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PDF of The Marmoset Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
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This is the full pdf of the Paxinos et al. 2012 atlas of the marmoset brain. This book has gone out of print, and the copyright reverted to the authors.
For more resources related to the marmoset brain, visit www.marmosetbrain.org
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... Retrograde tracers can reveal backprojection, making them a valuable counterpart to our BMCR anterograde tracer data, given the fact that most corticocortical connections are reciproical [39]. The data includes the locations of cell bodies in the Paxinos stereotaxic reference space [40]. We mapped all 145 datasets to our BMCR template image space. ...
... In all optimizations, our STPT template was the fixed (target) image. This integration is facilitated by the fact that all current templates adopt the parcellation proposed by [40], ensuring uniformity of histological criteria and nomenclature across studies. ...
... =" command. The cell locations were given within the Paxinos stereotaxic reference space [40]. Cells were labeled as "supragranular" and "infragranular" based on their cortical location with respect to cortical layer IV. ...
The primate brain has unique anatomical characteristics, which translate into advanced cognitive, sensory, and motor abilities. Thus, it is important that we gain insight on its structure to provide a solid basis for models that will clarify function. Here, we report on the implementation and features of the Brain/MINDS Marmoset Connectivity Resource (BMCR), a new open-access platform that provides access to high-resolution anterograde neuronal tracer data in the marmoset brain, integrated to retrograde tracer and tractography data. Unlike other existing image explorers, the BMCR allows visualization of data from different individuals and modalities in a common reference space. This feature, allied to an unprecedented high resolution, enables analyses of features such as reciprocity, directionality, and spatial segregation of connections. The present release of the BMCR focuses on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a uniquely developed region of the primate brain that is linked to advanced cognition, including the results of 52 anterograde and 164 retrograde tracer injections in the cortex of the marmoset. Moreover, the inclusion of tractography data from diffusion MRI allows systematic analyses of this noninvasive modality against gold-standard cellular connectivity data, enabling detection of false positives and negatives, which provide a basis for future development of tractography. This paper introduces the BMCR image preprocessing pipeline and resources, which include new tools for exploring and reviewing the data.
... Maps are thresholded at T = 3.35 (p < 0.01, uncorrected). White lines delineate regions based on the atlas from Paxinos et al. 28 and the dorsal premotor areas, regions that are also part of the human language network. A prominent difference we noted was the strong selectivity in the inferior frontal cortex in the human language network (44,45,47). ...
... White lines delineate regions based on the Paxinos atlas. 28 ...
Vocalizations play an important role in the daily life of primates and likely form the basis of human language. Functional imaging studies have demonstrated that listening to voices activates a fronto-temporal voice perception network in human participants. Here, we acquired whole-brain ultrahigh-field (9.4 T) fMRI in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and demonstrate that these small, highly vocal New World primates possess a similar fronto-temporal network, including subcortical regions, that is activated by the presentation of conspecific vocalizations. The findings suggest that the human voice perception network has evolved from an ancestral vocalization-processing network that predates the separation of New and Old World primates.
... Brains were processed into coronal sections of 100 µm thickness using a vibrating microtome (Leica VT1000S, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Sections that included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) area 46 (Paxinos et al., 2012) were selected for further processing. These sections were microdissected perpendicular to the cortical surface to produce dlPFC samples that contained both the cortical surface and deeper cortical layers. ...
... Semi-thin (0.7-1 µm) sections extending from the cortical surface to the deeper cortical layers were collected using a diamond knife (DiATOME, Hatfield, PA, USA) on an ultramicrotome (Leica UC7). Layer III was identified by neuroanatomical landmarks on the semi-thin sections, including distance from the cortical surface and density of neuronal somas (Yuasa et al., 2010;Paxinos et al., 2012). Then, the blockface was carefully trimmed using a 90 • diamond trim tool to a dimension of approximately 0.6 mm × 0.2 mm in layer III, and a ribbon of approximately 200 serial sections (55-70 nm) was collected onto a silicon chip partially immersed in the knife boat and, as the water level was lowered using the peristaltic pump, the sections dried down onto the silicon substrate. ...
Morphology and function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and corresponding working memory performance, are affected early in the aging process, but nearly half of aged individuals are spared of working memory deficits. Translationally relevant model systems are critical for determining the neurobiological drivers of this variability. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is advantageous as a model for these investigations because, as a non-human primate, marmosets have a clearly defined dlPFC that enables measurement of prefrontal-dependent cognitive functions, and their short (∼10 year) lifespan facilitates longitudinal studies of aging. Previously, we characterized working memory capacity in a cohort of marmosets that collectively covered the lifespan, and found age-related working memory impairment. We also found a remarkable degree of heterogeneity in performance, similar to that found in humans. Here, we tested the hypothesis that changes to synaptic ultrastructure that affect synaptic efficacy stratify marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. We utilized electron microscopy to visualize synapses in the marmoset dlPFC and measured the sizes of boutons, presynaptic mitochondria, and synapses. We found that coordinated scaling of the sizes of synapses and mitochondria with their associated boutons is essential for intact working memory performance in aged marmosets. Further, lack of synaptic scaling, due to a remarkable failure of synaptic mitochondria to scale with presynaptic boutons, selectively underlies age-related working memory impairment. We posit that this decoupling results in mismatched energy supply and demand, leading to impaired synaptic transmission. We also found that aged marmosets have fewer synapses in dlPFC than young, though the severity of synapse loss did not predict whether aging occurred with or without cognitive impairment. This work identifies a novel mechanism of synapse dysfunction that stratifies marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. The process by which synaptic scaling is regulated is yet unknown and warrants future investigation.
... Before sectioning, tissue was washed thoroughly with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS: 0.15 M NaCl, 2.97 mM Na 2 HPO 4 -7H 2 O, 1.06 mM KH 2 PO 4 ; pH 7.4), and immersed in 30% sucrose in PBS at 4 °C four days before sectioning. Coronal sections (40 µm thick) were obtained using a sliding microtome (Leica RM2235) and we prepared series every 6th section (at intervals of 240 µm) from the hippocampal formation (Bregma +8.00 mm to +0.80 mm) according to Paxinos et al.(2012). Sections were immediately immersed in cryoprotectant solutions for immunofluorescence [300 g sucrose; 10 g polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (40); 500 ml of 0.1 M PBS and 300 ml ethylene glycol, for 1 L] and stored at − 20 °C until use. ...
... Stacks of optical sections were superimposed as a single 2D image by using the Leica LASX software. We captured images from different regions of the hippocampus (DG, CA3, and CA2-CA1) and ENT according to the marmoset brain atlas (Paxinos et al., 2012). ...
Astrocytes perform multiple essential functions in the brain showing morphological changes. Hypertrophic astrocytes are commonly observed in cognitively healthy aged animals, implying a functional defense mechanism without losing neuronal support. In neurodegenerative diseases, astrocytes show morphological alterations, such as decreased process length and reduced number of branch points, known as astroglial atrophy, with detrimental effects on neuronal cells. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a non-human primate that, with age, develops several features that resemble neurodegeneration. In this study, we characterize the morphological alterations in astrocytes of adolescent (mean 1.75 y), adult (mean 5.33 y), old (mean 11.25 y), and aged (mean 16.83 y) male marmosets. We observed a significantly reduced arborization in astrocytes of aged marmosets compared to younger animals in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. These astrocytes also show oxidative damage to RNA and increased nuclear plaques in the cortex and tau hyperphosphorylation (AT100). Astrocytes lacking S100A10 protein show a more severe atrophy and DNA fragmentation. Our results demonstrate the presence of atrophic astrocytes in the brains of aged marmosets.
... Neuron density estimates for the marmoset cortex were published by Atapour et al. (2019), and were measured from NeuNstained slices. The data were provided in the Paxinos parcellation (Paxinos et al. 2011) and all quantitative values are derived from the same brain of a single subject. Neuron densities within each counting frame used in the original publication (Atapour et al. 2019, their Fig. ...
Numbers of neurons and their spatial variation are fundamental organizational features of the brain. Despite the large corpus of cytoarchitectonic data available in the literature, the statistical distributions of neuron densities within and across brain areas remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that neuron densities are compatible with a lognormal distribution across cortical areas in several mammalian species, and find that this also holds true within cortical areas. A minimal model of noisy cell division, in combination with distributed proliferation times, can account for the coexistence of lognormal distributions within and across cortical areas. Our findings uncover a new organizational principle of cortical cytoarchitecture: the ubiquitous lognormal distribution of neuron densities, which adds to a long list of lognormal variables in the brain.
... The microinjections were controlled by a microsyringe held on the three-dimensional stereotaxic apparatus (RWD Life Science, Shenzhen, China). Microinjection sites in the barrel cortices were 1.7 mm posterior to the bregma, 2.75 mm lateral to the midline, and 0.7 mm in the depth (Paxinos and Watson, 2005). The quantity of injected AAVs was 0.5 µl with an injection period of about 30 min. ...
Memories associated to signals have been proven to rely on the recruitment of associative memory neurons that are featured by mutual synapse innervations among cross-modal cortices. Whether the consolidation of associative memory is endorsed by the upregulation of associative memory neurons in an intramodal cortex remains to be examined. The function and interconnection of associative memory neurons were investigated by in vivo electrophysiology and adeno-associated virus-mediated neural tracing in those mice that experienced associative learning by pairing the whisker tactile signal and the olfactory signal. Our results show that odorant-induced whisker motion as a type of associative memory is coupled with the enhancement of whisking-induced whisker motion. In addition to some barrel cortical neurons encoding both whisker and olfactory signals, i.e., their recruitment as associative memory neurons, the synapse interconnection and spike-encoding capacity of associative memory neurons within the barrel cortex are upregulated. These upregulated alternations were partially observed in the activity-induced sensitization. In summary, associative memory is mechanistically based on the recruitment of associative memory neurons and the upregulation of their interactions in intramodal cortices.
... However, there is some discrepancy about this region as Paxinos et al. 2012 classified this region as OPAI and OPro. Nevertheless, Reser and colleagues suggest that despite the difference in nomenclature, based on anatomical connectivity patterns (especially with the medial prefrontal cortex and AIC), this region in marmosets is likely to be the human AIC homologue [212][213][214]. ...
Human neuroimaging has demonstrated the existence of large-scale functional networks in the cerebral cortex consisting of topographically distant brain regions with functionally correlated activity. The salience network (SN), which is involved in detecting salient stimuli and mediating inter-network communication, is a crucial functional network that is disrupted in addiction. Individuals with addiction display dysfunctional structural and functional connectivity of the SN. Furthermore, while there is a growing body of evidence regarding the SN, addiction, and the relationship between the two, there are still many unknowns, and there are fundamental limitations to human neuroimaging studies. At the same time, advances in molecular and systems neuroscience techniques allow researchers to manipulate neural circuits in nonhuman animals with increasing precision. Here, we describe attempts to translate human functional networks to nonhuman animals to uncover circuit-level mechanisms. To do this, we review the structural and functional connections of the salience network and its homology across species. We then describe the existing literature in which circuit-specific perturbation of the SN sheds light on how functional cortical networks operate, both within and outside the context of addiction. Finally, we highlight key outstanding opportunities for mechanistic studies of the SN.
The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) plays a crucial role in target selection and attention in primates, but the laminar microcircuitry of this region is largely unknown. To address this, we used ultra-high density laminar electrophysiology with Neuropixels probes to record neural activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of two adult marmosets while they performed a simple visual target selection task. Our results reveal neural correlates of visual target selection in the marmoset, similar to those observed in macaques and humans, with distinct timing and profiles of activity across cell types and cortical layers. Notably, a greater proportion of neurons exhibited stimulus related activity in superficial layers whereas a greater proportion of infragranular neurons exhibited significant post-saccadic activity. Stimulus-related activity was first observed in granular layer putative interneurons, whereas target discrimination activity emerged first in supragranular layers putative pyramidal neurons, supporting a canonical laminar circuit underlying visual target selection in marmoset PPC. These findings provide novel insights into the neural basis of visual attention and target selection in primates.
This chapter revises the neuronal connections and their functional consequences in the mammalian cerebellum based on a new understating of its basic comparative and circuit-level anatomy. The transverse lobular structure and the longitudinally striped arrangement are both essential in understanding the functional organization of the cerebellum. Cerebellar neuronal circuitry has been revealed at the level of single axons. The intricate distribution pattern of zebrin-positive and zebrin-negative Purkinje cells represents the longitudinally striped organization, which is linked to the topographic axonal projection patterns of climbing fibers and Purkinje cells. On the contrary, mossy fibers show distinct axonal projection patterns more or less related to lobules. The cerebellar outputs from different parts of the cerebellar nuclei project to the cerebellar-recipient thalamic nuclei and other targets to be involved in motor and non-motor functions. Tentatively, the cerebellar cortex has some nine divisions of different functional localization related to the region-specific axonal projection patterns.KeywordsMouseMarmosetHumanZebrinAldolase CClimbing fibersMossy fibersPurkinje cellsFunctional localization
Studies in comparative neuroanatomy and of the fossil record demonstrate the influence of socio-ecological niches on the morphology of the cerebral cortex, but have led to oftentimes conflicting theories about its evolution. Here, we study the relationship between the shape of the cerebral cortex and the topography of its function. We establish a joint geometric representation of the cerebral cortices of ninety species of extant Euarchontoglires, including commonly used experimental model organisms. We show that variability in surface geometry relates to species’ ecology and behaviour, independent of overall brain size. Notably, ancestral shape reconstruction of the cortical surface and its change during evolution enables us to trace the evolutionary history of localised cortical expansions, modal segregation of brain function, and their association to behaviour and cognition. We find that individual cortical regions follow different sequences of area increase during evolutionary adaptations to dynamic socio-ecological niches. Anatomical correlates of this sequence of events are still observable in extant species, and relate to their current behaviour and ecology. We decompose the deep evolutionary history of the shape of the human cortical surface into spatially and temporally conscribed components with highly interpretable functional associations, highlighting the importance of considering the evolutionary history of cortical regions when studying their anatomy and function.
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