Justicia secunda Vahl species : Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Future Directions: A mini-review

Abstract

The aim of this review was to provide knowledge on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Justicia secunda Vahl. and Justicia species from various electronic databases (Science Direct, PubMed Central, PubMed and Google scholar). The scientific names of those plants species were used as akeyword for the search, along with the terms phytochemistry and pharmacology. The chemical structures of the Justicia species naturally occurring compounds were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 software package. Results revealed those plants are traditionally used for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases and as well as inflammation. Those plants are also utilized for their effects on the central nervous system as hallucinogens, somniferous agents, sedatives, depressors and treatments for epilepsy and other mental disorders. Other species are popularly used in the treatment of headache and fever, sedative, analgesic properties, cancer, diabetes, and HIV. Those plants are reported to possess various biological properties like antitumoral activity against different cancer cell lines, anticancer activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, inhibitory activity in vivo against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia growth and in vitro cytotoxicity in the 9-KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) an cell lines (Justicia spicigera Schltdl.), antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiangiogenic, anthelmintic, and hepatoprotective activities, human ovarian cancer cell line (Justicia rhodoptera Baker), as well as prevention of some tumoral cell growth (Justicia patentiflora Hemsl), bronchitis, arthritis, vaginal discharges, dyspepsia and eye disease. These properties are due to the presence of numerous naturally occurring phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, coumarins, terpenes and Phytochemical studies on leaves from J. gendarussa revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, amino acids, aromatic amines, stigmasterol, lupeol and steroids. The results of the present review of literature makes an interesting candidate for advanced antisickling pharmacological investigations such as Justicia secunda Vahl antisickling, anti-hemolytic and membrane stabilizing effects of this plant.

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Discovery Phytomedicine 2019, Volume 6, Number 4: 157-171
www.phytomedicine.ejournals.ca Discovery Phytomedicine 2019; 6(4): 157-171. doi: 10.15562/phytomedicine.2019.93 157
CrossMark
ABSTRAT
The aim of this review was to provide knowledge on Phytochemistry
and Pharmacology of Justicia secunda Vahl. and Justicia species from
various electronic databases (Science Direct, PubMed Central, PubMed
and Google scholar). The scientific names of those plants species were
used as akeyword for the search, along with the terms phytochemistry
and pharmacology. The chemical structures of the Justicia species
naturally occurring compounds were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra
12.0 software package. Results revealed those plants are traditionally
used for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases
and as well as inflammation. Those plants are also utilized for their
effects on the central nervous system as hallucinogens, somniferous
agents, sedatives, depressors and treatments for epilepsy and other
mental disorders. Other species are popularly used in the treatment of
headache and fever, sedative, analgesic properties, cancer, diabetes,
and HIV. Those plants are reported to possess various biological
properties like antitumoral activity against different cancer cell
lines, anticancer activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in
mice, inhibitory activity in vivo against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia
growth and in vitro cytotoxicity in the 9-KB (human nasopharyngeal
carcinoma) an cell lines (Justicia spicigera Schltdl.), antioxidant,
antibacterial, antifungal, antiangiogenic, anthelmintic, and
hepatoprotective activities, human ovarian cancer cell line (Justicia
rhodoptera Baker), as well as prevention of some tumoral cell growth
(Justicia patentiflora Hemsl), bronchitis, arthritis, vaginal discharges,
dyspepsia and eye disease. These properties are due to the presence of
numerous naturally occurring phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids,
alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, coumarins, terpenes and
Phytochemical studies on leaves from J. gendarussa revealed the
presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, amino acids, aromatic
amines, stigmasterol, lupeol and steroids. The results of the present
review of literature makes an interesting candidate for advanced
antisickling pharmacological investigations such as Justicia secunda
Vahl antisickling, anti-hemolytic and membrane stabilizing effects of
this plant.
Keyword : Sickle cell Disease, phytochemistry, pharmacology, Justicia secunda Vahl.
INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization (WHO) recog-
nizes that traditional and complementary
medicines (TCM) are a vital part of the global
health care system.1 In Africa, it is estimated
that over 80% of the population continues to
rely on medicinal plant species to meet their
basic health care needs.2 Justicia is the largest
genus of Acanthaceae. Its species are widespread
in tropical regions of the world3 and are poorly
represented in temperate regions.4 Justicia this
genus of Acanthaceae, its species are found in
Asia, America and Africa. They are cultivated in
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Many
parts of those plants are used in traditional medi-
cine to treat several diseases include, diabetes,
cancers, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases
and as well as inflammation, central nervous
system as hallucinogens, somniferous agents,
sedatives, depressors and treatments for epilepsy
and other mental disorders. Other species are
used in the treatment of headache and fever,
sedative, analgesic, bronchitis, arthritis, vaginal
discharges, dyspepsia, and eye disease. Biological
activities of different extracts of Justicia are
well documented and a considerable amount of
phytochemicals was isolate from different parts
of those plants.
Botany description and Geographical
Distribution
e Acanthaceae family, order Scrophulariales,
superorder Lamiorae (sensu Dahlgren), comprises
almost 250 genus with 2500 species. ese plants
are distributed over the tropical and sub-tropical
regions3 and are poorly represented in temperate
regions.4 Justicia secunda Vahl. (Acanthaceae),
a native tropical herbaceous plant originating
1Département de chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 190 Kinshasa XI, République Démocratique du Congo
2Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 190 Kinshasa XI, République Démocratique du Congo
*Correspondence to:
Pius T. Mpiana, Département
de chimie, Faculté des Sciences,
Université de Kinshasa, B.P.
190 Kinshasa XI, République
Démocratique du Congo
ptmpiana@gmail.com
Cite This Article: Kitadi, J.M.,
Lengbiye, E.M., Gbolo, B.Z.,
Inkoto, C.L., Muanyishay, C.L.,
Lufuluabo, G.L., Tshibangu, D.S.T.,
Tshilanda, D.D., Mbala, B.M.,
Ngbolua, K., Mpiana, P.T. 2019.
Justicia secunda Vahl species :
Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and
Future Directions: A mini-re-
view. Discovery Phytomedicine
6(4): 157-171. DOI:10.15562/
phytomedicine.2019.93
Volume No.: 6
Issue: 4
First page No.: 157
RH_Author: XXX
Doi: Discovery Phytomedicine.2019.93
Original Article
Justicia secunda Vahl species : Phytochemistry,
Pharmacology and Future Directions: A mini-review
Jules M. Kitadi,1 Emmanuel M. Lengbiye,2 Benjamin Z. Gbolo,2
Clement L. Inkoto,2 Christophe L. Muanyishay,2 Georges L. Lufuluabo,2
Damien S.T. Tshibangu,1 Dorothée D. Tshilanda,1 Blaise M. Mbala,1
Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua,2 Pius T. Mpiana1*

158 Discovery Phytomedicine 2019; 6(4): 157-171. doi: 10.15562/phytomedicine.2019.93 www.phytomedicine.ejournals.ca
Justicia secunda Vahl species ... Jules M. Kitadi, et al.
from South America, is nowadays grown in other
tropical or subtropical African countries such as
Democratic Republic of the Congo. Justicia is the
largest genus of Acanthaceae, with approximately
600 species that are found in pantropical and trop-
ical regions. e species of Justicia are described
as erect or scandent perennial herbs or subshrubs.
Leaves present cystoliths and are petiolate with a
leaf margin that is usually entire. In orescences
are in spikes or panicles cimas, and the species
rarely has solitary, terminal, or axillary  owers.
e bracts and bracteoles are usually conspicuous
and imbricate. e species of Justicia can be easily
recognized by their bilabial corolla, with a posterior
lip that is generally two-lobed, an anterior lip that is
threelobed, two stamens, a capsule with four seeds,
and a basal sterile portion.5
Ethnobotany
Justicia secunda Vahl (Acanthaceae), a native
tropical herbaceous plant originating from South
America, is nowadays grown in other tropical or
subtropical African countries such as Democratic
Republic of the Congo. In the past, this plant was
grown in the local sur-roundings as an ornamental
until locals discovered its medicinal properties. e
leaves of this plant were subsequently used to cure-
various illnesses such as anemia or hypertension
and are now widely used for many other medicinal
applications. e phytochemical composition of
various cultivar leaf extracts revealed the pres-
ence of polyphenols such as avonoids, tannins,
leuco-anthocyanins and anthocyanins.6 Flavonoids
were the largest class of phenolic compound found.
Several species of Justicia are widely used in folk
medicine (as shown in Table 1) for the treatment of
respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases as well as
inammation. e plants are also utilized for their
eects on the central nervous system as hallucino-
gens, somniferous agents, sedatives, depressors, and
treatments for epilepsy and other mental disorders,
with eleven occurrences. Other species are popu-
larly used in the treatment of headache fever, anal-
gesic properties, cancer, diabetes, and HIV. Whole
plant and aerial parts are used in folk medicine.
Extracts made from only the leaves are the most
used, followed by those extracts made from only the
roots. Some species are used as mixtures. For exam-
ple, traditional physicians around Kotagiri village
near Ootacamund use a mixture of the powdered
roots of Cassia occidentalis L., Caesalpineae, Derris
brevipes var. Coriacea, Papillionaceae, and Justicia
simplex D. Don, Acanthaceae, to control fertility.
Administration of this mixture for a few days aer
menstruation prevents conception without any
toxic eects. e number of pregnancies among
treated women was signicantly less than that of
the control group. ese results indicate the abor-
tifacient nature of the roots of these plants.7 e
species Justicia pectoralis Jacq. is used as the major
component in a mixture to treat various diseases.
Moreover, Justicia insularis T. Anderson is used
as an infusion mixed with the leaves of Ambrosia
maritime L., Compositae.
METHODOLOGY
A literature search was conducted to obtain infor-
mation about the phytochemistry and pharmacog-
nosy of Justicia species and Justicia secunda Vahl.
from various electronic databases (PubMed Central,
PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar). e
scientic name of this plant species was used as
the keyword for the search, along with the terms
phytochemistry and pharmacognosy. e chemical
structures of the Justicia species naturally occurring
compound were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra
12.0 soware package.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phytochemical Screening and
Pharmacology
e phytocheistry screening of Justicia species
revealed the presence of various secondary
metabolites including the phenols, avonoids,7,8
alkaloids,8,9 terpenes, tannins, glycosides,10,11 sapo-
nins, coumarins, saponins, amino acids, aromatic
amines, stigmasterol, and lupeol. Lignans also show
antifeedant,11 antiangiogenic, antileishmanial,
antifungal, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, antide-
pressant,12 analgesic, hepatoprotective activities,13
antiplatelet,14 antiasthmatic, antiviral,15 antineo-
plastic,16 insecticidal, and anti-inammatory.
Dierent chemical structures of various
compounds isolated from the Justicia genus
(Acanthaceae) are given in Figure 1.
Nur-Aqidah et al.84 in Malaysia repported the
concentration of mineral nutrients in the selected
medicinal plants, the mean concentration level
of iron (Fe) varied between 0.14 and 0.21 mg/kg.
Fe is important for the formation of haemoglobin
and plays an essential role oxygen and electron
transfer in a human body.85 In cellular respira-
tion, it functions as an important component of
enzymes involved in biological oxidation.86 Mn is
an important element as a structural component
of some enzymes as stated by.95 Mn is an essential
trace element for the growth of plants and animals.
Specically, it is important in normal reproductive
functions and normal functioning of the central
nervous system.95 Justicia gendarussa and S. crispa

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Justicia secunda Vahl species ... Jules M. Kitadi, et al.
Table 1 Geography Distribution, Part used, Popular use, Preparation/Adminstration, etnopharmacology activities
from Justicia genus
Species Part used
Preparation/
adminstration Etnopharmacology activities Geography Distribution Reference
J. adhatoda Root Teaspoonful of root
Paste
Bronchitis Nepal, India, and Pakistan 17,18
Flower, fruit,
and root
Juice Cold, whooping cough, asthma,
and helminthic
India 17,19
Leaf Juice Diarrhoea, dysentery, and
glandular tumor
India 17
Leaf and
root
Expectorant, tuberculosis,
aborticient, antimicrobial,
antitussive, and anticancer
20
J. albobracteata L. Guatemala 21
J. anselliana Tropical Africa (Mali,
Guinea, Liberia, Ghana,
Nigeria, Togo, and Benin)
22
J. aurea Schltdl. Guatemala 21
J. betonica MeOH -Northeast of ailand 23, 24, 26
J. calycina Nees Whole plant Deconction Stimulant Suriname 27
J. cataractae Venezuela 28
J. ciliata Whole plant Deconction Fever and pain Taiwan, China 29
J. comata L. Peru 30
J. diusa Willd Leaf Paste Skin disease India 26
J. dumetorum Leaf and
ower
Juice Eye infection Bolivia 15
J. extensa Whole plant Crushed bark, leaf,
and fruit
Ichthyotoxic (aect the sh
respiratory system by paralysis)
Gabon 33
J. ava Vahl Seed Powder Smeared on gingival, teeth
pain, and nausea
Tropical and Southern
Africa
34
Leaf and
ower
Haemorrhoids and stomach
Disorders
Ghana 35
Leaf HIV/AIDS Uganda 36
J. gendarussa
Burm F
Leaf Deconction Fever, hemiplegia, rheumatism,
arthritis, headache, earache, muscle
pain, respiratory disorders, and
digestive troubles
China, India, Sri Lanka,
and Malaysia
18, 37, 38
Paste warmed
applied
on the aected area
Muscle pain and treatment of
fractured bone
Malaysia 39
Poultice Rheumatism and arthritis Vietnam 39
Deconction Analgesic to treat hemiplegia,
rheumatism, arthritis, headache,
and earache
Srilanka 20
Twi g Deconction Herbal bath during childbirth Malaysia 39
J.ghiesbreghtiana Leaf Deconction Stimulant and dysentery Mexico 40
J. ideogenes Whole plant Warm decoctions Treatment of limb trembling Brazil 7
J. insularis Leaf Cooked as soup Tooth ache, digestive, weaning
agent, and laxative
Nigeria 41
J. neesii
Ramamoorthy
Whole plant Ethanolic extract Anticancer India 42

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Justicia secunda Vahl species ... Jules M. Kitadi, et al.
Table 1 Continue
Species Part used
Preparation/
adminstration Etnopharmacology activities Geography Distribution Reference
J. patentiora
Hemsl.
EtOAc North Vietnam 58
J. pectoralis Jacq. Leaf Syrup Asthmas, cough, bronchitis, and
Expectorant
Tropical America 43, 44
Leaf Aqueous infusion Menstruation pain, diuretic,
cold, and cough
Ecuador 45
Aerial part Infusion, major
component of
mixtures
Catarrh, allergic eruptions,
somniferous, nervousness,
sedative, and hypotensive
Cuba 44
Leaf and
Stem
Diabetes, smooth muscle relaxant in
respiratory diseases, prostate diseases,
antibacterial, and sedative
Colombia 46
J. plectrantus Leaf Bath Headache Brazil 47
J. procumbens L. Leaf Deconction Asthmas Taiwan and India 48
Whole plant Juice Fever, pain due to
pharyngolaryngeal swelling,
and cancer
Taiwan 14
J. purpurea L. Root - Insanity and other mental
Disorders
India 25
J. reptans Swatz Leaf Infusion Colic Brazil 49
J. schimperiana Leaf Juice of crushed
fresh
Leaf
Diarrhoea, dysentery, and other
stomach disorders
Ethiopia 50
J. secunda Leaf Infusion Depression and anaemia Ghana 51
Whole plant Decoction Anaemia Suriname and Congo 52
J. sericea Aerial part - Vaginitis and inammation Peru 20
J. simplex Root Mixture of
powdered
roots of dierent
plants
Control fertility and
Abortifacient
India 53
J. spicigera Leaf Deconctio Stimulant, colic, inammation,
acabies (skin infection
caused by the itch mite),
gastrointestinal disorders, and
source of blue dye
Mexico 30
Aerial part Deconction Kidney infection, stimulant,
dysentery, menstruation, uterine
cancer and diabetes
Mexico 9,54
J. valida Taiwan 55
Table 2 Biological activity of coumarin (1), flavonoids (2-5), alkaloids (6-13), triterpenes (14-21) and Lignans (22-63)
isolated from the species of Justicia
Species Extract Compound Bioactivity Reference
J. pectoralis EtOH Umbeliferone (1) Anti-inammatory, antinociceptive, and bronchodilator 56
J. cataractae EtOH 3´,4´Dihydroxyavonol (2) Antioxidant, prevents diabetes, and vasodilator 57
J. gendarussa EtOH Apigenin (3) Anti-inammatory and antitumor 58
J. spicigera CHCl3Kaempferitrin (4) Antimicrobial, anti-inammatory, regulators of
macrophages, and reduce the blood glucose level
59
J. gendarussa EtOH Vitexin (5) Anti-inammatory and antinociceptive 60

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Justicia secunda Vahl species ... Jules M. Kitadi, et al.
Table 2 Continue
Species Extract Compound Bioactivity Reference
J. betonica EtOAc 5H,6H Quinindolin-11-one
(6)
- 61
J. betonica EtOAc 10H-Quindoline (7) Antitumor 61
J. betonica MeOH Jusbetonin (8) Antitumor 61
J. adhatoda EtOH Vasicine (9) Bronchodilator, uterotonic, and anti-inammatory 62
J. adhatoda EtOH Vasicinone (10) Bronchodilator 62
J. spicigera - Allantoin (11) Anti-inammatory and anti-ulcer 63
J. betonica EtOAc 6H-Quinindoline (12) - 61
J. adhatoda EtOH Vasicinol (13) Bronchodilator 62
J. betonica EtOH/H2O Justicioside A (14) - 64
J. betonica EtOH/H2O Justicioside B (15) - 64
J. betonica EtOH/H2O Justicioside C (16) - 64
J. betonica EtOH/H2O Justicioside D (17) - 64
J. betonica EtOH/H2O Justicioside E (18) - 64
J. betonica EtOH/H2O Justicioside F (19) - 64
J. betonica EtOH/H2O Justicioside G (20) - 64
J. simplex MeOH Justicisaponin (21) Antifertility 65
J. neesii EtOH Jusmicranthin (22) - 66
J. neesii EtOH Jusmicranthin methyl ether
(23)
- 66
J. ava EtOH Helioxanthin (24) Inhibition human hepatitis B viral replication and
antitumor
67
J. procumbens EtOH Taiwanin E (25) Antiplatelet aggregation and antitumor 68
J. purpurea MeOH Taiwanin E methyl ether (26) Antiplatelet aggregation 69
J. procumbens MeOH Justicidin E (27) Inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis by human
leukocytes
70
J. procumbens EtOH and
MeOH
Neojusticin A (28) Antiplatelet aggregation 71
J. purpurea MeOH Justicidin B (29) Anti-inammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, cytotoxycity,
antiviral, fungicidal, antiprotozoal against T. cruzi,
antimalarial, and antirheumatic
72
J. extensa EtOH Diphyllin (30) Cytotoxycity and antiviral 73
J. extensa Justicidin A (31) Cytotoxycity, antiviral, ‘sh killing’properties, and
induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells
73
J. purpurea MeOH Cleistanthin B (32) Antitumor 69
J. neesii MeOH Neesiinoside A (33) - 61
J. patentiora EtOAc 4´´-O-Acetylpatentiorin B
(34)
- 74
J. patentiora EtOAc Patentiorin A (35) Cytotoxicity against human carcinoma cells 74
J. patentiora EtOAc Patentiorin B (36) Cytotoxicity against human carcinoma cells 74
J.ciliata MeOH Tuberculatin (37) Antitumor 75
J. ciliata CH2Cl2Chinensinaphthol methyl
ether (38).
Antiplatelet aggregation 76
J. ciliata CH2Cl24´-Dimethyl
chinensinaphthol methyl
ether (40)
Antiplatelet aggregation 76

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Justicia secunda Vahl species ... Jules M. Kitadi, et al.
contained the highest zinc (Zn) concentration level
of 0.03 mg/kg followed by M. koenigii (0.02 mg/kg)
and C. asiatica (0.01 mg/kg). Zinc is essential to all
organisms and has an important role in metabo-
lism, growth, development and general well-being,
as well as become a crucial co-factor for numerous
enzymes in the body.85
Insecticidal, anti-inflammatory and
antiviral activities
Some species show antiviral activity (Justicia extensa
T. Anderson, Justicia gendarussa Burm f, J.procum-
bens, Justicia reptans Sw., and Justicia valida Ridl.)
against in vitro HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase,
HIV replication, and vesicular stomatitis virus.
Table 2 Continue
Species Extract Compound Bioactivity Reference
J. betonica MeOH Chinensinaphthol (41) - 76
J. hyssopifolia EtOAc Elenoside (42) Sedative, muscle relaxant, cytotoxic, antiviral, insecticidal,
cardiotonic, analgesic, inhibition of lipid peroxidation,
anti-inammatory, and stimulant
77
J. ciliata CH2Cl2Neojusticin B (43 Antiplatelet aggregation 76
J. procumbens MeOH Justicidinoside A (44) Antiviral 78
J. procumbens MeOH Justicidinoside C (45) Antiviral 78
J. procumbens MeOH Justicidinoside B (46) Antiviral 78
J. extensa EtOH Justicidin P (47) - 73
J. patentiora EtOAc Justicinol (48) Mild eect on the CNS 74
J. ciliata MeOH Ciliatoside A (49) Anti-inammatory 71
J. procumbens MeOH Procumbenoside A (50) Antitumor 75
J. betonica MeOH Cilinaphthalide A (51) Antitumor 75
J. betonica MeOH Cilinaphthalide B (52) Antiplatelet aggregation induced by adrenaline l
76
J. procumbens MeOH Diphylin apioside (53) Cytotoxycity and antiviral 78
J. procumbens MeOH Diphyllin apioside-5-acetate
(54)
Cytotoxycity and antiviral 78
J. purpurea MeOH Juspurpurin (55) - 69
J. patentiora EtOAc Carinatone (56) - 71
J. patentiora EtOAc Justiorinol (57) 71
J. ava EtOH (+)-Isolariciresinol (58) Anti-inammatory 65
J. purpurea MeOH Sesamin (59) Angiogenic 82
J. glauca EtOAc Justiciresinol (60) Cytotoxicity 66
J. purpurea MeOH Xanthoxylol (61) Antitumor eect on mouse, skin, and pulmonary
carcinogenesis
03
67
J. ava EtOH Podophyllotoxin (62) Cancer chemotherapy
J. ciliata CH2Cl2Heliobuphthalmin (63) Antineoplasic 83 [
Table 3 Concentration levels of mineral nutrients (mg/kg) in the selected medicinal plants.
Plants
Element (mg/kg) Murraya koenigii Strobilantes crispa Justicia gendarussa Centella Asiatica
Ca 5.16 ± 0.00 5.76 ± 0.00 5.26 ± 0.00 5.71 ± 0.00
Cu 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00
Fe 0.15 ± 0.00 0.14 ± 0.00 0.15 ± 0.00 0.21 ± 0.00
Mg 1.37 ± 0.02 1.13 ± 0.00 1.72 ± 0.00 1.49 ± 0.02
Mn 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00± 0.00 0.00± 0.02 0.00± 0.00
Mo 0.0 0± 0.00 ND 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00
Zn 0.02 ± 0.00 0.03 ± 0.00 0.03 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00

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However, the species popularly used as antiviral
agents, Justicia betonica L. and Justicia ava (Vahl)
Vahl, were either not included in pharmacological
studies, or were tested but did not show antiviral
activity. Crude water extracts of the aerial parts of
J. gendarussa proved to be strongly active against
in vitro HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase. Based on
these observations, this species might be further
explored for its antiviral indications. Moreover, this
species shows positive antimosquito tests, which
were observed on the growth and development of
IV-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. A brief
exposure to concentrations of 0.05 to 0.50mg/mL of
the plant extract is required to produce 100% larvi-
cidal activity. e extracts of J. pectoralis were found
to be the most toxic larvicide among the species of
Justicia extracts tested. Extracts of J. pectoralis have
estrogenic, progestagenic, and anti-inammatory,87

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Justicia secunda Vahl species ... Jules M. Kitadi, et al.
eects, explaining the plants traditional use in
menopause and PMS therapies.
In Uganda. Lignans Justicidin B, Diphyllin,
Justicidin A, Justicidinoside A, Justicidinoside
C, Justicidinoside B, Diphylin apioside, and
Diphyllin apioside-5-acetate show antiviral activi-
ties. ese compounds were isolated from J. extensa,
J. betonica, and J. procumbens, and also show the
same biological activities. Conversely, lignans
Justicidin B, Diphyllin, Justicidin A, Patentiorin
A, Patentiorin B, and Elenoside show antiviral
activity, but were isolated from species that did
not show this activity. A larger investigation of the
extracts of these species is required to explore their
antiviral activities.88
Cytotoxicy and Antibacterial activity
In Malaysia a total of 300 endophytes were isolated
from various parts of plants (Justicia spp) from the
National Park, Pahang. 3.3% of extracts showed
potent (IC50 < 0.01 μg/ml) cytotoxic activity
against the murine leukemic P388 cell line and
1.7% against a human chronic myeloid leukemic
cell line K562.Sporothrix sp. (KK29FL1) isolated
from Costus speciosus showed strong cytotoxicity
against colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) and human
breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cell lines with IC50
values of 0.05 μg/ml and 0.02 μg/ml, respectively.
Antibacterial activity has been demonstrated for
8% of the extracts. J. pectoralis showed high anti-
bacterial activity against E. coli, E. faecalis, and
S.epidermidis.89
e antimicrobial activity of biosynthe-sized
AgNP were evaluated against foodborne bacteria
(Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae andEnt-
erobacter aerogenes) and phytopathogenic fungi
(Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani, Alternaria
alternata and Macrophomina phaseolina). e
elemental prole of synthesized nano-particles
using J. spicigera shows higher counts at 3 keV due to
silver, conrming the formationof silver nanoparti-
cles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis
showed a particle sizebetween 86and 100 nm with
spherical morphology. AgNP showed eective anti-
bacterial andantifungal activity against the tested
organisms principally with B. cereus, K. pneumo-
niae, E. aerogenes, A. alternata and M. phaseolina.
erefore, further studies are needed to conrm
thepotential of AgNP from J. spicigera in the control
of indicator organisms under eld conditions.90
Anticancer activity
An ethanol extract of Justicia neesii Ramamoorthy
(Acanthaceae) exhibited anticancer activity against
P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. A methanol
extract of the whole plant of Justicia procumbensL.
showed signicant inhibitory activity in vivo
against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia growth and in
vitro cytotoxicity in the 9-KB (human nasopharyn-
geal carcinoma) cell culture assay.91 Some species
also showed inhibition of human cancer cell lines,
mainly toward human cervical carcinoma (Justicia
ciliata Jaqc.), T 47D and HeLa human cell lines
(Justicia spicigera Schltdl.), and human ovarian
cancer cell line (Justicia rhodoptera Baker), as well
as prevention of some tumoral cell growth (Justicia
patentiora Hemsl.). e activity of popularly used
whole-plant extracts of J. procumbens and J.nesii
and leaf extracts of J. specigera as anticancer agents
was conrmed by employing the same parts of
the plant. However, the anticancer properties of
Justicia adhatoda L. have not yet been conrmed
pharmacologically.92
Zahidah et al. 2014,13 report them the metha-
nolic leaf extracts of the Justicia gendarussa from
ve dierent locations in the Southern region of
Peninsular Malaysia and two avonoids, kaemp-
ferol and naringenin, were tested for cytotoxic
activity. Kaempferol and naringenin were two
avonoids detected in leaf extracts using gas chro-
matography-ame ionization detection (GC-FID).
e results indicated that highest concentrations
of kaempferol and naringenin were detected in
leaves extracted from Mersing with 1591.80mg/
kg and 444.35mg/kg, respectively. Positive
correlationswere observed between kaempferol
and naringenin concentrations in all leaf extracts
analysedwith the Pearson method. e eects of
kaempferol and naringenin from leaf extracts were
examined on breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-
231 and MDA-MB-468) using MTT assay. Leaf
extract from Mersing showed high cytotoxicity
against MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 with
IC50 values of 23 𝜇g/mL and 40 𝜇g/mL, respec-
tively, compared to other leaf extracts. Kaempferol
possessed high cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-468
andMDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 23 𝜇g/mL and
34 𝜇g/mL, respectively. ese ndings suggest that
the presence of kaempferol in Mersing leaf extract
contributed to high cytotoxicity of both MDA-MB-
231 and MDA-MB-468 cancer cell lines.
Antiepileptic and anxiolytic activities.
e popular use of J. pectoralis in the treatment of
epilepsy and anxiety has been conrmed with the
ethanol extract of the leaves. e ethanol extracts
of J. pectoralis, Justicia aurea Schltdl., and Justicia
albobracteata Leonard were tested in vitro for their
ability to inhibit GABAtransaminase (GABA-T) or
to bind to the GABA Abenzodiazepine receptor,
two principal drug targets in epilepsy and anxiety.
A signicant positive correlation between GABA-T

168 Discovery Phytomedicine 2019; 6(4): 157-171. doi: 10.15562/phytomedicine.2019.93 www.phytomedicine.ejournals.ca
Justicia secunda Vahl species ... Jules M. Kitadi, et al.
inhibition and the relative frequency of use for
epilepsy was observed. Moreover, an even stronger
correlation between GABA Abinding and the rela-
tive frequency of use for shock was observed. us
the Q’eqchi’ traditional knowledge of J. pectoralis,
J. aurea, and J. albobracteata is associated with the
plants antiepileptic and anxiolytic activities.92
Anti-sickling activity
Anthocyanins from Justicia secunda were found
to possess anti-sickling activity. Treated SS red
blood cells recovered a normal, classical biconcave
form with a radius of 3.3±0.3μm, similar to that of
normal erythrocytes.93 e results obtained indicate
that all these three collected species from Kisangani
and its surrounding, located at the North-East of
the D.R. CONGO, showed an antisickling activity.
e chemical screening performed on these plants
showed in these three species the presence of poly-
phenols of which anthocyanins. e tests carried
out with anthocyanins extracts showed a signicant
activity of these metabolites with a normalization
rate of the form of the sickle cells of 87% for Justicia
gendarussa, 92% for Justicia insularis and 80% for
Justicia tenella. e minimal concentrations in
anthocyanins necessary to have maximal normal-
ization are respectively of 7.2 μg/mL for Justicia
insularis, 7.6 μg/mL for Justicia gendarussa and
7.7μg/mL for Justicia tenella.6
e acute toxicity was performed with up and
down method and the highest dose used was 2 g/kg.
e anti-inammatory activity was evaluated using
the carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema
models, and antinociceptive activity was evaluated
using acetic acid-induced writhing reex and tail ick
test models while the antioxidant activity was evalu-
ated using 2,2-diphenyl-2- picryl hydrazyl (DPPH)
and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
photometric assay. e extract was well tolerated
as no signs of toxicity or death were noticed during
the period of observation. e extract produced a
concentration dependent increase in antioxidant
activities in both DPPH and FRAP models. e
extract produced its optimum activity at 400 lg/ml
in both DPPH (54.07%) assay and FRAP (1.58 lM)
assay. e extract produced signicant (P < 0.05)
dose-dependent increase in both anti-inammatory
and antinociceptive activities. e antinociceptive
and anti-inammatory activities of the extract (0.4 g/
kg) were comparable with the reference drugs (aspi-
rin and pentazocine) used in the study.94
CONCLUSION
e present mini-review was undertaken with the
aim of providing highlight and updated information
on the medically and scientic evidence supporting
the multiple uses of Justicia secunda Vahl. species
in Traditional Medicine. Medicinal plant species
are rich in secondary metabolites of pharmaceu-
tical relevance. e advantages of their therapeutic
uses in various ailments are their safety besides
being economical, eective and available. Justicia
species are pharmacologically and chemically
much studied but limited to only some activities,
although the diversity of secondary metabolites
present in the plants species especially alkaloids,
saponins tannins, avonoids, terpenoids, amino
acids, aromatic amines, stigmasterol, lupeol,
coumarin, steroids, glycosides have already been
isolated from there. Justicia secunda Vahl. is a good
candidate for Tropical Plants Screening Research
program for the development of lead compounds
against genetic and parasitic diseases such as the
antisickling, anti-hemolytic and membrane stabi-
lizing eects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
e authors gratefully acknowledge and thank the
TWAS and the Swedish International Development
Agency (SIDA) for the grant
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