Content uploaded by Smita Gupta
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Smita Gupta on Nov 07, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 341-347
https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7444
341 |www.hssr.in © Smita
SMART CITY PARADIGM IN INDIA: GWALIOR A CASE STUDY
Dr. Smita Gupta
Associate Professor, Delhi Metropolitan Education, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India.
Email: smitagupta@gmail.com
Article History: Received on 30th June 2019, Revised on 30th July 2019, Published on 16th September 2019
Abstract
Purpose of the study: Paper introspects, the challenges encountered in the making of Gwalior city as Smart city. It
compares the key bottlenecks of Smart City Mission as policy in urbanization landscape to the ground realities of
implementation for a non -metropolitan city. The article also outlines the various way-forward which Gwalior city
designed in its ambit for successful implementation of Smart city project.
Methodology: Dealing with methodology, the paper has been drawn on policy documents analysis, city selection process,
Indian Government promotional materials on smart city, several Indian Municipalities and a number of public-private
partnerships
Main Findings: It emphasizes the major challenges of debt financing, Institutional, market & business, community
engagement, urban policy, land acquisition and quest for ideas, innovation in urban and IT landscape and desirable
solutions. Paper emphasizes all these multiple challenges that were encountered and efforts which were made to meet the
implementation of Smart and sustainable city for Gwalior citizens.
Applications of this study: This study will be useful for all those agencies who are involved in transforming cities into
smart cities. The study will provide a background of various challenges in regard to Indian smart city paradigm and how
those can be dealt with. This study will help in the area of smart city, sustainability, urban governance, etc.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study explores how challenges can be met in Indian perspective with special
reference to Gwalior.
Keywords: Smart City, Smart City Mission, India, Gwalior, Municipal Corporation.
INTRODUCTION: SMART CITY
“Over 50 percent of the world’s seven billion people live in cities today” (UN, 2014). That number will grow to 70 percent
by 2050 (UN, 2014). Almost half of this anticipated increase is projected to occur in Asia (Seto, 2012). “Cities generate
over 70 percent of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP)”. Most industries and commercial entities are located in or in
the vicinity of urban areas (UNHABITAT, 2019). As urbanization increases, cities—especially in underdeveloped
nations— will face a host of challenges. Information and communications technologies (ICT) provide great opportunities
for overcoming these challenges and improving overall economic well-being for city dwellers and workers (Goldman
Sachs, 2014). Usage of this ICT in urban centers is generally referred as “Smart Cities” initiatives.
It has been observed that developing cities into smart cities are globally trending. “The global smart city market is expected
to reach about $1.6 trillion in 2020” (Kshetri, 2017). Lee, Hancock, and Hu have provided a framework to analyze the
lessons learned from smart cities such as Seoul and San Francisco (Lee, 2014). With the increase in “smart city”
initiatives, there has been rise in problems associated with this growth like requirement better urban development policies,
better town planners, and structured institutionalization etc. This paper tries to examine how these challenges are being
faced in India, specifically in Gwalior city and propose a number of steps that might address those challenges.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared to establish 100 smart cities in India, after he took his office charge on May 2014.
He has visualized that through application of smart solutions, life can be made sustainable and better lived in terms of
quality. Modi’s concept of smart solutions revolves around three areas:
Electronic dissemination of information between local governments and citizens to automatically “push” advisories and
enable rapid citizen feedback
• Improved energy management through the use of automated metering controls and green building development
• Advanced analytics and intelligent traffic management systems to support the efficient use of the urban road
infrastructure network (TOI, 2015).
“The concept of a 'Smart City' has become popular in the policy arena of the European Union (EU) and other developed
countries. The Smart Cities Readiness Guide of the Smart Cities Council, an advocacy group of industry houses, interprets
smart city as the one which adopts information and communication technology, to enhance its liveability, workability, and
sustainability' (Smart Cities Council 2013: 5). It identifies the seven drivers of Smart City development as: (a) increasing
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 341-347
https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7444
342 |www.hssr.in © Smita
urbanization with the addition of 700 million to the urban population over the next decade; (b) growing stress due to
unemployment, crowding, inadequate housing; (c) demand and supply gap in infrastructure; (d) economic competition
among cities to secure investments; (e) rising expectation of citizens towards world-class education, health care, recreation
and a responsive government; (f) growing environmental challenges related to carbon emission and global warming; and
(g) expanding technology options in the areas of ICT, electronics and telecommunication, energy, water and waste
management”.
For some, the term ‘smart city’ is an ambiguous term, for some it is still a leitmotiv in discussion and discourses. This
paper examines the government machinery challenges in landscape of urban policies, where vision of smart city is largely
considered as a technologically accomplished advanced socially inclusive city as was reiterated in the study of Osborne
and Rose (Osborne, 1999). Largely, the paper is based on experience echo in initiative of making Gwalior a smart city. The
concept of smart city and how it was transferred to the city of Gwalior, is also one of the discussant points of the paper.
“Dealing with methodology, the paper has been drawn on policy documents analysis, city selection process, Indian
Government promotional materials on smart city, several Indian Municipalities and a number of public-private
partnerships”. 1The paper reviews wide range of literature in social sciences about smart city. Finally, author has developed
insight into the subject by attending various meetings with CEO and Municipal Commissioner Gwalior, who are involved
for Indian Government in transforming Gwalior into a smart city.
Articles do not propose to present, only a radical critique of problems faced in Gwalior. The author’s outlook in the paper
is that still there is a far distance to be covered by smart city project in India. Smart City should not be taken as a slogan,
with this in mind, assessment of the efforts of converting Gwalior into a smart city has gone through many confronting
situations. In this structure, paper will take up relevant issues in designing Gwalior as a smart city in India.
The article has been split into five sections. Section 2 deals with background history of Smart City Mission initiative in
India, specifically in Gwalior. Section 3 examines concerns and challenges in operational implementation of smart city
policy mission by Indian Government. Section 4 discusses the way forward and steps which were taken to for resolve
issues. Section 5 will take up concluding remarks with results of analysis to the conceptual problem.
SMART CITY MISSION INITIATIVE IN INDIA
Smart City Mission (SCM), one of the flagship scheme introduced by “Ministry of Urban Development & Housing
Affairs, Government of India” launched in 2015, to propel economic growth together with enhancement in “quality of life”
for citizens. by capacitating “local area development” with the advancement in “technology”, impelling to smart solutions.
Smart City Mission is being implemented in 100 chosen cities of country. The concept of smart city is primarily based on
quaternary approach classified into Area-based development (ABD) of city and Pan City Development. “The foremost
pillar is (i) retrofitting (for areas more than 500 acres) to introduce planning area to achieve smart city objectives along
with increased efficiency and liveability of the area (ii) redevelopment ( for area of more than 50 acres) replacing existing
area with enhanced infrastructure (iii) greenfield development (for vacant areas of more than 250 acres) smart solutions in
empty or vacant area by adopting innovative planning and implementation tools and (iv) pan-city development where
smart solutions to be applied on the city-wide infrastructure. It emphasizes on improvement of infrastructure and service by
application of technology, information, and data (Smart city-Mission statement and guideline, 2015)”.
The selection of City was thus based on “Smart City proposal”. It included recommendation for a “determined area with
either retrofitting” (making existing area more liveable) or redevelopment (replacing existing area with enhanced
infrastructure) or Greenfield development (smart solutions in empty or vacant area) or a “pan-city (applying selected smart
solution to the city-wide infrastructure”) features along with “smart solutions”. The projects to be undertaken in city of
Gwalior were both Area-based as well as Pan City-based. Gwalior was chosen under Round -2 selection with SCP
proposal of 2300.57 crore. During preparation of Smart City Proposal of Gwalior, participation of people was also
recorded and given space in the “Smart City Proposal”. For preparation of proposals, in order to interpret residents pulse,
consultations were held with low-income groups like drivers, domestic servant etc. Groups of children and differently-
abled people also participated in consultations. Mohalla sabhas were also organised. Short stay homes were conceptualised
for marginalised people and other deprived groups. Financial Provisions of SCM (Smart City Mission): The budget
estimate for 2018-19 is Rs 6,619 crore, an increase of 54% over the revised estimates of 2017-18. As per the table 1, in
1 Specifically, concerning the Indian Scenario, documents in the Smart City Mission (http://http://smartcities.gov.in,
https://smartnet.niua.org/) and Livebility Index India, 2018 websites have been reviewed. Concerning the urban scale,
documents from the official websites of municipal councils and smart city foundations/associations have been analysed in
the cases of Gwalior, Karnal, Ranchi, Pune, Jaipur, and Nasik.
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 341-347
https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7444
343 |www.hssr.in © Smita
2016-17, the actual expenditure increased by 197% over the actual expenditure in 2015-16. Correspondingly, 2016-17 saw
overspending against the budget estimate (137% of budget estimate). In 2017-18, the actual expenditure is estimated to be
lower than in 2016-17, and equal to the budget estimate.(Source: Budget documents 2015-2016 to 2018-2019:PRS
Legislative Research)
Table 1: Revised estimates; Sources: Budget documents 2015-16 to 2018-19; PRS Legislative Research
Year
Budgeted
Actual
% Utilized
2015-16
2020
1484
73%
2016-17
3215
4412
137%
2017-18
4000
4000
100%
2018-19
6169*
“A total investment of Rs 2, 01,981 crores is proposed by the 99 cities under their smart city plans” (MOHUA, 2019). The
central and state governments will meet only part of the project costs. “The central government will provide financial
assistance of up to Rs. 48,000 crore over five years, that is, an average of Rs. 100 crore per city per year. The states and
ULBs will have to contribute an equal amount and generate the additional amount as required. Other sources of financing
include PPP’s, borrowings, and innovative mechanisms such as municipal bonds”(PRS, 2018).
“States are also expected to seek funds for projects outlined in the Smart City Proposal from multiple sources, including:
Resources from states/ULB through the collection of user fees, beneficiary changes, and impact fees; land
monetization; debt; and, loans;
Additional resources transferred as a result of the acceptance of the recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance
Commission;
Innovative finance mechanisms, such as municipal bonds with the credit rating of ULB, Pooled Finance
Development Fund Scheme (MOHUA, 2006) and Tax Increment Financing (Tax Increment Financing is a public
financing method that is used as a subsidy for redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community improvement
projects.)
Leverage borrowing from financial institutions, including bilateral and multilateral institutions, both domestic and
external;
The National Investment and Infrastructure Fund; (MOHUA, 2006)
Other central government schemes; and,
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)."(Chaudry, 2018)
For the execution of the plan of making 100 cities as smart cities, Special-purpose Vehicle (SPV) was formulated, whose
head will be a “full-time CEO (Chief Executive Officer)” and accompanied by nominees of Central Government, State
Government, and ULB. Gwalior Smart City Development Corporation Limited (GSCDCL) is the Special Purpose Vehicle
of Gwalior city. It worked as a limited company organized at the city level “under the Companies Act, 2013”. State/UT
and ULB will do promotions for it and will be having 50:50 equal shareholdings. “For promotions, private sector or
financial institutions could be counted for taking equity stake in SPV, provided the arrangement of sharing is 50:50 of the
State/UT and ULB”. An arrangement will be established by ULB where firstly, a revenue stream will be made available to
SPV to evolve its own credit system and making it more sustainable Secondly, government contribution is to only
emphasize and establish infrastructure for public welfare. Such programs can be brought to practicality by public-private
partnership, joint ventures, and turnkey contracts, etc.
Gwalior is the northernmost city of the second-largest state i.e. Madhya Pradesh, as it is known for its rich heritage and
tourism. Gwalior Smart City Development Corporation Limited (GSCDCL) aims to “develop heritage & culture
sustainability with tourism, and promote city as tourist destination”. As per the report of GSCDCL's outreach program for
implementation of Gwalior smart city projects (Dec 2017), its vision is to promote heritage and culture and transform
Gwalior by inculcating various new economic opportunities and reinstate its strength in Education, Health & Trade. Many
cities in smart cities in India are being planned as ‘counter magnets’ to Delhi like Kanpur, Jaipur, Kota, and Gwalior. The
Gwalior Smart City Development Corporation (GSCDCL) major goal is to develop Gwalior city as “counter magnet” to
Delhi along with environment-friendly infrastructure.
Gwalior’s ABD area is 803 Acre (0.77% of city area) with the population as 102883 (8.9% of city population) with
average households 9932 (9.15% of city HH). Gwalior SCP constitutes of 8 core module for ABD region & 3 Modules for
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 341-347
https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7444
344 |www.hssr.in © Smita
Pan City. All modules are designed to implement various components of smart city of modern age. The city of Gwalior is
being redeveloped and restores historically and culturally, in its Heritage and Culture module with Technology, Urban
infrastructure, Health, economic development, and sustainability. The city was designed in such a way, where recreation
and social up-gradation along with Smart Innovation will shape the city in a more accessible manner which will convert
Gwalior to be effective and efficient place to live in. Smart City Project in Gwalior put forward, creation of short-stay
homes for unemployed, orphan, homeless, disabled and deprived groups.
CHALLENGES
While implementing the Smart City project in Gwalior, many challenges were encountered which are given below:
a) Lack of Convergence at Ground level
As per SCM guidelines, Smart city project is under convergence with other programs and schemes initiated by central/
state governments. Central Governments initiated other schemes like “Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation (AMRUT)”(2015)which had the objective of upgrading and creating physical infrastructure to 500 cities in
the Country. It also included “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Housing for All 2022)” aimed for providing 10 million
houses and 30 million houses by year 2022, to LIG and economically weaker sections of society. Along with these
schemes, “Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission)” look forward to providing sanitation facilities and clean India. It
intended to achieve task of making India ‘open defecation free’. A new scheme of “National Heritage City Development
and Augmentation Yojana(HRIDAY)”was launched. It is the “scheme for inclusive urban planning and conservation of
heritage cities. Digital India Programme is a national scheme to provide increased digital access and internet connectivity
to the citizens of India” (Chaudhry 2018).
Due to lack of information and guidelines from Ministry on convergences of funds between aforementioned different
schemes and SCM, this led to project progress delay in Gwalior as all other nodal agencies/departments have different and
unique financial and physical progress plan for respective projects. In this light, during the course of implementation of
convergence projects, it was revealed that efficacy and impact of such projects are questionable due to overlapping
intervention areas by other national schemes for same project. This, in turn, has developed complex multiplicity of targets
for ex., a housing project listed under SCM mission is also target project of PMAY scheme, which may have initiated or
completed the project, irrespective of SCM.
b) Institutional Challenges
There are factors which actually inhibit. Smart cities will constitute sector-specific challenges, institutional confrontation,
market, and business-related challenges. According to “World Economic Forum’s India Survey”, Government of India
outlined in its programs that “State and city government are least prepared to handle any type of urban transformation”. It
was observed that in urban local bodies, leadership had limited powers, there is intense insufficient revenue and least
collaboration was found between planning and administrative body.
Gwalior faced a lot of institutional, market & business-related and sector-related challenges some them are highlighted
below:
Experts Shortage in SPV: To implement smart city project, the pool of experts is required such as conservation
architects, urban planners, Infrastructure experts, transport expert, tourism expert, etc. However as permission
guidelines SPV has hired project development & management consultants with due experts but for thematic
development and change in projects as smart cities concept is ever-evolving and to accommodate flexibility to
adapt to new ideas, solutions and innovation in IT and urban space, team of experts are required within SPV.
Dependency on local vendors: Secondary cities like Gwalior faces serious challenges identifying world-class and
experienced vendors for implementation of projects due to low value of tenders and small scope of work.
Absence of Policies: Gwalior Smart City Development Corporation Limited, a SPV for Gwalior although a
limited company but faces a challenge due to absence of policies and procedures like human resource policy,
communication policy and various other related policies In absence of Media policy there is often negative news
in newspapers due to which citizens' engagement and support from local residents as a community, becomes
difficult.
c) Shortage of Town Planners
According to the “22nd Report of Standing Committee on Urban Development (2017-18)” under the Ministry of Housing &
Urban Affairs, this is working under Government of India. “During the course of evidence, the issue of shortage of town
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 341-347
https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7444
345 |www.hssr.in © Smita
planners in many urban local bodies (ULBs) for necessary planning and ground-level came up for discussion” (Standing
Committee, 2018). In this connection, the Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs stated (March 2018): “As on
date, we have 5500 planners who are working in the entire country. You talked about CO's and town planners. This is also
the work of State Government. We are discussing how to increase the numbers of town planners. We are making such eco-
system in which more and more planners get produced. Approx 650 planners are coming every year from NITs, IIT's and
other engineering institutions. We are working on how to increase this number."
d) Spatial Disparity
Quality and access to basic services underlay households’ living standard. In Gwalior, there is a wide disparity in the
provision of universal access to urban services. In no major area Gwalior Municipal Corporation was able to provide
provides 24x7 water supplies. As per the Planning Commission (2012) report that none of the city in India can boast off
about 24 hours water supplies, where supplies range from one to six hours (Planning Commission, 2012). It was realized
that Up-to-date and accurate land information data is the core of essential services and resident relies on the best use of
city’s resources. This data also includes buildings; property boundaries, roads, street furniture urban planning, and
underground utility information and geospatial data & technology play crucial role for government organizations to
become smarter, enhance service with reducing costs.
e) The missing link between urban planning, project selection, and citizen's needs
Gwalior Smart City Proposals and its selection were approved in round 2. During the implementation of projects, it was
observed that some of the projects mentioned in SCP were not in harmony with city requirements and if implemented then,
could create major disruption for local residents if implemented.
Gwalior’s being secondary town faces various challenges like accommodation of urban expansion, which include lack of
independent valuation systems; severe urban planning rules; little coordination between planned changes to land use and
proposed infrastructure improvements. The policy of Land Acquisition is itself debatable issue on urbanization in India.
The draft Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement (LARR) bill, however, balances upto some extent
efficiency from urbanization and infrastructure development with equity for displaced residents but beyond land
acquisition, the goal of existing urban areas to suffice new demands is to be achieved.
f) PPP (Public-Private Partnership) Myth
The Smart City initiative majorly focuses on developing infrastructure in the urban landscape which is largely dependent
on private partnerships. (PPP-Public Private Partnership). Picking the right partner is itself requires a smart decision for
making projects successful as they bring in highest level of service delivery, in line with defined standards, partners tends
to be associated for long term perspective instead of short term profit orientation and expect appropriate “economic
returns”& not usurious profits. However, PPP in smart city projects is highly applicable to Public bike-sharing, Parking
lots, urban transport, Solid waste management or sanitation but without proper assumptions, cost-benefit analysis and
transferring all risks to private partner has certainly jeopardized many projects in many of the cities.
g) Bridge the Digital Divide
The smart city needs to address the challenges arising due to the digital divide. Social & economic inequalities along with
those inequalities which determine majorly for this divide, like access and usage of communication technology. “These are
products of unequal access to education, resources, decision – making powers and technology between sons & daughters
living in same family” (Datta, 2016).
WAY FORWARD
Overcoming the challenge of Lack of convergence
To overcome the challenge and sake of uniformity, four guiding principles were framed by SPV (Gwalior Smart
City Development Corporation Limited - GSCDCL) for classifying projects, which provided insights and through
joint inter-departmental / agencies discussion following solution was framed
If a project is entirely contained within the precincts referred to as ‘area-based development’, it is assumed as part
of the Smart City Scheme, irrespective of the agency that is responsible for its implementation or its source of
funds;
If a project is completely outside the precincts referred to as ‘area-based development’, it is assumed as part of the
Smart City Scheme only if Mission funds are being used;
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 341-347
https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7444
346 |www.hssr.in © Smita
If a project is partially inside and partially outside the precincts referred to as ‘area-based development’, it is
assumed as part of the Smart City Scheme only if Mission funds are being used in conjunction with another
convergence fund, debt or private sector investment.
If a project is partially inside and partially outside the precincts referred to as ‘area-based development’, but uses
only convergence funds, only that part that is located inside the precincts referred to as ‘area-based development’
will be treated as part of the Smart City Scheme.
i. Meeting Challenge of Institutionalization
Gwalior faced a lot of institutional, market & business-related and sector-related challenges some them are
highlighted below:
Experts Shortage in SPV: To implement smart city project, the pool of experts is required such as conservation
architects, urban planners, Infrastructure experts, transport expert, tourism expert, etc. However as permission
guidelines SPV has hired project development & management consultants with due experts but for thematic
development and change in projects as smart cities concept is ever-evolving and to accommodate flexibility to adapt
to new ideas, solutions and innovation in IT and urban space, team of experts are required within SPV.
Dependency on local vendors: Secondary cities like Gwalior faces serious challenges identifying world-class and
experienced vendors for implementation of projects due to low value of tenders and small scope of work.
Absence of Policies: Gwalior Smart City Development Corporation Limited, a SPV for Gwalior although a limited
company but faces a challenge due to absence of policies and procedures like human resource policy,
communication policy and various other related policies In absence of Media policy there is often negative news in
newspapers due to which citizens' engagement and support from local residents as a community, becomes difficult.
ii. Meeting Shortage of Town Planners
Shortage of Town planner and Architects in GSCDCL is the evident reality as SPVs are newly formed limited
companies. Understanding the challenge of resource requirement, GSCDCL has initiated the hiring the individual of
appropriate candidature. To resolve the urgent requirements GSCDCL coordinates and takes support from the Town
& Country Planning Department on regular basis.
iii. Meeting spatial disparity
Understanding the gravity of situation not in only Gwalior but also in other cities, Ministry of Housing & Urban
Affairs cautious the SPVs to alter the requirements of projects as per the city demands & needs and thereby project
is granted approval after the review and due diligence of the SPV board
iv. Meeting infrastructure bottlenecks
Due to poor urban planning systems, expanding difficulty, redevelopment and modernizing older buildings and
systems, paves way for improving inefficient areas in Gwalior. It was planned by urban planners to preserve current
land use and freezing of development with the help of FSIs. The Smart City initiative looks forward to bring
transformation by achieving world-class benchmarking without assessing the possibility and milestones in the
transformation process.
v. Meeting PPP Myth
To overcome this challenge, Gwalior made excellent resource hiring as PPP expert and contract management expert
who in turn, developed hybrid PPP for the urban sector which less focus on ‘typology’ and more focus on tailored
solutions & results for the city. Gwalior has been successful in rolling out major PPP projects like Parking
Management, Public bike-sharing, e- Rickshaw, intra and intercity Bus operators and construction of 134 Bus stops
Additionally, Gwalior is trying best for Debt financing and recently floated Transaction advisory for municipal
bonds tender which is live at the moment. Gwalior has also applied for various central funding assistance like that
of Ministry of Culture & Tourism, GoI and GSCDCL putting inordinate efforts for fund generation but with no
major success till yet.
vi. Meeting bridge divide
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 341-347
https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7444
347 |www.hssr.in © Smita
To bridge this gap Gwalior has developed “one city one app” comprising of a module by the name of “Veerangna -
A companion to Women’s safety and daily life needs”. It’s a buzz among the localized women and this innovative
idea bagged the Scotch Award for GSCDCL in 2018 for innovation and efforts to increase safety to its woman
citizens.
CONCLUSION
The paper discusses the smart city vision and its implementation in Gwalior. It introspects on challenges at various levels
faced by Indian Government and how those challenges were met in order to make Gwalior a smart city. The smart city is
an “urban concept” combining the “idea of green cities” with “advance technological advancement” and giving a “color of
techno-centric city of the future”. It is a concept based on framework of ideas, formulating and implementing policies
which are going to bring technological and ecological urban transitions. Paper construct an understanding that the smart
city discourse in India and especially in Gwalior inevitably involves many challenges and management of those challenges.
In ‘smartmentalisation’ of cities there has to be better social, technological, environmental policy development, better
plans of “new public-private partnerships and empowerment of local communities”, better geometry of power relations for
“rationalities and moralities suited to the management” of the “smart city project” in India.
REFERENCES
1. Abraham, Rosemary K (2018). The National Investment and Infrastructure Fund. Retrieved from
http://arthapedia.in/index.php%3Ftitle%3DNational_Investment_and_Infrastructure_Fund_(NIIF).
2. Chaudhry, Shivani, Saxena, Swapnil, and Kumar Deepak (2018) India’s Smart Cities Mission: Smart for Whom?
Cities for Whom? Housing and Land Rights Network, New Delhi Retrieved from
http://hlrn.org.in/documents/Smart_Cities_Report_2018.pdf.
3. Datta, Ayona (2016, June). Three big challenges for smart cities and how to solve them. The Conservation
Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/three-big-challenges-for-smart-cities-and-how-to-solve-them-59191.
4. Goldman Sachs (2014, July 8) Internet of Things – Volume 2; Software and the IoT: Platforms, data, and
analytics, Global Investment Research, accessed on April 10, 2019 from https://docplayer.net/16471074-
Software-and-the-iot-platforms-data-and-analytics.html.
5. Kshetri, Nir (2017). Cybersecurity And Privacy Issues Facing Smart Cities: Challenges And Policy Responses. In
Saadawi, T., & Colwell, J. (Eds.). (2017). (Rep.). Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11978.
6. Lee, J. H., Hancock, M. G., & Hu, M. C. (2014). Towards an effective framework for building smart cities:
Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 80-99, available from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.08.033
7. MOHUA (2006) Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme. Retrieved from
http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/POOLED%20FINANCE%20DEVELOPMENT%20FUND04.pdf.
8. MOHUA (2019 May). Smart Cities. Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from
http://www.mohua.gov.in/cms/smart-cities.php.
9. Osborne, T., & Rose, N. (1999). Governing cities: notes on the spatialisation of virtue. Environment and planning
D: society and space, 17(6), 737-760. https://doi.org/10.1068/d170737
10. Planning Commission (2012), Annual Report 2011-12. Planning Commission, Government of India. Retrieved
from http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/ar_eng1112.pdf
11. PRS Legislative Research (March 2018) Demand for Grants 2018-19 Analysis Housing & Urban Affairs.
Retrieved from http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1520245811_DFG-
%20Housing%20and%20Urban%20Affairs%202018-19.pdf.
12. Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts
on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), 16083-
16088.Accessed April 10, 2019 from http://www.pnas.org/content/109/40/16083.full.pdf.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211658109
13. Smart Cities Mission Statement & Guidelines (June 2015), Government of India Ministry of Urban Development,
retrieved from http://smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/SmartCityGuidelines(1).pdf
14. Standing Committee on Urban Development (2018), 22nd Report of Standing Committee on Urban Development
(2017-18)” Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved from
http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Urban%20Development/16_Urban_Development_21.pdf
15. The Times of India (2015, May 2). What is a ‘smart city’ and how it will work. accessed April 15, 2019 from
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ What-is-a-smart-city-and-how-it-will-work/ listshow/47128930.cms.
16. UN Habitat, Economy. Accessed on March 3, 2019, http://unhabitat.org/ urban-themes/economy.
17. United Nations (2014), Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Urbanization
Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352), accessed on April 10, 2019 from
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/ WUP2014-Highlights.pdf.
