small islands.
Recently, the amount of Yogyakarta province municipal solid waste (MSW) came into Piyungan landfill site stood at around 470 ton/day consisting of 77% organic and 23% inorganic fractions. Annually, there was an increase as many as 8% per annum for the amount of MSW. Reduction of the MSW can be "forced" in integrated waste management site (in Indonesia is called TPST) which was built in the municipal level. In each TPST, there are two main activities which are Recycling and Composting. Both scenarios assume that 23% of inorganic waste can be recycled so that the subsequent need is to manage organic waste. Based on these considerations, calculations performed with: 1). Scenario 1: The TPST has been operated but there is no waste reduction at the source; 2). Scenario 2: TPST is operated and followed by solid waste reduction at the source. If the second scenario is applied, the amount of waste that goes to landfill Piyungan can be reduced up to 200 ton/day. Actually, scenario 1 is the realistic one because of Indonesian’s culture. Unfortunately, as scenario 1 was highly dependent on the TPST, the number of TPST which must be built increase steadily that it can reach 60 units in 2030 which is impossible to find space in Yogyakarta province. If the second scenario is applied, the amount of waste that goes to Piyungan landfill site can be reduced gradually from 25% (1-3 years), 35% (4-7 years), and 50% (8-15 years) through composting activity. The challenge possessed by scenario 2 is how to force people reduce their own organic waste by composting activity.
This paper proposes an overarching review of national municipal waste management systems and waste-to-energy as an important part of it in the context of circular economy in the selected countries in Europe. The growth of population and rising standards of living means that the consumption of goods and energy is increasing. On the one hand, consumption leads to an increase in the generation of waste. On the other hand, the correlation between increased wealth and increased energy consumption is very strong as well. Given that the average heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW) is approximately 10 MJ/kg, it seems logical to use waste as a source of energy. Traditionally, waste-to-energy (WtE) has been associated with incineration. Yet, the term is much broader, embracing various waste treatment processes generating energy (for instance, in the form of electricity and/or heat or producing a waste-derived fuel). Turning waste into energy can be one key to a circular economy enabling the value of products, materials, and resources to be maintained on the market for as long as possible, minimising waste and resource use. As the circular economy is at the top of the EU agenda, all Member States of the EU (including the EEA countries) should move away from the old-fashioned disposal of waste to a more intelligent waste treatment encompassing the circular economy approach in their waste policies. Therefore, the article examines how these EU policies are implemented in practice. Given that WtE traditionally is attached to the MSW management and organisation, the focus of this article is twofold. Firstly, it aims to identify the different practices of municipal waste management employed in selected countries and their approaches in embracing the circular economy and, secondly, the extent to which WtE technologies play any role in this context. The following countries, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK were chosen to depict a broad European context.
Synthetic polymers are one of the most significant pollutants in the aquatic environment. Most research focused on small plastic particles, so-called microplastics (particle size, 1–5,000 μm). Compared to macroplastics, the small size complicates their determination in environmental samples and demands for more sophisticated analytical approaches. The detection methods of microplastics reported in the past are highly diverse. This chapter summarizes different strategies for the sampling of water and sediment and sample treatments, including the separation of plastic particles and removal of natural debris that are necessary prior the identification of microplastics. Moreover, the techniques used for the identification of plastics particles are presented in this chapter.
The ubiquitous detection of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems promotes the concern for adverse impacts on freshwater ecosystems. The wide variety of material types, sizes, shapes, and physicochemical properties renders interactions with biota via multiple pathways probable. So far, our knowledge about the uptake and biological effects of microplastics comes from laboratory studies, applying simplified exposure regimes (e.g., one polymer and size, spherical shape, high concentrations) often with limited environmental relevance. However, the available data illustrates species- and material-related interactions and highlights that microplastics represent a multifaceted stressor. Particle-related toxicities will be driven by polymer type, size, and shape. Chemical toxicity is driven by the adsorption-desorption kinetics of additives and pollutants. In addition, microbial colonization, the formation of hetero-aggregates, and the evolutionary adaptations of the biological receptor further increase the complexity of microplastics as stressors. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to synthesize and critically revisit these aspects based on the state of the science in freshwater research. Where unavailable we supplement this with data on marine biota. This provides an insight into the direction of future research. In this regard, the challenge is to understand the complex interactions of biota and plastic materials and to identify the toxicologically most relevant characteristics of the plethora of microplastics. Importantly, as the direct biological impacts of natural particles may be similar, future research needs to benchmark synthetic against natural materials. Finally, given the scale of the research question, we need a multidisciplinary approach to understand the role of microplastics in a multiple-particle world.
Microplastic pollution is currently one of the threats in marine ecosystem and has been focus of researches of environmentalists in all over the world. This problem also occurs in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta Bay. High activities along the rivers flowing to the bay are predicted to be extensive microplastic distribution channels to the sediment of the waters. The purposes of this study were to identify and quantify type and size of microplastics in sediment of Jakarta Bay. Sediment samples were collected twice, in December 2015 and January 2016, on the riverbed in Pluit and Ancol areas. Microplastics from sediment were separated by the following steps: drying, volume reduction, density separation, filtration, and visual sorting. The abundance of microplastic was very high in both locations ranging from 18,405 to 38,790 particles kg⁻¹ dry sediment. Fragment with size of 100-500 µm was the most abundant microplastics in the two locations. Majority of polymer found in the sediment were low density polypropylene (PP). Characteristic of microplastic is needed as an approach to determine its main source, so that the microplastic pollution in Jakarta Bay can be managed properly.
Plastic pollution is considered an important environmental problem by the United Nations Environment Programme, and it is identified, alongside climate change, as an emerging issue that might affect biological diversity and human health. However, despite research efforts investigating plastics in oceans, relatively little studies have focused on freshwater systems. The aim of this study was to estimate the spatial distribution, types, and characteristics of macro-, meso-, and microplastic fragments in shoreline sediments of a freshwater lake. Food wrappers (mainly polypropylene and polystyrene), bags (high- and low-density polyethylene), bottles (polyethylene terephthalate), and disposable Styrofoam food containers (expanded polystyrene) were the dominant macroplastics recorded in this study. Contrary to other studies, herein macroplastic item surveys would not serve as surrogates for microplastic items. This is disadvantageous since macroplastic surveys are relatively easier to conduct. Otherwise, an average of 25 mesoplastics (mainly expanded polystyrene) and 704 microplastic particles (diverse resins) were recorded per square meter in sandy sediments. Comparisons with other studies from freshwater and marine beaches indicated similar relevance of plastic contamination, demonstrating for the first time that plastic pollution is a serious problem in the Paraná floodplain lakes. This study is also valuable from a social/educational point of view, since plastic waste has been ignored in the Paraná catchment as a pollutant problem, and therefore, the outcome of the current study is a relevant contribution for decision makers.
Plastics in the marine environment have become a major concern because of their persistence at sea, and adverse consequences to marine life and potentially human health. Implementing mitigation strategies requires an understanding and quantification of marine plastic sources, taking spatial and temporal variability into account. Here we present a global model of plastic inputs from rivers into oceans based on waste management, population density and hydrological information. Our model is calibrated against measurements available in the literature. We estimate that between 1.15 and 2.41 million tonnes of plastic waste currently enters the ocean every year from rivers, with over 74% of emissions occurring between May and October. The top 20 polluting rivers, mostly located in Asia, account for 67% of the global total. The findings of this study provide baseline data for ocean plastic mass balance exercises, and assist in prioritizing future plastic debris monitoring and mitigation strategies.
Microplastic contamination was determined in sediments of the Southern North Sea and floating at the sea surface of North West Europe. Floating concentrations ranged between 0 and 1.5 microplastic/m³, whereas microplastic concentrations in sediments ranged between 0 and 3,146 particles/kg dry weight sediment. In sediments, mainly fibers and spheres were found, whereas at the sea surface fragments were dominant. At the sea surface, concentrations of microplastics are lower and more variable than in sediments, meaning that larger sample sizes and water volumes are required to find detectable concentrations. We have calculated the widths of the confidence intervals (CI) for different sample sizes, to give a first indication of the necessary sample size for a microplastic survey at the water surface. Higher concentrations of floating microplastics were found near estuaries. In sediments, estuaries and areas with a high organic carbon content were likely hotspots. Standardization of monitoring methods within marine regions is recommended to compare and assess microplastics pollution over time.
Microplastics (<5 mm) were extracted from sediment cores collected in Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, and South Africa by density separation after hydrogen peroxide treatment to remove biofilms were and identified using FTIR. Carbonyl and vinyl indices were used to avoid counting biopolymers as plastics. Microplastics composed of variety of polymers, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethyleneterphthalates (PET), polyethylene-polypropylene copolymer (PEP), and polyacrylates (PAK), were identified in the sediment. We measured microplastics between 315 µm and 5 mm, most of which were in the range 315 µm-1 mm. The abundance of microplastics in surface sediment varied from 100 pieces/kg-dry sediment in a core collected in the Gulf of Thailand to 1900 pieces/kg-dry sediment in a core collected in a canal in Tokyo Bay. A far higher stock of PE and PP composed microplastics in sediment compared with surface water samples collected in a canal in Tokyo Bay suggests that sediment is an important sink for microplastics. In dated sediment cores from Japan, microplastic pollution started in 1950s, and their abundance increased markedly toward the surface layer (i.e., 2000s). In all sediment cores from Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, and South Africa, the abundance of microplastics increased toward the surface, suggesting the global occurrence of and an increase in microplastic pollution over time.
Indonesia is recently ranked second as the world's largest plastic wastes producer. Plastic is a very durable material that can be degraded by thermal oxidation with ultraviolet radiation and/or mechanically to smaller sizes. Degraded plastic with size less than 5 mm is referred to as microplastic. Here, we investigate the pervasiveness of microplastic pollution by studying deep-sea sediments retrieved from western Sumatra in the eastern Indian Ocean during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (EWIN) 2015 research cruise. The cruise, which took place between May 7-18, is part of Indonesia's contribution to the ongoing International Indian Ocean Expedition-2 (IIOE-2) campaign. Deep-sea sediments were taken at depths ranging from 66.8 to 2182 m and microplastic characterization of the sediments was carried out following a modified flotation method. Our finding reveals that microplastics are present in 8 out of 10 sampling locations. We find 41 particles of microplastic in the forms of the granule (35 particles) and fiber (6 particles). Most or 20 microplastic particles are found at depths less than 500 m. Furthermore, the presence of microplastics in the western Sumatra sediments at more than 2000 m deep confirms that plastics have pervaded marine environments including pristine areas despite being a relatively recent material that started being produced in the early 19th century.
Plastic pollution is a growing global concern. In the present study, we investigated plastic pollution in 21 species of sea fish and 6 species of freshwater fish from China. All of the species were found to ingest micro- or mesoplastics. The average abundance of microplastics varied from 1.1 to 7.2 items by individual and 0.2–17.2 items by gram. The average abundance of mesoplastics varied from 0.2 to 3.0 items by individual and 0.1–3.9 items by gram. Microplastics were abundant in 26 species, accounting for 55.9–92.3% of the total number of plastics items in each species. Thamnaconus septentrionalis contained the highest abundance of microplastics (7.2 items/individual). The average abundance of plastics in sea benthopelagic fishes was significantly higher than in freshwater benthopelagic fishes by items/individual. The plastics were dominanted by fiber in shape, transparent in color and cellophane in composition. The proportion of plastics in the stomach to the intestines showed great variation in different species, ranging from 0.5 to 1.9 by items/individual. The stomach of Harpodon nehereus and intestines of Pampus cinereus contained the highest number of plastics, (3.3) and (2.7), respectively, by items/individual. Our results suggested that plastic pollution was widespread in the investigated fish species and showed higher abundance in comparison with worldwide studies. The ingestion of plastics in fish was closely related to the habitat and gastrointestinal tract structure. We highly recommend that the entire gastrointestinal tract and digestion process be used in future investigations of plastic pollution in fish.
Microplastics have been increasingly detected and quantified in marine and freshwater environments, and there are growing concerns about potential effects in biota. A literature review was conducted to summarize the current state of knowledge of microplastics in Canadian aquatic environments; specifically, the sources, environmental fate, behaviour, abundance, and toxicological effects in aquatic organisms. While we found that research and publications on these topics have increased dramatically since 2010, relatively few studies have assessed the presence, fate, and effects of microplastics in Canadian water bodies. We suggest that efforts to determine aquatic receptors at greatest risk of detrimental effects due to microplastic exposure, and their associated contaminants, are particularly warranted. There is also a need to address the gaps identified, with a particular focus on the species and conditions found in Canadian aquatic systems. These gaps include characterization of the presence of microplastics in Canadian freshwater ecosystems, identifying key sources of microplastics to these systems, and evaluating the presence of microplastics in Arctic waters and biota.
Marine debris is a globally recognized environmental issue of increasing concern. Marine ecosystems worldwide are affected by human-made refuse, much of which is plastic. Marine debris includes consumer items such as glass or plastic bottles, cans, bags, balloons, rubber, metal, fiberglass, cigarettes, and other manufactured materials that end up in the ocean and along the coast. It also includes fishing gear such as line, ropes, hooks, buoys and other materials lost on or near land, or intentionally or unintentionally discarded at sea. Debris in oceans and seas is an aesthetic problem, it incurs considerable costs and can have severe impacts on marine organisms and habitats. This review focuses on plastic marine debris with respect to: (1) definition and types; (2) sources and distribution; (3) environmental impacts on coastal and ocean biodiversity; and (4) effective solutions to tackle the plastic marine debris.
Due to the widespread use and durability of synthetic polymers, plastic debris occurs in the environment worldwide. In the present work, information on sources and fate of microplastic particles in the aquatic and terrestrial environment, and on their uptake and effects, mainly in aquatic organisms, is reviewed. Microplastics in the environment originate from a variety of sources. Quantitative information on the relevance of these sources is generally lacking, but first estimates indicate that abrasion and fragmentation of larger plastic items and materials containing synthetic polymers are likely to be most relevant. Microplastics are ingested and, mostly, excreted rapidly by numerous aquatic organisms. So far, there is no clear evidence of bioaccumulation or biomagnification. In laboratory studies, the ingestion of large amounts of microplastics mainly led to a lower food uptake and, consequently, reduced energy reserves and effects on other physiological functions. Based on the evaluated data, the lowest microplastic concentrations affecting marine organisms exposed via water are much higher than levels measured in marine water. In lugworms exposed via sediment, effects were observed at microplastic levels that were higher than those in subtidal sediments but in the same range as maximum levels in beach sediments. Hydrophobic contaminants are enriched on microplastics, but the available experimental results and modelling approaches indicate that the transfer of sorbed pollutants by microplastics is not likely to contribute significantly to bioaccumulation of these pollutants. Prior to being able to comprehensively assess possible environmental risks caused by microplastics a number of knowledge gaps need to be filled. However, in view of the persistence of microplastics in the environment, the high concentrations measured at some environmental sites and the prospective of strongly increasing concentrations, the release of plastics into the environment should be reduced in a broad and global effort regardless of a proof of an environmental risk.
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The goal of this study was to examine the community participation in household solid waste (HSW) reduction and the influencing factors in eastern Surabaya. The research was conducted in three districts, namely Sukolilo, Rungkut, and Tenggilis Mejoyo. The HSW sampling for SW composition analysis was performed over eight consecutive days. Survey concerning community involvement in HSW reduction was conducted in 300 households using stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaires were distributed during HSW sampling for generation rate and composition measurements.
Results of this study showed that average HSW generation rate in eastern Surabaya was 0.33 kg/capita/day. The HSW composition was dominated by food waste (64.19%), followed by plastics (10.79%), paper (9.24%) and used diapers (6.97%). The socio-economic characteristics had less influence than the supporting factors on sorting, recycling and composting activities.
This study suggested four strategies to support the community participation on HSW reduction in eastern Surabaya. These strategies were: to intensify the HSW reduction training programs; to intensify the information dissemination through mass media and campaign; to increase the number of environmental cadres; and to optimize the existence of waste bank and its function.
The ubiquity of anthropogenic debris in hundreds of species of wildlife and the toxicity of chemicals associated with it has begun to raise concerns regarding the presence of anthropogenic debris in seafood. We assessed the presence of anthropogenic debris in fishes and shellfish on sale for human consumption. We sampled from markets in Makassar, Indonesia, and from California, USA. All fish and shellfish were identified to species where possible. Anthropogenic debris was extracted from the digestive tracts of fish and whole shellfish using a 10% KOH solution and quantified under a dissecting microscope. In Indonesia, anthropogenic debris was found in 28% of individual fish and in 55% of all species. Similarly, in the USA, anthropogenic debris was found in 25% of individual fish and in 67% of all species. Anthropogenic debris was also found in 33% of individual shellfish sampled. All of the anthropogenic debris recovered from fish in Indonesia was plastic, whereas anthropogenic debris recovered from fish in the USA was primarily fibers. Variations in debris types likely reflect different sources and waste management strategies between countries. We report some of the first findings of plastic debris in fishes directly sold for human consumption raising concerns regarding human health.
This paper discusses an implementation of waste bank as community-based environmental governance. Waste bank as a business is owned by people who consider waste as a valuable economic commodity and savings, has instruments that involving community in waste management. In Surabaya, waste bank grows rapidly and has supported community's livelihood and encourage people's self-reliance in environmental management. The objectives of this study are (1) analyze the role of waste bank in supporting community-based environment governance; and (2) analyze how public engagement (community, government and private sector) by waste banks implementation creates effective and collaborative environmental management. This study is conducted using descriptive-analytics based on informant interviews, desk study, and field observation.
Over the past five or six decades, contamination and pollution of the world's enclosed seas, coastal waters and the wider open oceans by plastics and other synthetic, non-biodegradable materials (generally known as 'marine debris') has been an ever-increasing phenomenon. The sources of these polluting materials are both land- and marine-based, their origins may be local or distant, and the environmental consequences are many and varied. The more widely recognized problems are typically associated with entanglement, ingestion, suffocation and general debilitation, and are often related to stranding events and public perception. Among the less frequently recognized and recorded problems are global hazards to shipping, fisheries and other maritime activities. Today, there are rapidly developing research interests in the biota attracted to freely floating (i.e. pelagic) marine debris, commonly known as 'hangers-on and hitch-hikers' as well as material sinking to the sea floor despite being buoyant. Dispersal of aggressive alien and invasive species by these mechanisms leads one to reflect on the possibilities that ensuing invasions could endanger sensitive, or at-risk coastal environments (both marine and terrestrial) far from their native habitats.
This study was aimed to investigate the abundance and characteristics of microplastics (MP) in the sediment of Jagir estuary and Wonorejo coast, Surabaya, Indonesia. Sediment samples from 5 sites in the estuary and the adjacent coast were collected in replicates using Ekman dredge sampler. The MP particles were extracted using density separation method. Then the MP particles were counted and categorized according to shape, size, and color under a Zeiss Discovery V.12 stereomicroscope. Identification was done using Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS10 FTIR Spectrometer. The MP shapes comprised fiber (57%), film (36%), and fragment (7%). Abundance of the MP was highest in the Wonorejo coast sediment (590 particles/kg dry weight). The MP particles consisted of 68% large and 25% small sizes and comprised 56.7% polyester, 24.6% low-density polyethylene, and 18.8% polypropylene. The MP colors were 43% transparent, 21% black, 14% blue, 10% white, 8% red, and 4% yellow.
Nowadays, there is an increased awareness on the threat that marine litter may pose to the marine environment. This review describes the major concerns related to plastic pollution, namely in terms of toxicity of different types and sizes of nanoplastics (particles smaller than 100 nm) to marine organisms, either producers or consumers. The available data show that nanoplastics may affect negatively organisms from different phyla with reported effects ranging from alterations in reproduction to lethality. Nevertheless, no information regarding marine vertebrates (e.g., fish) was found. Data show a high potential for bioaccumulation/biomagnification along marine food chains, since they can easily be retained inside organisms. The lack of standardized methodology for nanoplastics detection and the poor or inexistent legislation makes nanoplastics an environmental challenge.
This study reports number, size and color distribution, and metal contents of microplastics as well as adherent sediments along the Persian Gulf. Samples were collected from 9 stations in summer 2015 with a sampling time interval of 10 days. Plastic size of 2-5 mm, and ≤0.25 mm with 45 and 33% and white and colorless plastics with 62 and 33% had the highest abundance considering number per m2, respectively. In general, the majority of collected plastics (79%) were smaller than 5 mm (defined size for microplastics). The mean Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu contents of plastic fragments were 115, 531, 32.2, 0.035, 0.915, 2.03, 4.59, and 3.6 μg g-1, respectively while the mean Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu contents of sediments were 186, 3050, 127, 0.81, 5.01, 14.5, 48.6 and 5.43 μg g-1 respectively. There were significant differences between the abundance of plastic items as well as the all examined metal concentrations of microplastics and sediments at different sampling times. As there is no regular cleanup program in the studied areas, significant differences between plastic items number at different sampling times (with higher plastic items number at the first day of sampling) showed that a large number of plastic items may enter from beaches to the sea and become available to marine organisms.
Microplastics, which are plastic debris with a particle diameter of less than 5 mm, have attracted growing attention in recent years. Its widespread distributions in a variety of habitats have urged scientists to understand deeper regarding their potential impact on the marine living resources. Most studies on microplastics hitherto are focused on the marine environment, and research on risk assessment methodology is still limited. To understand the distribution of microplastics in urban rivers, this study investigated river sediments in Shanghai, the largest urban area in China. Seven sites were sampled to ensure maximum coverage of the city's central districts, and a tidal flat was also included to compare with river samples. Density separation, microscopic inspection and μ-FT-IR analysis were conducted to analyze the characteristics of microplastics and the type of polymers. The average abundance of microplastics in six river sediment samples was 802 items per kilogram of dry weight. The abundance in rivers was one to two orders of magnitude higher than in the tidal flat. White microplastic spheres were most commonly distributed in river sediments. Seven types of microplastics were identified, of which polypropylene was the most prevailing polymers presented. The study then conducted risk assessment of microplastics in sediments based on the observed results, and proposed a framework of environmental risk assessment. After reviewing waste disposal related legislation and regulations in China, this study conclude that in situ data and legitimate estimations should be incorporated as part of the practice when developing environmental policies aiming to tackle microplastic pollution.
Microplastic is considered a potential threat to marine life as it is ingested by a wide variety of species. Most studies on microplastic ingestion are short-term investigations and little is currently known about how this potential threat has developed over the last decades where global plastic production has increased exponentially. Here we present the first long-term study on microplastic in the marine environment, covering three decades from 1987 to 2015, based on a unique sample set originally collected and conserved for food web studies. We investigated the microplastic concentration in plankton samples and in digestive tracts of two economically and ecologically important planktivorous forage fish species, Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and European sprat (Sprattus sprattus), in the Baltic Sea, an ecosystem which is under high anthropogenic pressure and has undergone considerable changes over the past decades. Surprisingly, neither the concentration of microplastic in the plankton samples nor in the digestive tracts changed significantly over the investigated time period. Average microplastic concentration in the plankton samples was 0.21±0.15particlesm(-3). Of 814 fish examined, 20% contained plastic particles, of which 95% were characterized as microplastic (<5mm) and of these 93% were fibres. There were no significant differences in the plastic content between species, locations, or time of day the fish were caught. However, fish size and microplastic in the digestive tracts were positively correlated, and the fish contained more plastic during summer than during spring, which may be explained by increased food uptake with size and seasonal differences in feeding activity. This study highlights that even though microplastic has been present in the Baltic environment and the digestive tracts of fishes for decades, the levels have not changed in this period. This underscores the need for greater understanding of how plastic is cycled through marine ecosystems. The stability of plastic concentration and contamination over time observed here indicates that the type and level of microplastic pollution may be more closely correlated to specific human activities in a region than to global plastic production and utilization as such.
Qualitative analysis of the structures of the polymers composing floating plastic debris was performed using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the aging of the debris was assessed by measuring carbonyl group formation on the particle surfaces. Plastic material made up > 75% of the 2313 items collected during a three-year survey. The size, shape and color of the microplastic were correlated with the polymer structure. The most abundant plastic materials were polypropylene (68%) and low-density polyethylene (11%), and the predominant colors of the plastics were white, blue and green. Cilacap Bay, Indonesia, was contaminated with microplastic at a concentration of 2.5 mg·m³. The carbonyl index demonstrated that most of the floating microplastic was only slightly degraded. This study highlights the need to raise environmental awareness through citizen science education and adopting good environmental practices.
Microplastics contamination of Lake Ontario sediments is investigated with the aim of identifying distribution patterns and hotspots in nearshore, tributary and beach depositional environments. Microplastics are concentrated in nearshore sediments in the vicinity of urban and industrial regions. In Humber Bay and Toronto Harbour microplastic concentrations were consistently > 500 particles per kg dry sediment. Maximum concentrations of ~ 28,000 particles per kg dry sediment were determined in Etobicoke Creek. The microplastic particles were primarily fibres and fragments < 2 mm in size. Both low- and high-density plastics were identified using Raman spectroscopy. We provide a baseline for future monitoring and discuss potential sources of microplastics in terms of how and where to implement preventative measures to reduce the contaminant influx. Although the impacts of microplastics contamination on ecosystem health and functioning is uncertain, understanding, monitoring and preventing further microplastics contamination in Lake Ontario and the other Great Lakes is crucial.
This review article summarises the sources, occurrence, fate and effects of plastic waste in the marine environment. Due to its resistance to degradation, most plastic debris will persist in the environment for centuries and may be transported far from its source, including great distances out to sea. Land- and ocean-based sources are the major sources of plastic entering the environment, with domestic, industrial and fishing activities being the most important contributors. Ocean gyres are particular hotspots of plastic waste accumulation. Both macroplastics and microplastics pose a risk to organisms in the natural environment, for example, through ingestion or entanglement in the plastic. Many studies have investigated the potential uptake of hydrophobic contaminants, which can then bioaccumulate in the food chain, from plastic waste by organisms. To address the issue of plastic pollution in the marine environment, governments should first play an active role in addressing the issue of plastic waste by introducing legislation to control the sources of plastic debris and the use of plastic additives. In addition, plastics industries should take responsibility for the end-of-life of their products by introducing plastic recycling or upgrading programmes.
The digestive tract contents of 263 individuals from 26 species of commercial fish were examined for microplastics. These were found in 17 species, corresponding to 19.8% of the fish of which 32.7% had ingested more than one microplastic. Of all the fish that ingested microplastics, 63.5% was benthic and 36.5% pelagic species. A total of 73 microplastics were recorded, 48 (65.8%) being fibres and 25 (34.2%) being fragments. Polymers were polypropylene, polyethylene, alkyd resin, rayon, polyester, nylon and acrylic. The mean of ingested microplastics was 0.27±0.63 per fish, (n=263). Pelagic fish ingested more particles and benthic fish ingested more fibres, but no significant differences were found. Fish with the highest number of microplastics were from the mouth of the Tagus river. Scomber japonicus registered the highest mean of ingested microplastics, suggesting its potential as indicator species to monitor and investigate trends in ingested litter, in the MSFD marine regions.
Plastic debris in the marine environment is widely documented, but the quantity of plastic entering the ocean from waste generated on land is unknown. By linking worldwide data on solid waste, population density, and economic status, we estimated the mass of land-based plastic waste entering the ocean. We calculate that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in 2010, with 4.8 to 12.7 million MT entering the ocean. Population size and the quality of waste management systems largely determine which countries contribute the greatest mass of uncaptured waste available to become plastic marine debris. Without waste management infrastructure improvements, the cumulative quantity of plastic waste available to enter the ocean from land is predicted to increase by an order of magnitude by 2025.
Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
According to most experts, integrated and sustainable solid waste management should not only be given top priority, but must go beyond technical aspects to include various key elements of sustainability to ensure success of any solid waste project. Aside from project sustainable impacts, the overall enabling environment is the key feature determining performance and success of an integrated and affordable solid waste system. This paper describes a project-specific approach to assess typical success or failure factors. A questionnaire-based assessment method covers issues of: (i) social mobilisation and acceptance (social element), (ii) stakeholder, legal and institutional arrangements comprising roles, responsibilities and management functions (institutional element); (iii) financial and operational requirements, as well as cost recovery mechanisms (economic element). The Gianyar Waste Recovery Project in Bali, Indonesia was analysed using this integrated assessment method. The results clearly identified chief characteristics, key factors to consider when planning country wide replication but also major barriers and obstacles which must be overcome to ensure project sustainability. The Gianyar project consists of a composting unit processing 60tons of municipal waste per day from 500,000 inhabitants, including manual waste segregation and subsequent composting of the biodegradable organic fraction.
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