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International Journal of Food Properties
ISSN: 1094-2912 (Print) 1532-2386 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ljfp20
Exploring the biochemical and antioxidant
potential of ginger (Adric) and turmeric (Haldi)
Zunaira Mushtaq, Muhammad Tahir Nadeem, Muhammad Umair Arshad,
Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Haseeb Ahmed, Huma Bader Ul Ain, Ahsan
Javed, Faqir Muhammad Anjum & Shahzad Hussain
To cite this article: Zunaira Mushtaq, Muhammad Tahir Nadeem, Muhammad Umair Arshad,
Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Haseeb Ahmed, Huma Bader Ul Ain, Ahsan Javed, Faqir Muhammad
Anjum & Shahzad Hussain (2019) Exploring the biochemical and antioxidant potential of ginger
(Adric) and turmeric (Haldi), International Journal of Food Properties, 22:1, 1642-1651, DOI:
10.1080/10942912.2019.1666138
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1666138
Published with license by Taylor & Francis
Group, LLC.© 2019 Zunaira Mushtaq,
Muhammad Tahir Nadeem, Muhammad
Umair Arshad, Farhan Saeed, Muhammad
Haseeb Ahmed, Huma Bader Ul Ain,
Ahsan Javed, Faqir Muhammad Anjum and
Shahzad Hussain
Published online: 22 Sep 2019.
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Exploring the biochemical and antioxidant potential of ginger
(Adric) and turmeric (Haldi)
Zunaira Mushtaq
a
, Muhammad Tahir Nadeem
a
, Muhammad Umair Arshad
a
,
Farhan Saeed
a
, Muhammad Haseeb Ahmed
a
, Huma Bader Ul Ain
a
, Ahsan Javed
a
,
Faqir Muhammad Anjum
b
, and Shahzad Hussain
c
a
Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistande;
b
The University of the
Gambia, Serekunda, Gambia;
c
College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
The aim of this present study was to explore antioxidant and bioactive profile of
ginger and turmeric. For the purpose, turmeric and ginger (Haldi and Adric) were
procured from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab-Pakistan. The study
was comprised of different phases. Both of the spices were characterized for
their chemical composition and mineral profile. Bioactive compound was
extracted by using solvent followed by quantification through the high-
pressure liquid chromatography. Furthermore, antioxidant potential including
total phenolics content, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and Ferric
reducing antioxidant power test (FRAP assay) was analyzed. Results revealed
that the antioxidant profile including free radical scavenging activity
(47.67 ± 0.19 mg/100 g) and DPPH (80.16 ± 0.23%) of turmeric ginger powder
extract was much higher than turmeric and ginger powder extract. Similarly,
total phenolics content (103.39 ± 0.58 mg of GAE/g) and flavonoids (4.27 ±
0.05 mg CE/100 g) were much higher in turmeric ginger powder as compared to
turmeric powder and ginger powder, respectively. Conclusively, turmeric ginger
powder showed higher antioxidant potential.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 20 May 2019
Revised 14 August 2019
Accepted 6 September 2019
KEYWORDS
Turmeric; ginger; arthritis;
curcumin; anti-inflammatory;
gingerol
Introduction
Beyond the basic function of providing nutrients, functional foods and nutraceuticals are the
fundamental rudiments of diet-based therapy due to their health improving potential. Among the
health-conscious consumers, the use of such foods is emerging which captured a significant share of
the world market nutrition.
[1]
During the last few decades, a group of scientific tests have proven the
value of various biologically active foods which are helpful against life-threatening diseases like
obesity, cancer insurgence, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Plants based functional foods,
among the diet-based interventional strategies, are not only rich in phytochemicals but also enhance
wellness and reduce health risk factors.
[2]
In the prevention of metabolic syndrome various phyto-remedies including ginger, turmeric,
onion, and garlic, etc., have achieved forefront position.
[3]
The consumption of traditional plants is
gradually increasing because of their effectiveness against several physiological threats.
[4]
As culinary
preparation, flavoring and seasoning, ginger and turmeric are vital spices being commonly con-
sumed and play a key role in the disease prevention especially arthritis.
[5]
Rheumatoid arthritis is
degenerative joint disease that occurs when all the bones rub against each other and the cartilaginous
cushion lining is deteriorated at the end of the joint. Whereas painful rubbing occurs because of the
CONTACT Faqir Muhammad AnjumVice Chancellor dranjum@utg.edu.gm; Muhammad Haseeb Ahmed Haseeb1828@gmail.com
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ljfp.
© 2019 Zunaira Mushtaq, Muhammad Tahir Nadeem, Muhammad Umair Arshad, Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Haseeb Ahmed, Huma Bader Ul Ain,
Ahsan Javed, Faqir Muhammad Anjum and Shahzad Hussain. Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES
2019, VOL. 22, NO. 1, 1642–1651
https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1666138
osteoarthritis cartilage which is connective tissue in bone joints. Ginger is a well-known herb to
contain several bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory, carminative, antiseptic properties and anti-
oxidants that possesses health-promoting properties.
Turmeric is used for color and flavor, in mustard blends, pickles, and sauces. Turmeric combines the
medicinal characteristics of herbs with foods and has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries.
[6]
Turmeric is very helpful for reducing arsenic toxicity, oxidative damage and genotoxicity induced by lead
acetate in animal study. Turmeric is very beneficial in many aspects due to the ingredients like
polyphenols, sterols, triterpenoids, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and alkaloids which are biologically active.
Due to their null toxicity, turmeric and ginger spices have made themselves in good health in comparison
to other medications.
[7]
Turmeric efficacy is well known due to its active component curcumin which
affects several signaling pathways and transcription factors. Antioxidant activities of turmeric are
exhibited by numerous functional groups possessed by turmeric. Turmeric and ginger dried rhizomes
are rich in phenolic curcuminoids that are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin
as well as pungent phenolic compounds like gingerol and shogaol.
[8]
Considering the prevalence of
arthritis in the Pakistani community and the claimed health benefits of ginger and turmeric, the current
study includes characterization of turmeric and ginger with special reference to their antioxidant
potential. It includes proximate analysis, mineral profile, and antioxidant profile of both spices.
Materials and methods
Procurement of raw material
The turmeric and ginger (Haldi and Adric) were obtained from the university of Agriculture Faisalabad. The
preferred materials were cleaned to get rid from the dirt and other foreign particles, the cloves of turmeric
ginger were peeled subsequently, for the preparation of ginger and turmeric extract and powders, similarly,
all chemicals and standards were purchased from Merck (Germany) and Sigma–Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan).
Proximate composition and mineral profile
Proximateanalysis of turmeric and ginger was carried out for moisture content, crude protein, crude fat,
crude fiber, ash, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) according to the standard methods as described in
AACC.
[9]
Mineral concentration and quantification were done by subjecting the diluted wet digested
samples through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian, AA-240, Victoria, Australia). Calcium
(Ca), and iron (Fe) were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian AA240,
Australia) while potassium (K), sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P) were assessed by Flame
Photometer-410 (Sherwood Scientific Ltd., Cambridge). The operating conditions for Manganese
determination were wave length 285.5 nm, slit width 1.3 nm, Lamp Current 7.5 nm, Burnner Head
standard type, Flame air –Acetylene, Burnner height 7.5 nm, oxidant gas pressure flow rate 160 Kpa, fuel
gas pressure flow rate 7 Kpa.
[9]
Preparation of extract of turmeric and ginger powder
Ginger and turmeric extracts were prepared using 50% ethanol and water at 60°C for 60 min (Table 1).
After that, the solvents were removed through Rotary Evaporator (Eyela N-N, Tokyo, Japan). Gingerol
and Curcuminoids rich fraction from turmeric and ginger using different solvent, namely, ethanol and
water at different time intervals (30, 60, and 90) and stable temperature at 50°C (Table 1). Both rhizomes
were cleaned and washed with deionized water and dried in hot air oven for 5 to 6 h and cut in the small
pieces and then crushed in powder form with the help of electronic mill. 70 g of powder was taken into
a thimble and put in a Soxhlet apparatus, and dissolved in different solvents for seven hours.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 1643
Analysis of ginger and turmeric extract
The ginger and turmeric extracts were used for the determination of their phytochemicals and
antioxidant potential. To evaluate the anti-oxidative perspective, total phenols (TPC), DPPH radical
scavenging activity (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power)
tests were performed.
Anti-oxidative and phytochemicals profiling of ginger and turmeric
Antioxidant potential and Phytochemical profiling of ginger and turmeric were evaluated through
the recommended procedures.
Determination of total phenolics content (TPC)
Total phenolics were estimated through Folin–Ciocalteu method followed by.
[10]
Accordingly, 50 µL
each of ginger and turmeric extract was added to 250 µL of Folin–Ciocalteu together with 750 µL of 20%
Na2SO3 solution and volume were made up to 5 mL with distilled water. Absorbance was noted after 2
hours at 755 nm on UV/Visible Spectrophotometer (121–0032, Hitachi instruments Inc. Tokyo, Japan)
and the results were expressed as Gallic acid equivalent (mg Gallic acid/g) per dry matter.
Estimation of flavonoids
Flavonoids were determined by the method followed by Ordonez, Gomez, and Vattuone.
[11]
For this
purpose, 0.5 mL of 2% aluminum chloride (ethanolic) was mixed with 0.5 ml turmeric and ginger extract.
At room temperature, absorbance was measured after 1 hr at 420 nm. The extracts were evaluated at
a concentration of 1 mg/mL and total Flavonoids were calculated as Quercetin equivalent (mg/g).
Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay)
The DPPH of turmeric and ginger was measured by the method of Müller, Fröhlich, and Böhm.
[12]
For this purpose, DPPH (1 mL) was mixed with extract (4 mL) and the mixture was incubated at
ambient temperature for half an hour. Afterward, the absorbance was observed at 520 nm by using
UV Visible Spectrophotometer.
Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
FRAP test was performed as the protocol adopted by the Yuan, Velev, and Lenhoff.
[13]
In a water bath, for
20 min, sample (0.5 mL) was mixed with the phosphate buffer solution (1.25 mL) and potassium
ferricyanide and incubated at 500 C. After that sample was cooled and mixed with 1.25 mL each of TCA
& distilled water and 0.25 mL of ferric chloride for 10 min and absorbance was observed at 700 nm.
Table 1. Treatments used for solvent extraction.
Treatments Solvent extracts Time
T1 Water 30
T2 Ethanol 30
T3 Water 60
T4 Ethanol 60
T5 Water 90
T6 Ethanol 90
1644 Z. MUSHTAQ ET AL.
Statistical analysis
The data were obtained by applying completely randomized design (CRD) and further subjected to
statistical analysis using Statistical Package (Microsoft Excel 2016 and Statistix 9.1). Level of
significance was determined (ANOVA, LSD for comparison) using two-factor factorial CRD
where applicable following the principles outlined by Steel et al.
[14]
Results and discussions
The characterization of raw material is an essential step to determine its quality and nutritional
value. Current study was intended to investigate the importance of locally grown spices, the study
comprised of two phases, in the first phase ginger and turmeric powder were prepared for the dietary
analysis and mineral composition. Secondly, extraction of bioactive compounds from ginger and
turmeric was done at different time intervals to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ginger and
turmeric. After that, data were collected for the statistical analysis to check the level of significance.
The consequences with argument of study attributes are discussed herein.
Compositional profiling
The nutritional composition of ginger and turmeric was determined by proximate analysis. This
work was carried out to evaluate the potential of the rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and
turmeric (curcuma longa) for its nutritional and therapeutic utility. In the current investigation
moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate, ash, and nitrogen-free extract
content were determined in ginger at level of 30.21 ± 0.25%, 0.56 ± 0.055%, 5.01 ± 0.48%,
10.9 ± 0.05%, 84.24 ± 0.85%, 5.033 ± 0.10%, 7.23 ± 0.27% whereas in turmeric the values were
found to be 11.19 ± 0.28%, 8.72 ± 0.41%, 6.99 ± 0.01, 5.08 ± 0.14, 69.01 ± 0.32, 2.90 ± 0.11, and
70.98 ± 0.43, respectively (Table 2). The nutritional composition of turmeric and ginger varies
depending on their harvesting and growing condition. The results obtained for compositional
analyzes are comparable with Osabor, Bassey, and Umoh,
[15]
Tanweer, Shahzad, and Ahmed
[16]
who found similar results for moisture, protein, fats, carbohydrates, ash, and fiber in turmeric.
Mineral profile
In the current study, mineral, calcium iron, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and zinc
were present in appreciable amounts ginger 68.28 ± 0.75 mg/100 g, 8.42 ± 0.50 mg/100 g, 128.58 ±
0.52 mg/100 g, 5.18 ± 0.26 mg/100 g, 102.67 ± 0.69 mg/100 g, 2.15 ± 0.10 mg/100 g, 5.51 ± 0.35 mg/
100 g, respectively (Table 3) likewise turmeric was found to have 14.07 ± 0.35 mg/, 19.09 ± 0.33 mg/
100 g, 116.6 ± 0.90 mg/100 g, 7.08 ± 0.26 mg/100 g, 93.9 ± 0.65 mg/100 g, 2.70 ± 0.16 mg/100 g, 1.13 ±
0.11 mg/100 g, respectively. The results are consistent with the previous findings of Ereifej et al.
[17]
who
reported the amounts of Ca, zinc, magnesium, manganese was in the range of 0.49 ± 1.9 mg/100 g,
12.23 ± 0.16 mg/100 g, 1.2 ± 1.43 mg/100 g, 7.33 ± 0.22 mg/100 g, respectively. However, finding of
Tanweer et al.
[16]
showed some variations with the current study regarding potassium and phosphorus
Table 2. Proximate composition.
Parameters (%) Ginger Turmeric
Moisture 30.21 ± 0.25a 11.19 ± 0.28b
Crude protein 0.56 ± 0.055b 8.72 ± 0.41a
Crude fat 5.01 ± 0.48b 6.99 ± 0.01a
Crude fiber 10.98 ± 0.05a 5.08 ± 0.14b
CHO 84.24 ± 0.85a 69.01 ± 0.32b
Ash 5.033 ± 0.10a 2.90 ± 0.11b
NFE 7.23 ± 0.27b 7.98 ± 0.43a
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 1645
410.91 ± 91 mg/100 g, 32.56 ± 1.24mg/100 g in ginger. Likewise Ikpeama, Onwuka, and Nwankwo
[18]
reported that calcium phosphorus and potassium, iron present in turmeric as 0.21 ± 0.01%, 0.63 ±
0.02%, 0.46 ± 0.03%, 0.045 ± 0.02%, respectively.
Extraction yield of active ingredients: curcumin and gingerol
Extraction of curcumin Solvents for extraction of active ingredient to extract the active ingredient ethanol
and water was used. Solvent extraction is a vital method for the extraction of bioactive compounds
influenced by numerous factors like the nature of sample, solvent ratio, time and constant temperature.
The mean values presented in Table 4 show that maximum extraction yield of curcumin (0.01870 ± 5.0699
g/100 g) was obtained with 50% ethanol at the 90ºC while the minimum (0.01762 ± 3.7733/100 g)
extraction yield of curcumin was observed in aqueous solvent at the temperature of 30ºC (Figure 1).
The mean value presented in Table 5 demonstrates that maximum extraction yield of gingerol
(1.61 ± 0.008g/100g) was observed with 50% ethanol solvent at the 90ºC temperature whereas, the
minimum (1.32 ± 0.007 g/100 g) extraction yield of gingerol was obtained in water at the 30ºC
temperature. These results are corroborated with the findings of
[19]
who reported that at the
increased temperature (up to 60ºC) curcumin yield was increased and then decreased due to further
increased in temperature. The present research work shows higher yields of curcumin and gingerol
than the previous studies.
[20]
It occurs due to the composition of turmeric, and different extraction
yield by using the spectrophotometrically analytical techniques. The difference in the results may be
due to the use of different analytical techniques for the assessment of bioactive compounds
(Figure 2).
Effects of treatments on extraction of antioxidants turmeric and ginger powder
Antioxidant indices of ginger and turmeric extract
The Mean values of total phenolics (TPC) in turmeric and ginger investigated in this study are presented
in (Table 6). It isnoticeable from the results that the highest amount of TPC (103.39 ± 0.58) was observed
in (TGP) followed by TP with the amount of 76.14 ± 0.70 GAE/100 g while the least amount 69.11 ± 0.33
Table 3. Mineral profile.
Parameters (%) Ginger Turmeric
Calcium 68.28 ± 0.75a 14.07 ± 0.35b
Iron 8.42 ± 0.50b 19.09 ± 0.33a
Potassium 128.58 ± 0.52a 116.6 ± 0.90b
Phosphorus 5.18 ± 0.26b 7.08 ± 0.26a
Magnesium 102.67 ± 0.69a 93.9 ± 0.65b
Manganese 2.15 ± 0.10b 2.70 ± 0.16a
Table 4. Extraction of curcumin from turmeric.
Extraction of curcumin from turmeric (g/100g)
Solvent detail Observation
Optimized time intervals (mins)
30 60 90
Water solvent X1 0.01756 0.01745 0.01794
X2 0.01784 0.01761 0.01788
X3 0.1772 0.01786 0.01798
Mean 0.01763 0.01764 0.01793
Mean ± Variance 0.01762 ± 3.7733 0.01764 ± 4.2700 0.01793 ± 2.5333
Ethanol solvent X1 0.01856 0.01846 0.01893
X2 0.01804 0.01814 0.01848
X3 0.01871 0.01838 0.01869
Mean 0.01844 0.01861 0.01870
Mean ± Variance 0.01844 ± 1.2363 0.01861 ± 2.5900 0.01870 ± 5.0699
1646 Z. MUSHTAQ ET AL.
0.0170
0.0172
0.0174
0.0176
0.0178
0.0180
0.0182
0.0184
0.0186
0.0188
)(
mins30 60
)(
mins 90
(
mins
)
0.0184
0.0186 0.0187
0.0176 0.0176
0.0179
Ethanol Solvents
Aqueous Solvents
Figure 1. Extraction of curcumin.
Table 5. Extraction of gingerol.
Solvent extraction of gingerol g/100g
Solvent detail Observation
Optimized time intervals (mins)
30 60 90
Water solvent X1 1.3146 1.3895 1.4142
X2 1.3248 1.3159 1.5125
X3 1.3118 1.4012 1.5628
Mean 1.3171 1.3689 1.4965
Mean ± Variance 1.32 ± 0.007 1.368 ± 0.47 1.50 ± 0.76
Ethanol solvent X1 1.4102 1.4828 1.6028
X2 1.4198 1.4798 1.6158
X3 1.4045 1.4791 1.5987
Mean 1.4115 1.4806 1.6058
Mean ± Variance 1.41 ± 0.007 1.48 ± 0.002 1.61 ± 0.008
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
)(
mins30 60
)(
mins 90
(
mins
)
1.3 1.4
1.5
1.41
1.48
1.61
Aqueous Solvents
Ethanol Solvent
Figure 2. Extraction of gingerol.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 1647
GAE/100 g was recorded in GP (ginger powder) T2, respectively. Frankel and Meyer
[8]
stated that the
polyphenolics compounds obtained in spices make a good preventive tool of arthritis. Several studies
Shan, Cai, Sun, and Corke;
[21]
Wong, Li, Cheng, and Chen
[22]
reported that phenolic compounds in
spices and herbs significantly contribute to their antioxidant properties. Consequently, the elevated total
phenolicscontent of plants extracts result in higher antioxidant activity as reported by Cai, Luo, Sun, and
Corke.
[23]
Ginger and turmeric are very commonly used dietary spices in Indian cooking both in vegetarian and
non-vegetarian preparations. Both of them are cooked at temperatures higher than 100°C. One of the
objectives of this study is to assess the antioxidant prospective of crude spice extract. The crude extracts
of both of the spices contain more than one antioxidant, so it is the synergistic effect of all the potent
antioxidant molecules that cumulatively show their antioxidant activity. The turmeric powder showed
significantly higher antioxidant activity, as it is known to have higher monoterpenic abundance in dry
powder Wojdyło, Oszmiański, and Czemerys
[24]
reported that content of TPC in turmeric powder was
825.58 mg GAE/100g and the current study results of are highly consistent with their work .
DPPH radical scavenging activity
The mean values for free radical scavenging activity of both turmeric and ginger are presented in
(Table 6). It is obvious from the results that the maximum value of DPPH was found in TGP
(80.16 ± 0.23%) followed by TP (70.38 ± 0.23%), while least of DPPH content (66.04 ± 0.43%)
was recorded in GP, respectively. Turmeric and ginger (TGP) exhibited a stronger ability
(80.16%) to quench DPPH radicals, than TP (70.38%) and GP (ginger powder) (66.04%) was
observed. The results reported in the present study are corroborated with the finding of.
[25]
The
procedure behind the free radical scavenging activity of Polyphenols radicals which decrease of
oxidative stress and avoid the onset of diseases.
[26]
DPPH radical was used as a stable free radical
to determine antioxidant activity of natural compounds reported by Öztürk, Aydoğmuş-Öztürk,
Duru, and Topçu.
[27]
DPPH activity of turmeric powder by extracting from the water and ethanol
at different time and temperature.
[28]
Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
The mean values of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) examined in the study are presented
in Table 6. The highest value (47.67 ± 0.19 mg/100 g) of FRAP was observed in TGP (combination of
ginger and turmeric), followed by TP (28.16 ± 0.20 mg/100 g) while the least (27.01 ± 0.12 mg/100 g)
FRAP content was recorded in GP (ginger powder) respectively. Fuhrman et al.
[29]
stated that
antioxidants present in plants have preservative effects. Normally this preservative effect is greater
in the plants with more polyphenolics compounds due to the synergistic impact. It is evident from
the results that the turmeric and ginger have high amount of phenolics acid and FRAP that would
act as potential therapeutic in the treatment of arthritis (Figure 3).
Total Flavonoids
The mean values of total Flavonoids (TFC) content of turmeric ginger drink examined in this study
are presented in Table 6. The highest amount of both turmeric and ginger 4.27 ± 0.05 mg/100 g was
observed in TGP, followed by TP 3.88 ± 0.25 mg/100 g while least 2.25 ± 0.06 total Flavonoids
Table 6. Antioxidant indices of ginger extracts.
Treatments Total phenolics (mg GAE/100g) FRAP (mg/100g) DPPH (%) Total flavonoids (mg CE/100 g)
TP 76.14 ± 0.70 28.16 ± 0.20 70.38 ± 0.23 3.88 ± 0.25
GP 69.11 ± 0.33 27.01 ± 0.12 66.04 ± 0.43 2.25 ± 0.06
TGPA 103.39 ± 0.58 47.67 ± 0.19 47.67 ± 0.19 4.27 ± 0.05
TPE: Turmeric Powder extract
GPE: Ginger Powder extract
TGPE: turmeric ginger powder extract
1648 Z. MUSHTAQ ET AL.
content were recorded in GP (ginger powder) respectively. Ghasemzadeh, Jaafar, and Rahmat
[30]
stated that ginger have a higher amount of antioxidant activity. There is a positive relationship
between the TFC and TPC and higher levels of total phenolics compound and total Flavonoids
resulted in higher levels of antioxidant activity. Osman, Rahim, Isa, and Bakhir
[31]
reported similar
results about the parameter under study.
Conclusion
Both turmeric and ginger powders were found to be rich in bioactive compounds. Turmeric and
ginger drinks showed appreciable amounts of Flavonoids, total phenolics, FRAP and DPPH. Both
turmeric and ginger are a rich source of nutrients as well as bioactive compounds including
proximate parameters, minerals, and antioxidant compounds. Therefore, novel products with
supplementation of ginger and turmeric extract should be produced and introduced in the
market.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the University of Gambia, Gambia and Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government
College University Faisalabad-Pakistan. The authors also extend their appreciation to the International Scientific
Partnership Program (ISPP) at King Saud University, for funding this research work from project # 0023.
ORCID
Farhan Saeed http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-4015
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