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Certel KORUYUCU AİLE DERNEKLERİNE ÜYE OLAN KORUYUCU AİLELERİN BU MODELE İLİŞKİN DENEYİM VE DEĞERLENDİRMELERİ 1 Experiences and Evaluations of Foster Families, Who are Members of Foster Family Associations, on this Model
Abstract
The aim of this research is to understand the problems experienced in the foster care system and all aspects of the process from the perspectives of the foster families and their evaluations of the system 1 "Koruyucu Aile Derneklerine Üye Koruyucu Ailelerin Bu Modele İlişkin Deneyim ve Değerlendirmeleri" isimli yüksek lisans tezimin bulgularını kullanarak yazdığım bu makalede tez danışmanım saygıdeğer Doç. Dr. Burcu Yakut Çakar'a katkıları ve desteği için teşekkür ederim.
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ÖZET
Zamanla küçülen, zayıflayan ve parçalanan ailenin tek başına çocuğu koruyamadığı anlaşılmıştır. Sosyal devlet, çocuğun korunması konusunda kamunun rolünün daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Ailesi yanında korunamayan çocuk için alternatif bakım türleri devreye sokulmalıdır. Alternatif bakım türleri arasında da önceliğin yine "aile yanında bakım" türlerinde olması gerekir. Koruyucu aile bakımını, çocuk koruma sistemi içinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme, Türkiye'de çocuk koruma sisteminin ve koruyucu aile uygulamalarının en önemli uluslararası yasal dayanaklarından biridir. Bu konudaki, ulusal düzenlemeler arasında ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası, Türk Medeni Kanunu, 2828 Sayılı Sosyal Hizmetler ve Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu Kanunu önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Türkiye'de kapsamlı, bütünlüklü, tutarlı bir çocuk koruma politikasının var olduğunu söylemek zordur. Ek olarak bu alana ayrılan bütçe olanaklarının yetersizliği, uygulamalarda ve denetimlerde "iyi yönetişim" ilkelerine aykırılıklar temel sorunlar arasında sayılabilir. Türkiye'de koruyucu aile uygulamalarının geliştirilebilmesi için yeterli tanıtımı yapılmalı, ilgili yasal düzenlemelerin uygulama güçlükleri ve ek-siklikleri belirlenmeli ve giderilmeli, profesyonel bir anlayışla ele alınmalı, ilgili meslek elemanları ek eğitimlerle güçlendirilmeli, koruyucu aileye yapılan ödemeler teşvik edici olmalı, aileler eğitilmeli ve denetlenmelidir. Son olarak Türkiye'de kendi öz ailesi yanında bakımı sağlanmadığı için bir akrabası yanında bakılıp korunan (geleneksel koruyucu aile); buna karşılık haklarında korunma kararı bulunmayan, kamunun herhangi bir şekilde ilgi alanında olmayan çok sayıda çocuk bulunmaktadır. Bu çocukların da bakımı ve korunması kamunun ilgi alanında olmalı, kayıt altına alınmalı, denetlenmeli ve aileye ve çocuğa, gereksinimi olan her türlü destek sağlanmalıdır.
Anahtar Sözcükler: çocuk koruma siste-mi, yasal düzenlemeler, çocuk koruma politi-kası, alternatif bakım, koruyucu aile bakımı, enformel aile bakımı
Foster children have stories and the whole foster care system, including the child, need to hear them. The story metaphor is useful in understanding how foster children perceive and process their world. Stories can help foster children better understand themselves, and help case managers, therapists, foster parents, teachers and policy makers hear these children in order to better attend to their needs. These children desire to have a greater part in the decisions that affect their lives, and hearing from them is important in honoring the unique and powerful story each child experiences. A framework for understanding and using stories is offered and relevant studies are reviewed and research suggestions are made.
The potential to foster successfully starts with developing and supporting competency in 12 domains: providing a safe and secure environment, providing a nurturing environment, promoting educational attainment and success, meeting physical and mental healthcare needs, promoting social and emotional development, supporting diversity and children's cultural needs, supporting permanency planning, managing ambiguity and loss for the foster child and family, growing as a foster parent, managing the demands of fostering on personal and familial well-being, supporting relationships between children and their families, and working as a team member. This article describes each domain and reviews relevant research to help guide the assessment of practicing and future foster parents.
This study investigated different environmental and contextual factors associated with maltreated children's adjustment in foster care. Participants included 83 children (52 boys), ages 1-7 years, and their foster caregivers. Quality of interaction with the foster caregiver was assessed from direct observation of a free-play situation; foster caregiver attachment state of mind and commitment toward the child were assessed using two interviews; disruptive behavior symptoms were reported by foster caregivers. Results showed that quality of interaction between foster caregivers and children were associated with behavior problems, such that higher-quality interactions were related to fewer externalizing and internalizing problems. Foster caregivers' state of mind and commitment were interrelated but not directly associated with behavior problems of foster children. Type of placement moderated the association between foster caregiver commitment and foster child behavior problems. Whereas greater foster caregiver commitment was associated with higher levels of adjustment for children in foster families (kin and non-kin), this was not the case in foster-to-adopt families. Finally, the associations between foster child behavior problems and history of maltreatment and placement related-risk conditions fell below significance after considering child age and quality of interaction with the foster caregiver. Findings underscore the crucial contribution of the foster caregiver-child relationship to fostering child adjustment and, thereby, have important implications for clinical services offered to this population.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Participation by children in child protection remains a complex area of practice. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study exploring the views of 26 children, aged 6–17 years, about their participation in the child protection system in England. All of the children were subject to a child protection plan and were living at home at the time of interview. The children's understanding of the child protection process was categorized, and the majority of children, including the youngest, were found be at least partially aware of the child protection process, often struggling to make sense of the professional intervention in their families on the basis of partial information. It is argued that decisions about children's involvement should take into account not only children's age and understanding, but be seen in the context of wider family dynamics. Participation in formal processes such as child protection conferences was experienced as difficult and emotive. The child's relationship with their social worker was central to meaningful participation.
This study tested the hypothesis that frequent parental visiting is associated with foster children's conflicting allegiances to foster families and biological parents among a random sample of 199 young adolescents placed in family foster care for longer than 1 year. Conflicting allegiances were expected to be associated with emotional and behavioral disturbance. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that frequent visitation is potentially difficult for foster children because of the loyalty conflicts that might accompany frequent visiting. These results suggest that interventions designed to reduce loyalty conflicts might improve the adaptation of high-risk foster children.
In this qualitative exploratory study the perspectives of foster parents in an eastern Canadian province, who had at least five years of fostering experience, were explored through structured open-ended telephone interviews. The interview questions were organized around seven main areas based on the personal experiences as foster parents which were: the misconceptions they encountered, their motivation and the reasons they continue to foster, the joys, as well as the barriers and challenges these foster parents faced, and what advice foster parents would offer future foster parents. Four themes emerged through the data analysis: misunderstood intent, joyful satisfaction, unrealistic expectations, and missing pieces. The emergent theoretical model "gentle iron will" reflects the feelings associated with the obligation resulting from the commitment foster parents made to themselves and the children in their care. This study supports much of the literature on the experiences of foster parents because the participants' responses are reflected in the existing body of literature.
Studies have examined factors that impact successful placements in foster care. Absent from this body of research, however, are factors that promote foster parent competence. The purpose of this study was to assess perceived competency of foster parents, subsequent to pre-service training, in tasks of foster parenting across 12 domains of foster parenting as recommended by previous research. The sample consisted of 20 foster parents who had completed foster parent training within the past five years. Although foster parents in this study rated themselves as competent in primary domains of foster parenting, there were mixed results as to their satisfaction and acceptance of demands of foster parenting in relation to foster family adjustment and working with a complex care system. Implications for therapeutic interventions are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes and motivations of adoptive and nonadoptive foster parent trainees toward parenting and foster parenting. Subjects were 44 adoptive female participants and 149 nonadoptive female trainees. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance revealed significant differences between adoptive and nonadoptive trainees in parenting attitudes, foster parenting attitudes, and motivations for foster parenting. Inspection of adjusted means indicated that adoptive trainees had more positive attitudes toward parenting than nonadoptive trainees on three parenting dimensions: inappropriate parental expectations of children, parental value of physical punishment, and lack of empathy toward children's needs. Nonadoptive trainees had more positive attitudes toward parenting than adoptive trainees on parent-child role reversal. Inspection of adjusted means for foster parenting attitudes revealed that adoptive trainees identified more with the role of foster parenting than did nonadoptive trainees, although nonadoptive trainees had higher scores on foster parenting expectations than adoptive trainees. Inspection of adjusted means for motivations indicated that adoptive trainees were more motivated than nonadoptive trainees in four areas: rescuing a child, companionship for adult, replacing grown children, and companionship for own child. Nonadoptive trainees were more motivated by financial gain. One implication of these findings is that these two groups may require different training curricula.
An analysis of the current state of foster care and a discussion of specific measures for enhancing the accountability of the child welfare system and improving how children and families experience foster care.
Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri Beş yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Desenleri
- J W Creswell
Creswell, J. W. (2015). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri Beş yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Desenleri.
(M. Bütün, S. B. Demir, Çev.). (2. baskı). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
Koruyucu Aile Bakımı Altındaki Çocukların Davranış ve Duygusal Sorunları
- S Üstüner
- N Erol
- Z Şimşek
Üstüner, S., Erol, N., Şimşek, Z. (2005). Koruyucu Aile Bakımı Altındaki Çocukların Davranış ve Duygusal
Sorunları. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi. 12 (3), 130-140.