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Anatomy in asymptomatic lumbar facet joint arthrosis
Abstract
Introduction: The facet joints are the only synovial joint of spine and undergo osteoarthritic changes referred to as facet joint arthrosis (FJA). The arthrosis is akin to arthritic changes in any other synovial joint of the body and may manifest as back pain or may remain asymptomatic throughout life. The causes for pain manifestation in FJA are manifold but there is paucity of literature in defining reasons to remain asymptomatic even with a deranged pathology at the joint. Thus the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic FJA and define its relation with respect to age, gender and vertebral level on CT evaluation and discuss the pertinent anatomy around each spinal motion segment which prevents manifestation of pain. Material & Methods: A total of 100 asymptomatic subjects were selected on basis of a low back pain questionnaire within age range of 20-70 years, reporting to radiology department for CT abdomen. The individuals were categorized as per the following age groups; 20-35yrs as young; 36-50 as middle and 51-70 as old age groups. All five lumbar vertebral levels with their facet joints were analysed for evidences of degenerative grades and their severity, in total selected subjects. The images obtained were further assessed on image analysis software for distribution as per the age-groups, gender and prevalence with respect to vertebral level. Results: A total of 136 (27.2%) levels in 43(43%) spines were found to have FJA. The highest prevalence (43.3%) of asymptomatic FJA was observed in the middle age group with involvement of multiple spinal motion segments and with grade 4 severity. Conclusion: Prevalence of severe grades of asymptomatic FJA in middle age group suggests the possible role of certain muscle groups in maintaining an appropriate posture in spite of on-going degenerative processes.
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Introduction: Splenic index (SI) is commonly used tool to assess the splenic size by the radiologist specially. Though it is the
Karau P.B, and P. Odula (2013).Some anatomical and morphometric observations in the transverse foramina of the atlas among Kenyans. Anatomy J of Africa Vol. 2(1): 61 -66
The submandibular gland is one of the three mayor salivary glands, in which his excretory duct is called Wharton's duct, which empties into the caruncles, on the floor of the mouth. In this case annex vivo finding in cadaveric male, black race, who is in the amphitheater of the Faculty of Medicine of Universidad de Cartagena, in which during the face dissection it was discovered that the excretory duct of the right submandibular gland, changes the path and localization of the duct and anastomoses with the excretory duct of the parotid gland duct, also called is Stenon duct, leading to the buccal mucosa adjacent to the second molar; Wharton's duct on the left is in its normal travel position. Very few cases with this finding are reported, therefore is of great importance to science and health professionals.
Keywords: Submandibular gland, parotid gland, anatomical variation
Background: The submandibular gland is the second largest major salivary gland and weighs 7–16 gr. The gland is located in both sides of the face, at the same level of the body of the jaw, in the submandibular triangle, The submandibular duct or Wharton’s duct exits anteriorly, coursing deep to the lingual nerve and medial to the sublingual gland, the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland, whose diameter is of 2 to 3mm and approximately 4–5 cm long. It empties lateral to the lingual frenulum through a papilla in the floor of the mouth behind the lower incisor tooth. The purpose of this study is determine the morphologic features and describe an unusual anatomical variation of the path of the submandibular duct.
Methods and Findings: A total of 17 cadavers were used for this study in the Morphology Laboratory at the University of Pamplona. In a cadaver were findings: The excretory duct of the left submandibular gland had an external location that ascends and crosses vertically off the body of the mandible, in its termination it is divided in four ducts that had separate openings into the oral cavity upon a small papillas independent, opposites to the first and second lower molar Crown.
Conclusions: Awareness of potential variations of the excretory ducts of the salivary glands can aid in the accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with salivary conditions as well as help surgeons avoid further complications or duct lacerations during surgical procedures.
Introduction:
The morphological variations of the thyroid gland have been reported from different parts of the world. The variations are due to remnant or non-specific development of the parts of the thyroid gland. Surgical operation of the thyroid gland has been the treatment of choice in various thyroid pathologies. Prior knowledge of the morphological variation is important to ensure better results from these surgical operations.
Aim:
To study the prevalence of morphological variations seen in the thyroid glands in the upper Assam region of Northeast India.
Materials and methods:
This was a hospital based cadaveric study. Total number of Thyroid glands dissected were 80. The thyroid gland was examined properly for the presence of pyramidal lobe, levator glandulae thyroideae and complete absence of isthmus. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 21.0.
Results:
It was found that 17 (21.25%) cadavers did not show an isthmus. The pyramidal lobe was present in 31(38.75%) cases and frequently arising from the left side (74.2%) of the isthmus. Levator glandulae thyroideae was found in 15 (18.75%) of the thyroid specimens. In all cases, it was extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the hyoid bone.
Conclusion:
Morphological variation of the thyroid gland is very common hence requires detection prior to any surgery on the thyroid gland.
Although somewhat confusing and laborious, a detailed study of the human spine must be the basic factor in an understanding of certain of its clinical disorders. The one selected for discussion here is spondylolisthesis, a condition or anomaly formerly mentioned only as occurring in women because of its relation to maternal dystocia. Recent investigation has sought the cause of pain and disabilities affecting the lower part of the back, which result in difficulties in awarding compensation when the condition is directly associated with the traumas of occupation or when distress and restricted activity are chronically prolonged exclusive of a known trauma. In the course of this investigation the condition and its alleviation have become prominent in surgical research. The advent of high grade roentgenologic aid in the clinical study of the human spine has added to knowledge of the anatomic and pathologic character of these formerly obscure conditions affecting the