ArticlePDF Available

Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution, knowledge and future prospects

Authors:
John O. Oladokun at Texas A&M University
John O. Oladokun
Mohamad Hussam Halabi
Mohamad Hussam Halabi
Parinda Barua at Assam Agricultural University
Parinda Barua
Palash Deb Nath at Assam Agricultural University
Palash Deb Nath
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

Tomato is the most economically important fruit‐vegetable crop grown worldwide. However, viral diseases remain an important factor limiting its productivity with estimated quantitative and qualitative yield losses in tomato crop often reaching up to 100 per cent. Many viruses infecting tomato has been reported, while new viral disease have also emerged. The climatic changes the world is experiencing can be contributing factors to the successful spread of newly emerging viruses, as well as the establishment of the disease in areas that were previously either unfavorable or where the disease was absent. Since antiviral products are not available; strategies to mitigate virus disease rely on genetic resistance/tolerance to infection, control of vectors, improvement in crop hygiene, rogueing of infected plants and seed certification. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging virus threat to tomato productivity and is currently spreading into new areas which are of great concern to the growing global production in the absence of mitigation measures. In this review we present the current knowledge about ToBRFV and future prospects for improved understanding needed to support effective control and mitigation of the impacts it is likely to cause.
Content uploaded by John O. Oladokun
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by John O. Oladokun on Sep 19, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
This shareable PDF can be hosted on any platform or network and is fully compliant with publisher copyright.
Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution, knowledge and future prospects
J.O. Oladokun, M.H. Halabi, P. Barua, P.D. Nath
Plant Pathology, September 2019, Wiley
DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13096
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus
Photo by Robin St on Unsplash
What is it about?
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging virus threat to tomato
productivity and is currently spreading into new areas which are of great concern to
the growing global production in the absence of mitigation measures.
Why is it important?
In this article we (1) revisit the historical development (2) current knowledge about
ToBRFV and future prospects for improved understanding needed to support
eective control and mitigation of the impacts it is likely to cause (3) we also looked
at the possibilities of further spread by making comparison between glasshouse vs.
open led tomato cultivation as a potential source of transmission (4) profound likely
future spread if measures are not taken (5) future prospect on what are needed to
be done to stop spread
Perspectives
In partnership with:
Read Publication
https://link.growkudos.com/1gi8pm4qg3k
John Oladeji Oladokun
Assam Agricultural University
Writing this article was a great pleasure as it has co-authors with whom I have had
good collaborations. This article is timely and generally calls for public attention on
this new emerging viral disease of tomato.I hope to nd this article helping in adding
values as we keep looking out for the control of the disease.
The following have contributed to this page: John Oladeji Oladokun
PDF generated on 19-Sep-2019
Create your own PDF summaries at www.growkudos.com.
... Yan et al. (2021b) reported over 99.6% similarity among Tom1-Jo "KT383474.1", ToBRFV IL, and ToBRFV MX isolates, suggesting a common ancestor for all ToBRFV isolates (Oladokun et al., 2019). Additionally, recombination of ToBRFV with other viral species has been identified, indicating ToMMV as a secondary progenitor and the TMV Ohio V strain as the main progenitor (Salem et al., 2016). ...
... González-Concha et al. (2023) highlight that the symptomatology in tomato plants grown in open fields differs significantly from those grown in greenhouses, with high temperatures exacerbating both the incidence and severity of the virus (Salem et al., 2016). reported the appearance of dark green protuberances on tomato leaflets under high temperature conditions, while Oladokun et al. (2019) identified necrotic lesions on leaflet peduncles and stem necrosis. Panno et al. (2019a) observed calyx and leaflet petiole necrosis in tomato. ...
Tobamovirus fructirugosum an emerging disease: review and current situation in Mexico
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2024
Background/Objective. Tobamovirus fructirugosum species (ToBRFV) is considered a worldwide quarantine pest that limits the production of Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annum, currently present in three countries of the American continent. The objective of this work was to deepen in the genetic variability of ToBRFV with respect to the different isolates, the physico-molecular and symptomatic characterization, the traditional and more current methods implemented for diagnosis, the range of virus reservoir hosts, and the epidemiology. Results. ToBRFV was generated from a mutation resulting from genetic recombination with TMV, considered the main progenitor and ToMMV secondary progenitor. Phylogenetic analyses report the existence of five clades with respect to the genetic diversity of ToBRFV. The first primers for detection were designed in 2015 that encode replication, movement and capsid proteins. Serological methods can be used for preventive diagnosis, while molecular and NGS can confirm virus infection even at low concentrations in the plant. Sixteen weed families and host crops are reported from 47 countries. To achieve an effective strategy, it is necessary to reduce inoculum sources, develop compounds that inhibit mechanical transmission and develop tolerant genotypes. Conclusion. ToBRFV is distributed nationally and represents a phytosanitary risk for Mexico; the exhaustive analysis of the study of diagnostic techniques, host range, dissemination, epidemiology and control strategies, contributes to the knowledge of ToBRFV.
View
... However, the greatest limiting factor in increasing the productivity of tomatoes is infestation by insect pests and the level of losses suffered in different agricultural systems globally (Mahlangu et al. 2022). There are several insect species feeding on tomato which includes fruit bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner); whitefly (Bemicia tabaci Gen.), aphids (Myzus persicae), flower thrips (Thrips tabaci), Oladokun et al., 2019: ). The pests affect tomato by reducing yields and lowering crops market value( . ...
Assessment of Major Insect Pests of Solanum lycopersicum L
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2025
Major insect pests of tomatoes in Ogbomoso, Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria, were identified as major factor responsible for reducing farmers marketable fruit yield. A study was carried out during 2020 and 2021 Cropping Seasons on two varieties of tomatoes (Roma VF and UC82B and Five insect pests? species were found infesting the two varieties of tomato crop. The observed insect pests are leaf miner (Tuta absoluta), Cantatops species, whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), fruit worm (Helicoverpa armigera), and cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni). They are from three different order where Orthoptera had 49 and 35%, Hemiptera had 28 and 55%. and Lepidoptera had 23 and 10% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Grasshopper had the largest population in 2020 (441) while whitefly dominated in 2021 with (472). In 2021 the population of H. armigera (18) increased more than the numer (5) observed in 2020 which had led to increase in fruit damage. Integrated pest management programme for tomato in Ogbomoso should look initially into Bemisia tabaci, Tuta absoluta Cantatops species and Helicoverpa armigera.to mitigate pest infestations, protect crop yields, and improve the economic sustainability of tomato production in the region
View
... ORF1 and ORF2 are divided by a leaky stop codon that allows for readthrough, encoding non-structural proteins that make up the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). ORF3 and ORF4 encode a movement protein (MP) with a molecular weight of 28-31 kDa and a coat protein (CP) with a molecular weight of 17-18 kDa, respectively [2,3]. ...
Comprehensive Sampling and Detection Strategies for the Field Surveillance of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2025
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a significant threat to tomato production. Effective and accurate detection is critical for limiting the introduction and spread of ToBRFV. In this study, the impact of tomato planting patterns, growth stages, and cultivar variability on ToBRFV levels in tomatoes from distinct greenhouses and open fields were comprehensively analyzed. The results indicated that ToBRFV is detectable in asymptomatic tissues, regardless of artificial agroinoculation or natural infection. Additionally, higher viral levels were observed in newly emerging leaves and in fruits and sepals compared to old leaves. For tomato fruits infected with ToBRFV, the viral level in the mesocarp is higher than in the other interior parts, and no correlation was found between viral levels and the color of fruit lesions. Based on these results, it is recommended that new leaves and sepals should be given priority for testing of ToBRFV from tomato seedlings to the color turning stage, and that fruits and sepals are suggested to be collected at the full ripeness stage of tomato plants. This study underscores the importance of regular detection and optimal sampling beyond symptom observation in the surveillance of ToBRFV.
View
... These viruses are tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) have been recorded as agents that cause established and chronic infections (Panno et al., 2021;Roselló et al., 1996;Navas-Castillo et al., 2011). Recently, there have been reports of the emergence of viruses that cause serious restrictions in tomato production, including torradoviruses and tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) ( Van der Vlugt et al., 2015;Oladokun et al., 2019). The presence of viral agents such as AMV, TSWV, CMV, southern tomato virus (STV, Amalgavirus), ToBRFV, ToCV, and TYLCV has been reported in tomato production areas located in different geographical regions of Türkiye (ustaeşilyurt and Çevik, 2019;Fidan et al., 2019;Güller and Usta, 2020;Karanfil, 2021;Akdura and Çulal Kılıç, 2022;Randa-Zelyüt et al., 2023;Usta et al., 2023;Güller et al., 2023). ...
Investigation of viruses and phytoplasma infections in tomato plantations in Bilecik province, Türkiye
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2024
In this study, the status of infections caused by viruses and phytoplasmas in tomato production areas of Bilecik province was determined using conventional molecular methods. During the 2022 tomato production season, 93 plants exhibiting symptoms such as mosaic, leaf and fruit deformations, flower anomalies, and necrotic spots were collected. Viral agents such as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), southern tomato virus (STV), tobamoviruses, and potyviruses were screened by RT-PCR, while phytoplasmas were detected by nested-PCR. Single, double, and triple infections were detected in 50 of the 93 plants. 17, 5, and 21 plants were infected by a single pathogen for TSWV, STV, and phytoplasmas, respectively. 1, 3, and 2 plants were infected by two pathogens for STV+TSWV, STV+phytoplasma, and TSWV+phytoplasma, respectively. Only one plant detected a triple infection caused by STV, TSWV, and phytoplasmas. The phytoplasma genetic group was determined as 16Sr XII-A by PCR RFLP in-silico and in-vitro methods. Sequencing studies revealed that TSWV had high nucleotide sequence similarity with other Türkiye isolates for the NSs partial gene and STV entire CP gene region. For phytoplasmas, sequencing studies showed that the obtained tomato strains overlapped one-to-one with stolbur strains. Phylogenetic analyses applied with global isolates for TSWV NSs and STV CP gene regions showed the existence of 2 main groups (Clade I and Clade II). TSWV and STV isolates obtained from this study clustered in large main branches (Clade I).
View
... The symptoms vary by plant species: tomatoes exhibit mosaic, mottling, and curling on leaves, along with yellow and brown spots and ripening issues on fruits [5]; peppers show mosaic, yellowing, and leaf deformation, with fruits displaying deformation, green streaks, and yellow and brown areas [6]. ToBRFV is transmitted through seeds, infected plant debris, human activity, clothing, and agricultural equipment [7]. Detecting the virus is challenging due to the absence of symptoms in tomato and pepper plants until color changes appear in the fruits. ...
Detection of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus in Anadol Peppers Using Deep Neural Networks and Multispectral Imaging
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Nov 2024
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a virus that has recently begun affecting plants such as tomatoes and peppers in fields and greenhouses, spreading rapidly. Once ToBRFV is detected, the spread of the virus can be minimized by removing and destroying the infected plants. The aim of this study is to investigate ToBRFV detection accuracies of two dense deep neural architectures for Anadol pepper plant using visible and near infrared images. In the study, Anadol pepper plants were cultivated in a fully controlled greenhouse environment. Images were taken from the plant using DSLR (Digital Single Reflex) and VNIR (Visible Near Infrared) cameras on a daily basis and data sets were constructed. Then binary classification was performed using the ResNet50 V2 and Inception V3 deep neural network (DNN) models, achieving over 81% accuracy in the results. The experimental results show that Inception V3 model gives better performance than ResNet50 V2. It has also been observed that the RGB images obtained from DSLR camera for Anadol pepper plant are classified with higher accuracy compared to VNIR images.
View
View
View
View
Aquatic Environments as Vectors for Plant Virus Spread: Challenges and Solutions
Article
  • Mar 2025
Plant viruses are transmitted through various pathways, significantly impacting crop productivity and ecosystem health. This paper reviews the major transmission routes of plant viruses and discusses the emerging role of environmental water in virus dissemination. It provides an overview of traditional transmission pathways, including mechanical transmission, insect vectors, contact and seed transmission, soil-mediated transmission, propagation through vegetative organs, and transmission via human and animal activities. Furthermore, this study highlights the occurrence of plant viruses in environmental water and their ecological and agricultural significance. It specifically reviews the transmission mechanisms of environmental water-mediated spread, focusing on the cases of pepper mild mottle virus and tomato brown rugose fruit virus. This review aims to enhance the understanding of the role of environmental water in plant virus research and management strategies, contributing to the development of effective countermeasures.
View
Assessment of Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Preferences in Cherry Tomato Cultivars Observe under Growing Climates and Watering Regimens
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2024
The physicochemical and antioxidant qualities of cherry tomatoes are getting more and more valued, and this has a significant effect on consumer choices and market dynamics. With irrigation schedules of 100%, 75%, and 50% field capacity, Ruby and Fortesa cultivars were grown in a greenhouse, rain shelter, and screen house climates in this experiment, which used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) factorial technique. The chroma value, flavonoid content, phenolic content, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activity of cherry tomatoes are the main quality parameters investigated in this study, along with the effects of cultivars, growing climates, and watering regimens. According to the results, the cultivar significantly affected chroma value, with Fortesa showing the highest value. Cultivar and growing climate significantly affected flavonoid content, with Fortesa and rain shelter environments exhibiting the most significant values. Cultivar and growing climate significantly impacted vitamin C content; ruby and greenhouse conditions produced the maximum amounts. Across all parameters, there were significant variances in antioxidant activity; Ruby showed the maximum activity, and the rain shelter provided the ideal growing environment. The market analysis conducted for the study reveals that higher‐quality cherry tomatoes are famous among upscale and health‐conscious consumers due to their high flavonoid and phenolic content, brilliant chroma value, and considerable antioxidant activity. With the help of this research, targeted cultivation techniques and marketing strategies may be created to cater to specific consumer desires and maximize market positioning and profitability.
View
View
View
Insight into Re-emergence of Cassava Brown Streak Disease: the Need to explore Diverse Approaches for Effective Control
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2019
The consumption of cassava crop per capita calories in many Africa countries ranked it as the second most important staple food crop. Despite its diverse utilities, the yield potential of cassava is greatly hampered by viral diseases and these differ from country to country, depending on the type of viruses present. Unfortunately, the recent sudden re-emergence of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in East and Central Africa is currently gaining more aggressive international attention in Africa and other concerned countries, due to the significant economic yield losses imparting to most poor resource farmers fields. However, selfless efforts from scientific researches to manage CBSD, including recommendations, still seems not to be complimented as expected with pro-active measures from relevant stakeholders, nevertheless the concerned farmers. Overall, the present review revisited a brief glance of the historical development of CBSD, progresses made so far with respect to management strategies. Even more, the paper suggests opinions which could be explore by the ones interested to help within research findings, as well as to bring the awareness and to prevent further spread in countries and/or regions where there is currently the outbreak of CBSD and which had not been yet affected.
View
Molecular identification of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato in Palestine
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2019
Tomato, a top cash crop, is infected by a number of viruses that cause drastic yield losses. Recently an unusual viral syndrome that resembled somewhat that induced by tobacco mosaic virus has been observed in Northern Palestine. The most affected tomatoes were of cultivars ‘Ikram’ and ‘Azmeer’. A study aimed at revealing the cause of the disease, identified the presence of an apparently undescribed tobamovirus. The virus genome was entirely sequenced and shown to be composed of 6391 nucleotides. Sequence analysis indicated that this virus was an isolate of tomato brown rugose fruit virus (TBRFV). This is the first time TBRFV was detected in Palestine on tomatoes and the name tomato brown rugose fruit virus-Palestinian isolate (TBRFV-Ps) is suggested. Molecular tools were developed for specific detection of the virus and sanitary actions to protect tomato production from TBRFV were recommended.
View
The bumblebee Bombus terrestris carries a primary inoculum of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus contributing to disease spread in tomatoes
Article
Full-text available
The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is a beneficial pollinator extensively used in tomato production. Our hypothesis was that bumblebee hives collected from a Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) infected tomato greenhouse, preserve an infectious primary inoculum. Placing a bumblebee hive collected from a ToBRFV contaminated greenhouse, in a glass-/net-house containing only uninfected healthy tomato plants, spread ToBRFV disease. Control uninfected tomato plants grown in a glass-/net-house devoid of any beehive remained uninfected. ToBRFV-contaminated hives carried infectious viral particles as demonstrated in a biological assay on laboratory test plants of virus extracted from hive components. Viral particles isolated from a contaminated hive had a typical tobamovirus morphology observed in transmission electron microscopy. Assembly of ToBRFV genome was achieved by next generation sequencing analysis of RNA adhering to the bumblebee body. Bumblebee dissection showed that ToBRFV was mostly present in the abdomen suggesting viral disease spread via buzz pollination. These results demonstrate that bumblebee hives collected from ToBRFV-contaminated greenhouses carry a primary inoculum that reflects the status of viruses in the growing area. This new mode of ToBRFV spread by pollinators opens an avenue for detection of viruses in a growing area through analysis of the pollinators, as well as emphasizes the need to reevaluate the appropriate disease management protocols.
View
View
First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in Michoacan, Mexico
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2018
The production of tomato and pepper is of great importance worldwide. Recently, in Israel and Jordan, the presence of a new member of the Tobamovirus genus was reported in tomato crops, which was called Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). The fruits of infected plants can develop yellow areas, roughness, as well as necrotic or brown areas. In Yurecuaro and Tanhuato municipalities of Michoacan, crops of tomato and pepper have shown symptoms similar to those described, thus the objective was to determine if the ToBRFV is present in those places. Leaf tissue of tomato with symptoms was included and RTPCR was performed with primers that amplify a segment of the ORF2 of the genome of this virus; further, grids were prepared for observation under the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The expected amplicon was obtained and the sequences had a similarity of 99 to 100% with ToBRFV. At the TEM, rigid rod-shaped viral particles typical of tobamoviruses were observed. To our knowledge, it is the first report of the presence of ToBRFV associated to tomato and pepper plants grown in Mexico.
View
Using genomic analysis to identify tomato Tm-2 resistance-breaking mutations and their underlying evolutionary path in a new and emerging tobamovirus
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2018
  • ARCH VIROL
In September 2014, a new tobamovirus was discovered in Israel that was able to break Tm-2-mediated resistance in tomato that had lasted 55 years. The virus was isolated, and sequencing of its genome showed it to be tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a new tobamovirus recently identified in Jordan. Previous studies on mutant viruses that cause resistance breaking, including Tm-2-mediated resistance, demonstrated that this phenotype had resulted from only a few mutations. Identification of important residues in resistance breakers is hindered by significant background variation, with 9–15% variability in the genomic sequences of known isolates. To understand the evolutionary path leading to the emergence of this resistance breaker, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and genomic comparison of different tobamoviruses, followed by molecular modeling of the viral helicase. The phylogenetic location of the resistance-breaking genes was found to be among host-shifting clades, and this, together with the observation of a relatively low mutation rate, suggests that a host shift contributed to the emergence of this new virus. Our comparative genomic analysis identified twelve potential resistance-breaking mutations in the viral movement protein (MP), the primary target of the related Tm-2 resistance, and nine in its replicase. Finally, molecular modeling of the helicase enabled the identification of three additional potential resistance-breaking mutations.
View
View
View