Content uploaded by Marcello Rosa
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Marcello Rosa on Sep 18, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
PDF of The Marmoset Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Abstract and Figures
This is the full pdf of the Paxinos et al. 2012 atlas of the marmoset brain. This book has gone out of print, and the copyright reverted to the authors.
For more resources related to the marmoset brain, visit www.marmosetbrain.org
Figures - uploaded by Marcello Rosa
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Marcello Rosa
Content may be subject to copyright.
... High-resolution (100 × 100 × 100 μm) T2-weighted images were acquired for each animal. The raw MRI images were converted to NifTI format using dcm2niix (Li et al. 2016), and the MRIs were nonlinearly registered to the ultra-high-resolution ex vivo National Institutes of Health (NIH) template brain (Liu et al. 2018), which contains the location of cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the Paxinos atlas (Paxinos et al. 2012), using Advanced Normalization Tools (Avants et al. 2011) software. The resultant transformation matrices were then applied to the cytoarchitectonic boundary image included with the NIH template brain atlas. ...
... The values of these indices ref lect covariations of responses that are independent of task-or stimulus-related responses, are based primarily on f luctuations in correlated noise between groups, and have been proposed to ref lect anatomical connectivity between clusters of neurons (Kiani et al. 2015). We additionally projected these values from the recording locations on our array onto the estimated cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the PFC areas as delineated in the atlas of Paxinos et al. (2012). Similar to their findings in macaque, we observed functional clusters of units that corresponded broadly to the areal subdivisions of the marmoset lPFC, with some subclusters of units within these divisions. ...
... Distribution of task-modulated units and units responsive to different stimulus modalities. Array locations were reconstructed using highresolution MRIs and superimposed on a standardized marmoset brain, area boundaries fromPaxinos et al. (2012). The first column (left column) represents the total number of units found across sessions and its distribution on the array. ...
A prominent aspect of primate lateral prefrontal cortex organization is its division into several cytoarchitecturally distinct subregions. Neurophysiological investigations in macaques have provided evidence for the functional specialization of these subregions, but an understanding of the relative representational topography of sensory, social, and cognitive processes within them remains elusive. One explanatory factor is that evidence for functional specialization has been compiled largely from a patchwork of findings across studies, in many animals, and with considerable variation in stimulus sets and tasks. Here, we addressed this by leveraging the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to carry out large-scale neurophysiological mapping of the lateral prefrontal cortex using high-density microelectrode arrays, and a diverse suite of test stimuli including faces, marmoset calls, and spatial working memory task. Task-modulated units and units responsive to visual and auditory stimuli were distributed throughout the lateral prefrontal cortex, while those with saccade-related activity or face-selective responses were restricted to 8aV, 8aD, 10, 46 V, and 47. Neurons with contralateral visual receptive fields were limited to areas 8aV and 8aD. These data reveal a mixed pattern of functional specialization in the lateral prefrontal cortex, in which responses to some stimuli and tasks are distributed broadly across lateral prefrontal cortex subregions, while others are more limited in their representation.
... Different colors of the image strips correspond to the areas they were derived from (see e.g. S1 File), and the black contour indicates the coronal level of the section presented in panel C. (C) Coronal cross-section taken approximately at the interaural +13.0 mm [44] containing five image strips (black rectangles) from areas A24c, A6M, A6DR, A8C, ProM, clockwise. (D, E) Strips from areas 6M and 8C shown at high magnification. ...
... In case CJ1741, following reconstruction and registration (see Three-dimensional reconstruction, below), columns of counting boxes, each 150 μm × 150 μm, were defined for each of the 116 cortical areas [44] to encompass all cortical layers and a fragment of underlying white matter (Fig 1B and 1C). Further, additional boxes were placed liberally to increase the diversity of the image features (e.g. ...
... Densities of CB + neurons in cortical areas of three marmosets. For this figure, areas were grouped according to the classification proposed by[45] (modified from[44]). Abbreviations (groups of areas): DLP: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; VLP: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; OFC: orbitofrontal cortex; MPC: medial prefrontal cortex; MPM: motor and premotor cortex; INS: insular cortex; SSC: somatosensory cortex; AUD: auditory cortex; LIT: lateral and inferior temporal cortex; VTC: ventral temporal cortex (encompassing parahippocampal, perirhinal and entorhinal areas); PCR: posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex; PPC: posterior parietal cortex; VIS: visual cortex. See S1 File for a full list of areas, color coding and abbreviations. ...
The diversity of the mammalian cerebral cortex demands technical approaches to map the spatial distribution of neurons with different biochemical identities. This issue is magnified in the case of the primate cortex, characterized by a large number of areas with distinctive cytoarchitectures. To date, no full map of the distribution of cells expressing a specific protein has been reported for the cortex of any primate. Here we have charted the 3-dimensional distribution of neurons expressing the calcium-binding protein calbindin (CB⁺ neurons) across the entire marmoset cortex, using a combination of immunohistochemistry, automated cell identification, computerized reconstruction, and cytoarchitecture-aware registration. CB⁺ neurons formed a heterogeneous population, which together corresponded to 10–20% of the cortical neurons. They occurred in higher proportions in areas corresponding to low hierarchical levels of processing, such as sensory cortices. Although CB⁺ neurons were concentrated in the supragranular and granular layers, there were clear global trends in their laminar distribution. For example, their relative density in infragranular layers increased with hierarchical level along sensorimotor processing streams, and their density in layer 4 was lower in areas involved in sensorimotor integration, action planning and motor control. These results reveal new quantitative aspects of the cytoarchitectural organization of the primate cortex, and demonstrate an approach to mapping the full distribution of neurochemically distinct cells throughout the brain which is readily applicable to most other mammalian species.
... VIP staining intensity was strongest in the largest layer 5 pyramidal cells of A4ab, which are located more medially in this area, as defined by Nissl and myelin staining (Fig. 1a-c) 5 . This region corresponds to the representations of the leg and trunk musculatures 4 . ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is known to be present in a subclass of cortical interneurons. Here, using three different antibodies, we demonstrate that VIP is also present in the giant layer 5 pyramidal (Betz) neurons which are characteristic of the limb and axial representations of the marmoset primary motor cortex (cytoarchitectural area 4ab). No VIP staining was observed in smaller layer 5 pyramidal cells present in the primary motor facial representation (cytoarchitectural area 4c), or in the premotor cortex (e.g. the caudal subdivision of the dorsal premotor cortex, A6DC), indicating the selective expression of VIP in Betz cells. VIP in Betz cells was colocalized with neuronal specific marker (NeuN) and a calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). PV also intensely labelled axon terminals surrounding Betz cell somata. VIP-positive interneurons were more abundant in the superficial cortical layers and constituted about 5–7% of total cortical neurons, with the highest density observed in area 4c. Our results demonstrate the expression of VIP in the largest excitatory neurons of the primate cortex, which may offer new functional insights into the role of VIP in the brain, and provide opportunities for genetic manipulation of Betz cells.
... Then, the border between M1 and the caudal part of the dorsal premotor cortex (area 6DC) in this animal was defined as the line at which the threshold current apparently increased along the posteriorto-anterior direction. The marmoset cortical map by Paxinos et al. 79 was aligned with the dorsal cortex of this animal so that the midline and the border between M1 and area 6DC matched between the Paxinos map and this animal. ...
Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors continue to be developed and improved. If they could be expressed across multiple cortical areas in non-human primates, it would be possible to measure a variety of spatiotemporal dynamics of primate-specific cortical activity. Here, we develop an Automated Robotic Virus injection System (ARViS) for broad expression of a biosensor. ARViS consists of two technologies: image recognition of vasculature structures on the cortical surface to determine multiple injection sites without hitting them, and robotic control of micropipette insertion perpendicular to the cortical surface with 50 μm precision. In mouse cortex, ARViS sequentially injected virus solution into 100 sites over a duration of 100 min with a bleeding probability of only 0.1% per site. Furthermore, ARViS successfully achieved 266-site injections over the frontoparietal cortex of a female common marmoset. We demonstrate one-photon and two-photon calcium imaging in the marmoset frontoparietal cortex, illustrating the effective expression of biosensors delivered by ARViS.
How biological neural networks reliably process information in the presence of spontaneous activity remains controversial. In mouse primary visual cortex (V1), stimulus-evoked and spontaneous activity show orthogonal (dissimilar) patterns, which is advantageous for separating sensory signals from internal noise. However, studies in carnivore and primate V1, which have functional columns, have reported high similarity between stimulus-evoked and spontaneous activity. Thus, the mechanism of signal-noise separation in the columnar visual cortex may be different from that in rodents. To address this issue, we compared spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity in marmoset V1 and higher visual areas. In marmoset V1, spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity showed similar patterns as expected. However, in marmoset higher visual areas, spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity were progressively orthogonalized along the cortical hierarchy, eventually reaching levels comparable to those in mouse V1. These results suggest that orthogonalization of spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity is a general principle of cortical computation.
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are pivotal for unlocking the complexities of human cognition, yet traditional cognitive studies remain constrained to specialized laboratories. To revolutionize this paradigm, we present CalliCog : an open-source, scalable in-cage platform tailored for freely behaving experiments in small primate species such as the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ). CalliCog includes modular operant chambers that operate autonomously and integrate seamlessly with home cages, eliminating human intervention. Our results showcase the power of CalliCog to train experimentally naïve marmosets in touchscreen-based cognitive tasks. Remarkably, across two independent facilities, marmosets achieved touchscreen proficiency within two weeks and successfully completed tasks probing behavioral flexibility and working memory. Moreover, CalliCog enabled precise synchronization of behavioral data with electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings from freely moving animals, opening new frontiers for neurobehavioral research. By making CalliCog openly accessible, we aim to democratize cognitive experimentation with small NHPs, narrowing the translational gap between preclinical models and human cognition.
Motivation
Cognitive neuroscience research involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) has traditionally been confined to a few highly specialized laboratories equipped with advanced infrastructure, expert knowledge, and specialized resources for housing and testing these animals. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ), a small NHP species, has gained popularity in cognitive research due to its ability to address some of these challenges. However, behavioral studies in marmosets remain labor-intensive and restricted mainly to experts in the field, making them less accessible to the broader scientific community. To address these barriers, we introduce an open and accessible platform designed for automated cognitive experiments in home cage settings with marmosets. This system supports the integration of cognitive behavioral analysis with wireless neural recordings, is cost-effective, and requires minimal technical expertise to build and operate.
Primate brain development is shaped by inputs received during critical periods. These inputs differ between inde-pendent and cooperative breeders: In cooperative breeders, infants interact with multiple caregivers. We studyhow the neurodevelopmental timing of the cooperatively breeding common marmoset maps onto behavioralmilestones. To obtain structure-function co-constructions, we combine behavioral, neuroimaging (anatomicaland functional), and neural tracing experiments. We find that brain areas critically involved in observing conspe-cifics interacting (i) develop in clusters, (ii) have prolonged developmental trajectories, (iii) differentiate duringthe period of negotiations between immatures and multiple caregivers, and (iv) do not share stronger connectiv-ity than with other regions. Overall, developmental timing of social brain areas correlates with social and behav-ioral milestones in marmosets and, as in humans, extends into adulthood. This rich social input is likely critical forthe emergence of their strong socio-cognitive skills. Because humans are cooperative breeders too, these findingshave strong implications for the evolution of human social cognition
(PDF) Neurodevelopmental timing and socio-cognitive development in a prosocial cooperatively breeding primate (Callithrix jacchus). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385387857_Neurodevelopmental_timing_and_socio-cognitive_development_in_a_prosocial_cooperatively_breeding_primate_Callithrix_jacchus [accessed Oct 31 2024].
Electrocorticography (ECoG) enables high spatio-temporal resolution recordings of brain activity with excellent signal quality, making it essential for pre-surgical mapping in epilepsy patients and increasingly useful in neuroscience research, including the development of brain-machine interfaces. The relatively minimal cortical convolution in non-human primate (NHP) brains facilitates ECoG recordings, in particular in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), whose lissencephalic (unfolded) brain surface provides broad cortical access. One of the key advantages of ECoG recordings is the ability to study interactions between distant brain regions. The standard approach is the usage of large electrode arrays, which, however, require extended trepanations and a trade-off between size and electrode spacing. This study introduces an alternative ECoG approach for examining interactions between multiple distant cortical areas in marmosets, combining the advantages of circumscribed trepanations with high-density electrode arrays at specific sites of interest. Two adult marmosets underwent ECoG implantation across frontal, temporal, and parietal regions of interest, assessed by circumscribed trepanations to position individual high-density electrode arrays. Postoperative monitoring showed rapid recovery and no long-term complications. The animals remained healthy, and stable neural recordings were successfully obtained during behavioral tasks, highlighting the method's effectiveness for long-term cortical monitoring.
Astrocytes are an abundant class of glial cells with critical roles in neural circuit assembly and function. Though many studies have uncovered significant molecular distinctions between astrocytes from different brain regions, how this regionalization unfolds over development is not fully understood. We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to characterize the molecular diversity of brain cells across six developmental stages and four brain regions in the mouse and marmoset brain. Our analysis of over 170,000 single astrocyte nuclei revealed striking regional heterogeneity among astrocytes, particularly between telencephalic and diencephalic regions, at all developmental time points surveyed in both species. At the stages sampled, most of the region patterning was private to astrocytes and not shared with neurons or other glial types. Though astrocytes were already regionally patterned in late embryonic stages, this region-specific astrocyte gene expression signature changed dramatically over postnatal development, and its composition suggests that regional astrocytes further specialize postnatally to support their local neuronal circuits. Comparing across species, we found divergence in the expression of astrocytic region– and age-differentially expressed genes and the timing of astrocyte maturation relative to birth between mouse and marmoset, as well as hundreds of species differentially expressed genes. Finally, we used expansion microscopy to show that astrocyte morphology is largely conserved across gray matter forebrain regions in the mouse, despite substantial molecular divergence.
Serial Two photon tomography (STPT) imaging is a technique to image a mass of tissue in its three-dimensional shape by combining two-photon imaging with automatic stage control and microtome slicing. We successfully implemented this technique for tracing the axonal projections in the marmoset brain. Here we describe the detailed experimental procedures that realized reliable volumetric imaging of the whole marmoset brain. We also introduce auxiliary histological techniques including visualization of myelin structure by simple light reflection, and immunological detection of non-fluorescent anterograde and retrograde tracers, which further enhance the utility of STPT data.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.