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CISAK 2019 ISBN/ISSN 9-772338-169001
91
A New Measurement of Instagram Addiction: Psychometric
Properties of The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS)
Achmad Sholeh1 and Ahmad Rusdi2
1,2 Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Indonesia
1zholeh.wei@gmail.com
Abstract. This study aims to construct The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) to measure addiction behavior on Instagram. TIAS was designed to
identify addictive behavior in Instagram users. This scale consists of two subscales which are Instagram Feed Addiction and Instagram Stories
Addiction. The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) refers to the concept of addiction put forward by Griffiths (2005). The concept of addiction was
illustrated through six core components which included 1) salience, 2) mood modification, 3) tolerance, 4) withdrawal, 5) conflict, and 6) relapse
(Griffiths, 2005). This study involved 251 respondents who were active Instagram users with a personal account. This study employed some methods
such as 1) exploratory factor analysis, 2) internal consistency test, and 3) relationship test using other scales. The results show that TIAS is valid and
reliable in measuring addiction to Instagram.
Keywords: Addiction Behavior, Instagram Addiction, Social Media Addiction, Social Networking Sites Addiction
A. INTRODUCTION
Over than two decades, Internet addiction has become a
popular topic for researchers in clinical psychology [1]. Internet
addiction is known to have the same pattern as individuals with
drug addiction and alcoholism which in pathology has a negative
impact on the lives of individual pathology [1]–[4]. Nevertheless,
the internet continues to experience unstoppable developments.
The development of internet has brought various online
platforms into individual lives such as social media and social
networking sites [1]. This triggers different motives and variation
in use, and the tendency of individuals to use them excessively has
addiction on the internet (internet is only an intermediary for
individuals to show certain behaviors online) [2], [5].
Furthermore, the online platform is specifically divided into
several sub-categories including social media collaboration
(Wikipedia), social media blog (WordPress), community social
media (Flickr), virtual world (Second Life), and social networking
sites (Instagram) [6], [7]. Social networking sites are sub-
categories of social media which allow users to connect with other
users by creating personal profiles that can be accessed by friends
or colleagues. It has the advantage of sharing content and sending
instant messages to each other (Hamm et al., 2013). Statistical data
shows that more than two-thirds of internet users are active users
of social networking sites [9].
Because of its popularity, social networking sites trigger the
wrong use and lead to addiction [7]. Currently, there have been
many studies investigating the behavior of addiction on various
social network sites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and
Tinder. However, there are only a few studies that discuss the
addiction behavior on Instagram [1], [10].
Instagram is a photo and video sharing application. This
application allows users to take a photo directly, apply digital
filters, and share them with other social network sites [11]. There
are two main features on Instagram. They are Instagram Feed and
Instagram stories. Instagram Feed are common features on
Instagram where users can share photos and videos. Then, the
users will get feedback such as comments and likes from other
users [1]. Furthermore, the second feature is Instagram stories
which refer to the concept of digital storytelling which allows
users to tell stories about their daily lives by sending photos and
videos that disappear automatically after 24 hours. [12].
Attractive Instagram features become the perfect medium to
show daily life. They indirectly urge their users to share photos
and videos. This is very possible to cause excessive use which will
eventually lead to complaints [1]. People will impulsively check
the number of notifications (likes and comments), upload photos,
videos and stalk other people’s profiles. Alhabash and Ma
explained that Instagram also managed to be a medium for
exhibition and self-campaigning [13].
Andreassen and Pallesen explain that addiction on social
networking sites is caused by over-spending time on certain social
networking sites where there is a drive to always access social
networking sites to an extent that it cannot be controlled. It results
in excessive use and negative impact on the real life of its users
[14]. Based on a survey made by Kingdom's Royal Society for
Public Health, the result on the negative impact of uncontrolled
Instagram usage shows that Instagram is the worst social
networking sites which cause a decrease in the quality of sleep,
bullying, FoMo as well as an increase of anxiety and depression
[15]. Meanwhile, an Instagram feature called Instagram stories
can trigger sexual disorders such as voyeuristic [12].
Instagram has succeeded in becoming a media that effectively
attracts its users to display such a self-image in the public space.
Popularity is the goal of Instagram users. They want to express
themselves through various features on Instagram.
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Based on the description and urgency that has been explained,
this study intends to test and validate the Instagram Addiction
Scale (TIAS) measurement to identify addictive behavior on
Instagram. This measuring instrument consists of two parts
namely Instagram Feed Addiction and Instagram Stories
Addiction compiled based on addiction components 1) Salience;
2) Mood modification; 3) Tolerance; 4) Withdrawal; 5) Conflict;
and 6) Relapse [16], [17].
B. METHOD
1. Research Subject
This study involved 251 Instagram users with personal
accounts as subjects. They consist of 62 males and 189 females
with an age range of 15-30 years old. The data were collected
using purposive sampling technique.
2. Research Instruments
The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) included two scales,
Instagram Feed Addiction, and Instagram Stories Addiction.
Instagram Feed Addiction Scale consists of 20 items. Each item
represents the addiction component, salience, mood modification,
tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. The scale used 5-
point Likert scale ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly
agree). This scale was used to identify the behavior of addiction
on Instagram users in the context of the feed. Instagram Stories
Addiction Scale consists of 20 items. Each item represents the
addiction component, salience, mood modification, tolerance,
withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. The scale used 5-point Likert
scale ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). This
scale was used to identify the behavior of addiction on Instagram
users in the context of the stories.
Social Media Engagement Questionnaire (SMEQ) scale was
used to measure the level of social use of personal media and to
measure the extent of the main daily activities of people who use
social media. This scale consisted of five items that measured the
pattern of use of social media in all the different parts of the day
from when he woke up in the morning to when he went to bed
[18]. Each item is rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 1
(never) to 7 (seven times).
Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS) was developed using a
modified version of Internet Addiction Young [4] developed by
Kircaburun and Griffiths [1]. The scale was used to identify
Instagram-related behaviors using 6-point Likert which are always
1 (never) to 6 (always).
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is a scale which
consists of 10 items used to assess global self-esteem (i.e. feelings
of self-esteem and self-acceptance) [19]. This scale uses 4-point
from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree).
Instagram Behavior is a scale developed by Paramboukis,
Skues, and Wise [20]. It consists of 16 items related to the manner
of interacting using Instagram. This scale uses a 5-point (1 =
Never; 2 = Rarely; 3=Sometimes, 4=Often; and 5=Very Often).
Instagram Attitude is a scale developed by Paramboukis,
Skues, and Wise (2016). It consists of 16 items related to the
motivation in interacting using Instagram. This scale uses 4-point
(1= Not important; 2 = Less Important; 3 = Important; and 4 =
Very Important).
3. Data Analysis
This study employed the following methods: 1) Exploratory
factor analysis; 2) Internal consistency test; 3) Relationships test
using other scales such as Social Media Engagement
Questionnaire, Instagram Addiction Scale, Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale, Instagram Behavior, and Instagram attitude.
C. RESULTS
Based on the results of data analysis, this study found several
results on the TIAS construct. The results were presented in the
following table.
Table 1. Internal Consistency of Instagram Feed Addiction
Component
Items
Factor Loading
Item Total r
Salience
(α = 0.74)
1. I often think of any photos/videos posted by others on the Instagram feed
.858
.586
2. I often think about what is happening on Instagram when I do not access it
.788
.615
3. I keep thinking and feel curious when I do not see the contents of the
Instagram feed
.523
.499
Tolerance
(α = 0.65)
4. I post photos/videos on Instagram feed to attract others’ attention
.809
.531
5. I commented on photos/videos posted by friends on Instagram feed to get
feedback
.737
.499
6. I always think of what filters and captions for the photos/videos that I will
post on Instagram Feed
.627
.360
Mood
Modification
(α = 0.84)
7. I see the contents of Instagram feed posts to reduce feelings of guilt, anxiety,
helplessness, or depression
.818
.796
8. I see the contents of the Instagram feed to forget about personal problems
.798
.698
9. I see the contents of posts on the Instagram feed to reduce restlessness
.736
.755
10. I spend a lot of time looking at photo/video posts on Instagram feed
.511
.464
Relapse
(α = 0.92)
11. I try to limit my time for Instagram (see the feed), but it does not work
.858
.822
12. I decided to look at Instagram feed less often, but I did not manage to do it
.842
.822
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Withdrawal
(α = 0.78)
13. I get easily irritated if I am prohibited from seeing the Instagram feed
.815
.704
14. I often cancel appointments with other people because of Instagram (checking
Instagram feed)
.748
.518
15. I feel annoyed if someone else bothers me when I see Instagram feed
.710
.578
16. I become anxious or I have problems if I am prohibited to check my Instagram
(see the feed)
.610
.619
Conflict
(α = 0.76)
17. I often see many contents of Instagram feed which cause me to neglect my
work/lectures/study time
.777
.580
18. I find it hard to share time for hobbies, rest, or exercise because I spend my
time checking Instagram feed
.685
.616
19. I find it hard to sleep early because I always see feed on Instagram
.637
.585
20. My family often complains because I spend too much of my time on Instagram
(checking the feed)
.529
.489
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
0.878
Based on the table above, it can be concluded that this
study found six factors from Instagram Feed Addiction and
these six factors were in accordance with the design of this
study based on six components of addiction behavior [16]. The
highest item-total correlation is item 11 and item 12 equal to
(0.822) and the lowest item is item 20 equal to (0.489). From
the test, it was found that the Cronbach's Alpha scale in total
was (0.89). Overall, factor analysis and internal consistency
testing showed satisfactory results. After that, this study tested
the Instagram Stories Addiction
Table 2. Internal Consistency of Instagram Stories Addiction
Aspects
Items
Factor Loading
Item Total r
Salience
(α = 0.34)
1. I think before sharing a photo on Instagram Stories whether to share it to
public or close friends
.776
.210
2. I often plan to do a live stream (live stream) on Instagram
.596
.210
Tolerance
(α = 0.71)
3. I make Instagram stories about my activities to get others’ attention
.753
.561
4. I give comment on my friends’ Instagram stories to get feedback
.742
.561
Mood
Modification
(α = 0.87)
5. I check the content of Instagram stories to reduce feelings of guilt, anxiety,
helplessness, or depression
.808
.832
6. I check the content of Instagram stories to forget personal problems
.792
.700
7. I see the contents of posts on the Instagram stories to reduce restlessness
.745
.761
Relapse
(α = 0.88)
8. I feel there is an urge to continue checking Instagram stories continuously
.751
.722
9. I often think about what others upload on Instagram stories
.693
.559
10. I keep thinking and feel curious when I do not see Instagram stories
.685
.651
11. I feel bored if I do not see the contents of Instagram stories
.672
.693
12. I spend a lot of time watching others’ Instagram stories
.659
.652
13. I check Instagram stories the first time I wake up
.624
.648
14. I decide to see the contents of Instagram stories less often, but it didn’t work
.593
.664
15. I tried to less watching others’ Instagram stories, but it did not work
.566
.623
Withdrawal
(α = 0.79)
16. I get irritated easily if I am prohibited from watching Instagram stories
.794
.682
17. I feel annoyed if someone else is bothering me when I’m looking at the
contents of Instagram stories
.730
.625
18. I often cancel appointments with others because I see Instagram stories
.729
.525
19. I get nervous if I am prohibited from watching Instagram stories
.674
.643
Conflict
(α = 0.75)
20. I watch Instagram stories too much that I neglect work/lectures/study time
.735
.609
21. I find it hard to spend my time into hobbies, rest, or exercise because of
Instagram stories
.651
.591
22. I find it hard to sleep early because I always check Instagram stories
.607
.560
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
0.892
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Based on the table above, it can be seen that this study also
found six factors from Instagram Stories Addiction. These six
factors are in accordance with the six components of addiction
from Griffiths [16]. The highest item-total correlation is item
number five which was (0.832) and the lowest is item number one
and two equal to 0.210. Items 1 and 2 were quite far from
expectations where the reliance on Cronbach's Alpha was only
0.34.
However, Briggs and Cheek explain that if the items for one
factor are below 10 items, it is recommended to look at the mean
of the Inter-item correlation which has to have an optimal value of
0.2 to 0.4 [21].
The salience factor on the Instagram Stories Addiction scale
relied on two item correlations. The mean of intercorrelation value
of the two items was (0.210). It means that it has an optimal value.
Therefore, both items have a fairly good consistency. From the
test, it was found that the total Cronbach's Alpha value was (0.91).
Overall, factor analysis and internal consistency testing showed
satisfactory results. Next, this study tested Instagram Stories
Addiction.
Table 3. The Results of Correlation between Variable
Instagram
Feed
Addiction-
20
Instagram
Feed
Addiction-
12
Instagram
Feed
Addiction-
6
Instagram
Stories
Addiction-
22
Instagram
Stories
Addiction-
12
Instagram
Stories
Addiction-
6
Social Media Engagement Scale
.441**
.429**
.421**
.432**
.425**
.414**
Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS)
.771**
.762**
.742**
.704**
.678**
.621**
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
-.170**
-.193**
-.195**
-.181**
-.183**
-.178**
Instagram Behavior (IUBARQ)
.258**
.236**
.207**
.292**
.294**
.237**
Instagram Attitude (IUBARQ)
.376**
.356**
.329**
.389**
.381**
.365**
Based on the correlational results using other scales,
Instagram Feed Addiction-20 had a very significant correlation
with other scales, (SMES = 0.441; IAS=0.771; RSES=-0.170,
IB=0.258; IA=0.376). The same went for Instagram Stories
Addiction-22 with R (SMES=0.432; IAS=0.704; RSES=-0.181,
IB=0.292; IA=0.389).
This study also carried out development on the short
scale of The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) namely Instagram
Feed Addiction-12 (IFA-12), Instagram Stories Addiction-12
(ISA-12), Instagram Feed Addiction-6 (IFA-6), and Instagram
Stories Addiction-6 (ISA-12). The study conducted an item
selection by considering the value of the corrected total item
correlation and the highest factor loading on the items in each
component.
IFA-12 and ISA-12 showed a very significant correlation
with 5 comparative scales indicated from R (SMES=0.441;
IAS=0.771; RSES=-0.170, IB=0.258; IA=0.376) in IFA-12, and
(SMES=0.432; IAS=0.704; RSES=-0.181, IB=0.292; IA=0.389)
in ISA-12. Meanwhile, IFA-6 and ISA-6 also showed very good
reliability. It was known by the results of the correlation with the
comparative scale which is correlated significantly. IFA-6 had a
very significant correlation with R (SMES=0.421; IAS=0.742;
RSES=-0.195, IB=0.207; IA=0.329), as well as IFA-6 with R
(SMES=0.414; IAS=0.621; RSES=-0.178, IB=0.237; IA=0.365).
Short scale of feed and stories addiction was correlated with other
scales and showed satisfactory results. Therefore, it can be said
that this scale is valid to use. Next is the correlation on the TIAS.
Table 4. The Results of Correlation TIAS Short Measure
The table above shows a very significant correlation on the
IFA-6 with IFA-20 and ISA-6 with ISA-22. Overall, the short
scale 6-item had a match with the measurement of IFA-20 and
ISA-22 scales.
D. DISCUSSION
Along with the increasing use of social networking sites
especially Instagram among the public, various survey results
showed that Instagram is a social networking site with the worst
impact compared to YouTube, Twitter, Snapchat, and Facebook
[15]. This is due to excessive use of Instagram as social
Variable
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
Instagram Feed Addiction – 20
1
2
Instagram Feed Addiction – 12
.980**
1
3
Instagram Feed Addiction – 6
.943**
.963**
1
4
Instagram Stories Addiction – 22
.885**
.884**
.841**
1
5
Instagram Stories Addiction – 12
.862**
.874**
.832**
.986**
1
6
Instagram Stories Addiction – 6
.785**
.799**
.770**
.935**
.947**
1
CISAK 2019 ISBN/ISSN 9-772338-169001
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networking sites which triggers addiction. However, the absence
of a scale to measure Instagram Addiction actually hampered
further development in the field of research. In particular, it needs
a measuring instrument that is able to assess whether someone is
addicted or not with Instagram.
This has become a very urgent topic in psychology, clinical,
social, and cyber psychology studies. Therefore, this study
developed the Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) as a measuring
instrument by conducting a survey of Instagram users in some
Indonesia province. This study aims to test the reliability and
validity of TIAS, especially the short version of the scale.
The constructs of TIAS were developed on six components
of addiction behavior from Griffiths namely 1) Salience; 2) Mood
modification; 3) Tolerance; 4) Withdrawal; 5) Conflict; and 6)
Relapse [16]. At first, the IFA scale was made with 20 items and
ISA scale with 22 items. Those items were based on addiction
behavior from Griffiths [16] . Furthermore, the researchers also
tested the short version of the scale. The test aims to see whether
IFA-6 and ISA-6 scales which consist of 6 items with the highest
loading factor per criterion would be able to measure Instagram
addiction.
This study found that IFA-6 and ISA-6 scales are valid
instruments to measure whether individuals are addicted to
Instagram. They are as valid as IFA-20, ISA-22, IFA-12, and ISA-
12 versions. Factor analysis obtained showed good results. There
was no cross-loading between items. There was also a very strong
correlation with the comparison scale. Although there was a
decrease in correlation values, IFA-6 and ISA-6 still had very
significant correlation values.
IFA-6 and ISA-6 presented the similar constructs in IAS,
SMES, Instagram Behavior, and Instagram Attitude where they
were significantly positively correlated each other [17], [22]–[27].
The opposite constructs, namely RSES [19], IFA-6 and ISA-6, had
significant negative correlations. This finding is in line with
previous studies where social networking sites addiction
negatively correlated with self-esteem [1], [20], [28], [29].
Therefore, this measuring instrument is able to measure
someone’s addiction behavior on Instagram. The addiction is
measured through two sub-scales that illustrate two important
features of Instagram which are Instagram Feed Addiction and
Instagram Stories Addiction. Even so, there are still a number of
issues in this study that must be followed up to reduce bias and to
increase the difficulty of items in order to avoid social desirability.
E. CONCLUSION
This study found that the all-Instagram Addiction Scale
(TIAS) consists of six components with factor loading and good
internal consistency. Therefore, TIAS is a valid and reliable
instrument to use. Thus, for future research, it is necessary to carry
out additional analysis of demographic data, item difficulty levels,
and further scale reliability. In addition, adding the number of
samples and prior testing also needs to be done.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express our gratitude to Department of
Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
who has provided support and research funding.
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[1] APPENDIX 1
Table 5. IFA-12 and ISA-12 Short Measure Indonesia Version
Component
Item IFA
Item ISA
Salience
1. Saya sering memikirkan foto/ video apa saja yang
di posting orang lain di feed Instagram
2. Saya sering berpikir mengenai apa yang sedang
terjadi di Instagram ketika saya tidak mengakses
Instagram
1. Sebelum membagikan Instagram stories saya berpikir
apakah akan dibagikan kepada publik atau hanya teman
dekat (close friends)
2. Seringkali saya merencanakan untuk melakukan live
stream (siaran langsung)
Tolerance
1. Saya melakukan posting foto/ video untuk menarik
perhatian orang lain
2. Saya mengomentari foto/ video yang di posting
teman-teman di Instagram untuk mendapat
feedback
1. Membuat Instagram stories mengenai aktivitas saya
untuk mendapat perhatian dari orang lain
2. Saya mengomentari isi Instagram stories teman-
teman di Instagram untuk mendapatkan feedback
Mood
Modification
1. Saya melihat isi feed Instagram untuk mengurangi
perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, ketidakberdayaan,
atau depresi
2. Saya melihat isi postingan di feed Instagram untuk
mengurangi kegelisahan
1. Saya melihat isi Instagram stories untuk mengurangi
perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, ketidakberdayaan, atau
depresi
2. Saya melihat isi Instagram stories untuk mengurangi
kegelisahan
Relapse
1. Mencoba mengurangi mengakses Instagram
(melihat feed), namun tidak berhasil
2. Saya memutuskan untuk melihat feed Instagram
lebih jarang, namun tidak berhasil melakukannya
juga
1. Saya merasa ada dorangan untuk terus melihat isi
Instagram stories secara terus menerus
2. Saya merasa bosan jika tidak melihat isi Instagram
stories
Withdrawal
1. Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah
jika dilarang melihat isi feed Instagram
2. Saya menjadi gelisah atau mengalami masalah jika
dilarang Instagram-an (melihat feed)
1. Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah
jika dilarang melihat isi Instagram stories
2. Saya menjadi gelisah atau mengalami masalah jika
dilarang untuk melihat Instagram stories
Conflict
1. Saya sulit membagi waktu untuk hobi, istirahat,
atau olahraga karena banyak melihat isi postingan
feed Instagram
2. Saya merasa sulit untuk tidur cepat karena selalu
melihat postingan di feed Instagram
1. Saya begitu banyak melihat isi Instagram stories
sehingga melalaikan pekerjaan/ perkuliahan/
pembelajaran
2. Saya sulit membagi waktu untuk hobi, istirahat, atau
olahraga karena banyak Instagram stories
CISAK 2019 ISBN/ISSN 9-772338-169001
97
[2] APPENDIX 2 Table 6. IFA-6 and ISA-6 Short Measure Indonesia Version
Component
Item IFA
Item ISA
Salience
Saya sering berpikir mengenai apa yang sedang
terjadi di Instagram ketika saya tidak mengakses
Instagram
Sebelum membagikan Instagram stories saya berpikir
apakah akan dibagikan kepada publik atau hanya teman
dekat (close friends)
Tolerance
Saya melakukan posting foto/ video untuk menarik
perhatian orang lain
Membuat Instagram stories mengenai aktivitas saya untuk
mendapat perhatian dari orang lain
Mood
Modification
Saya melihat isi feed Instagram untuk mengurangi
perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, ketidakberdayaan,
atau depresi
Saya melihat isi Instagram stories untuk mengurangi
perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, ketidakberdayaan, atau
depresi
Relapse
Mencoba mengurangi mengakses Instagram (melihat
feed), namun tidak berhasil
Saya merasa ada dorangan untuk terus melihat isi Instagram
stories secara terus menerus
Withdrawal
Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah
jika dilarang melihat isi feed Instagram
Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah jika
dilarang melihat isi Instagram stories
Conflict
Saya sulit membagi waktu untuk hobi, istirahat, atau
olahraga karena banyak melihat isi feed Instagram
Saya begitu banyak melihat isi Instagram stories sehingga
melalaikan pekerjaan/ perkuliahan/ pembelajaran
