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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(66), pp. 12939-12950, 16 August, 2012
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.738
ISSN 1684-5315 ©2012 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effects of electron beam radiation on trait mutation in
azuki bean (Vigna angularisi)
Wan-Xia Luo#, Yi-Song Li#, Bao-Mei Wu, Yu-Er Tian, Bo Zhao, Li Zhang, Kai Yang and
Ping Wan*
The College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application,
Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, PC 102206, China.
Accepted 23 July, 2012
Dry seeds of azuki bean (Vigna angularisi), Jingnong 6 and Hebei 801 varieties were irradiated by
electron beam of 100, 300, 600, 700 and 900 Gy, respectively. Mutations of leaf shape and color, seed
size and shape, trailing, more branching, dwarfing, early or late flowering time and high yield were
created in M2 and M3 generations. There were richest variations in Jinnong 6 treated with 600 Gy. Heibei
801 was more sensitive to electron beam radiation than Jingnong 6; more mutation types were
produced at 100, 300 and 600 Gy. The pod number per plant, seed number and yield per plant of
Jinnong 6 displayed a strikingly negative correlation to radiation dose, while the pod length, pod width,
and 100-seeds weight of progenies from Hebei 801 had a significantly negative correlation with the
radiation dose, but pod number per plants showed significantly positive correlation. Few of the normal
phenotype plant in M2 generation derived mutants of new leaf yellowing, narrow leaf, clustering flower
and leaf, kidney or sword leaf in M3 generation. Mutants of kidney and sword leaf, early flowering time
from M2 generation could be stably inherited in M3 generation.
Key words: Azuki bean (Vigna angularisi), electron beam radiation, trait mutation.
INTRODUCTION
Azuki bean (Vigna vulgaris Ohwi and Ohashi) originated
in China (Vavilov, 1935). It had been cultivated more than
two thousand years. Azuki bean is one of the important
food legumes in China. Its area is 2.5 to 3.0 million hm2
and total yield is 3 to 4 million ton per year, ranking first in
the world. Radiation breeding induce plant mutation; by
X-ray, γ-ray, ion beam, laser beam, neutron and electron
beam, which result in gene mutation and chromosome
aberration, and then gain new variety (Chen, 2002).
Calaldecatt (1955) firstly treated barleys using 2 MeV
electrons beam and showed that electron radiation
induced high mutation rate and wide mutation spectrum.
Most of research reports of electron beam radiation
breeding were published in China; the earliest is in the
1980s. Some researches revealed that electron beam
*Corresponding author. E-mail: pingwan3@163.com. Tel: 86-
10-80799134. Fax: 86-10- 80796917.
#Both authors contributed equally to the work.
radiation holds small physiological damage in M1
generation and wide mutation frequency in M2
generation.
5 MeV electrons and 60Co-gamma-radiation were used
to irradiate dry seeds of rice. The results showed that
electron beam possess lower damage, higher mutagen
frequency, and wider mutagen spectrum than 60Co-
gamma-radiation (Guo et al., 1982). The optimum doses
for germinating seeds and dry seeds of rice were 50 and
150 Gy, respectively. Indica was more sensitive to
electron beam than Japonica (Shu et al., 1996). In barley,
the half lethal dose (LD50) of electron beam radiation was
2.5 × 104 to 3.5 × 104 rad, lethal dose (LD100) of 6.3 × 104
rad, and 1.0 × 104 to 2.5×104 rad was the appropriate
inducing dose (Xu et al., 1983).
The dry seeds of 4 barley cultivars were irradiated by
electron beam with doses from 100 to 300 Gy. The
variation lines of high yield, dwarf and large 1000-grain
weight were gained (Rui et al., 1995). The mutants of
chlorophyll and growth period were created in M2
generation of soybean treated by electron beam, and the
appropriate radiation dose was 2.7 × 104 to 4.4 × 104 rad.
12940 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
(Li et al., 1988). LD50 was 40 Gy in M1 generation of
sorghum radiated by electron beam, different color
sorghum seeds had different sensitivity on electron beam
radiation, and the appropriate dose of white seed was
from 30 to 50 Gy, while it was from 100 to150 Gy in red
seed (Lu et al., 1995). 22 seedless mutants were
selected from electron beam-induced orange bud. The
suitable dose of treating sweet orange bud was around
5.0 × 103 rad and mandarin oranges was about 3.0 ×103
rad (Zhou et al., 1995). Electron beam radiation was also
used in ornamental plants breeding. The mutants of
flower color, flower petal, and flowering time were
produced in tissue culture seedlings of chrysanthemum
treated with 30 to 50 Gy electron beam (Lin et al., 2000).
The percentages of bud formation of 100 Gy electron
beam-irradiating Mauve and Indikon lines were 3.7 and
11.3%, respectively in African violet (Saintpaulia ionahta),
and doses from 40 to 60 Gy were suitable for leaf tissue
(Zhou et al., 2006). Electron beam inhibited growth and
development of plants and resulted in flower mutation in
cockscomb (Celosia cristata L). The mutation rate was
between 0.5 to 2%. 150 Gy was appropriate dose of
treating dry seed of cockscomb (Wang et al., 2006). LD50
and LD100 of electron beam-radiating scarlet sage were
55 and 85 Gy, respectively (Huang et al., 2007).
Electron beam radiation could significantly inhibit the
growth and development of M1 generation plants of
Gladiolus in the seedling and initially flowering period;
LD50 of treating corm of Super rose cultivar was 240 Gy,
but LD50 of Beauty queen was greater than 240 Gy
(Zhang and Wang 2008). Until now, the report of electron
beam mutagenesis in azuki bean is still not published. In
this research, azuki bean varieties Jinnong 6 and Hebei
801 were treated with different dose electron beam. The
effects of mutation were analyzed for exploring an
optimum inducing dose in azuki bean and creating more
mutants. It is very useful in acquiring mutants for gene
mapping, cloning and breeding of azuki bean.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Azuki bean Jinnong 6 and Hebei 801 varieties were supplied by
College of Plant Science and Technology in Beijing University
of Agriculture. Jinnong 6 was bred by Beijing University
of Agriculture. Whole growth period of Jingnong 6 was from 90 to
95 days. Its average plant height is 50 cm (Jin et al., 2000). Hebei
801 with big seed was bred by Hebei Province, and its average
100-seed weight is more than 20 g.
Electron beam radiation treatment
In 2007, dry seeds of Jingnong 6 and Hebei 801 were irradiated
with electron beam of 100, 300, 600, 700 and 900 Gy dose,
respectively (5 MeV, BF-5 electron linear acceleratorelectric current
intensity 0.2 mA, 4 Gy/min) in Institute of Low-Energy Nuclear
Physics of Beijing Normal University. 1800 seeds of Jinnong 6 were
treated with 600 Gy dosage, and the rest doses treated 220 dry
seeds of Jinnong 6, respectively. Each of HB801 220 dry seeds
was radiated by 100, 300, 600, 700 and 900 Gy, respectively. The
controls were non treated Jinnong 6 or HB801 dry seeds.
Planting
The electron beam-treated Jingnong 6 and Hebei 801 seeds were
planted in the experimental field of Beijing University of Agriculture
on June 13th 2007. Germinating rate of M1 generation was
investigated and calculated. Every plant was separately harvested
in the autumn of 2007. On June 16th 2008, all seeds from M1
generation were planted according to the individual plant. The row
length was 3 m, and 35 seeds were sown in each row, and a row of
control was planted per 10 rows. During the whole growing stage,
the traits of plant architecture, leaf shape, leaf color, flowering time,
pod color resistant and susceptible disease, and growth period in
M2 generation were investigated. Every single plant of trait mutation
was recorded and tagged, respectively. All tagged morphological
mutation plants were harvested individually in mature period, and
then their branch number on main stem, plant height, pod length
and width, seed color and shape, 100-seeds weight, seed number
and yield per plant were tested. The data was analyzed statistically.
On June 13, 2009, the seeds of tagged each mutant and a part of
seeds from the non variational trait plants in M2 generation were
planted. One row contrast was grown at every 20 rows. The
phenotype traits and growth period were extensively surveyed and
tracked during the whole growing period in M3 generation. Mutants
were further identified. The data was statistically analyzed.
Statistical analysis
Average is x^ = ∑x / N, in which, x^ delegates mean value, x the
observed value, and N is the number of observed value. Coefficient
variation (CV) = σ / x^, in which σ stands for standard difference,
and CV is the statistics for elevating variation degree of all
observed values. Correlation analysis is conducted using DPS
analysis soft.
RESULTS
Impacts of radiation doses on germination rate of M1
generation
Germination rate of Jingnong 6 and Hebei 801 radiated
by electron beam decreased with the increase of
radiation dosage (Table 1). No one seed of Jingnong 6
germinated at doses of 700 and 900 Gy. Hebei 801 had
relatively higher germination rate than Jingnong 6,
indicating that Hebei801 is more tolerant to electron
beam radiation. It is evident that sensitivity of different
azuki bean variety is different under the electron beam
radiation. LD50 of electron beam radiating azuki bean is
approximately 132 Gy.
Mutation types and frequency of M2 generation
Jingnong 6 has phenotype of ovate leaf of deep green
color and determined growth. The mutants of kidney leaf,
sword leaf, lanceolate leaf, small heart-shaped leaf, light
Luo et al. 12941
Table 1. Germination rate of M1 generation induced by electron beam in azuki bean.
Treatment
Dosage
(Gy)
Number of
seed
Number of seedlings
(%)
Germination rate
(%)
Relative germination
ratea (%)
Jingnong 6 control
0
360
242
67.20
100.00
Jingnong 6
100
220
43
19.55
29.09
300
220
19
8.63
12.84
600
1800
81
4.50
6.70
700
220
0
0.00
0.00
900
220
0
0.00
0.00
Hebei 801 control
0
70
48
68.60
100.00
Hebei 801
100
220
108
49.09
71.56
300
220
66
30.00
43.73
600
220
11
5.00
7.29
700
220
7
3.18
4.64
900
220
8
3.64
5.31
Relative seedling rate = seedling rate of induced plants/ seedling rate of control plants × 100%.
Table 2. Mutation frequency of M2 generation induced by electron beam in azuki bean.
Mutant trait
Jingnong 6 (%)
Hebei 801 (%)
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
700 Gy
900 Gy
Dwarf
-
3.23
0.58
0.27
0.75
1.67
-
-
Kidney leaf
-
-
0.58
1.64
3.01
1.67
-
-
Sword leaf
-
-
0.49
-
-
-
-
-
Small leaf
2.94
-
7.51
-
1.5
1.67
6.25
4.17
Small heart-shaped leaf
-
-
0.58
-
-
-
-
-
Early flowering
-
-
-
0.27
0.38
-
-
-
Late flowering
-
-
-
1.09
0.38
1.67
-
-
Light green leaf
-
-
9.83
2.73
3.38
6.67
-
-
Dark green leaf
-
-
-
-
-
-
6.25
-
Yellowing leaf
-
-
0.58
0.27
0.75
-
-
-
More branches
-
-
1.16
0.82
1.13
6.67
-
-
Trailing
-
-
-
0.82
1.13
6.67
-
-
susceptible mosaic virus
5.88
-
-
0.82
0.75
-
-
-
High yield
-
-
1.73
-
-
-
-
-
green and yellowing leaf, trailing, multi-branch,
susceptible mosaic virus, dwarf and high yield were
produced in M2 generation (Table 2, Figures 1 and 2).
Hebei 801 showed the phenotype of heart-shaped leaf
and determined growth. Variations of dwarf, kidney leaf,
small leaf, early or late maturing, light and dark green leaf
and trailing in M2 generation were created (Table 2,
Figures 1 and 3). Electron beam radiation had better
efficiency to Hebei 801 than to Jingnong 6. The most
mutation types of Jingnong 6 were obtained at 600 Gy
doses, while more variation types of HB801 were gained
at 100, 300 and 600 Gy.
Impacts of electron beam radiation on agronomic
traits of M2 generation
Plant height, 100-seed weight and average node number
of main stem increased in M2 generation compared to
Jingnong 6 control. Pod number per plant, seed number
per plant and yield of single plant at low radiation dose
increased and decreased at high radiation dose; both the
12942 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 1. Mutants of leaf shape induced by electron beam. (a) Jingnong 6 control. (b) Sword leaf (600 Gy from
Jingnong 6). (c) Lanceolate leaf (600 Gy from Jingnong 6). (d) Hebei 801 control. (e) Kidney leaf (100 Gy from
Hebei 801). (f) Oval leaf (600 Gy from Hebei 801).
Figure 2. Mutant of yellowing leaf in Jingnong 6 treated by electron beam. (a) Jingnong 6 control. (b) Mutant of
yellowing leaf (600 Gy).
Figure 3. Mutant of plant shape in Hebei 801 treated by electron beam. (a) Hebei 801 control. (b) Mutant of plant
architecture and compound leaf (100Gy).
Luo et al. 12943
Table 3. The difference comparison of main agronomic traits in M2 generation treated by electron beam with controls.
Trait
Jingnong 6
Hebei 801
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
700 Gy
900 Gy
M-CK
M-CK
M-CK
M-CK
M-CK
M-CK
M-CK
M-CK
Plant height (cm)
6.14
1
1.6
2.31
-0.86
21.54
-3.54
-7.28
Length of pod (cm)
-0.23
-0.27
-0.11
0.16
-0.43
-3.07
-1.19
0.44
Width of pod (cm)
0.05
0.05
0.03
-0.04
-0.06
-0.16
-0.09
-0.05
Pod number per plant
4.46
0.75
-5.91
2.88
1.79
6.24
5.55
7.02
Seed number per plant
12.8
-9.6
-37.1
16.07
8.27
2.23
3.88
30.92
Yield per plant (g)
4.39
0.82
-4.95
0.77
-2.18
-5.72
-3.64
3.89
100 seed weight
2.35
2.85
3.59
-2.57
-4.21
-8.33
-6.16
-2.58
Mode number of main stem
2.01
2.36
0.76
1.28
0.45
2.78
0.22
0.82
M-CK, the average of mutants subtract the average of control.
Table 4. Coefficient of variation of main agronomic traits in M2 generation induced by electron beam.
Trait
Jingnong 6
Hebei 801
Control
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
Control
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
700 Gy
900 Gy
Plant height (cm)
27.51
20.07
23.18
22.61
23.58
28.25
36.06
22.71
37.16
15
Node number of main stem
22.91
16.07
16.75
21.21
13.52
47.72
17.75
18.07
19.4
12.63
Pod length (cm)
10.87
23.13
15.68
18.01
12.35
58.36
17.13
28.69
28.53
12.28
Pod width (cm)
7.69
9.43
7.514
9.87
8.033
10.95
11.78
9.8
11.06
10.35
Pod number per plant
54.37
71.57
58.08
85.24
49.24
75.8
82.02
91.51
96.9
52.51
Seed number per plant
49.76
80.83
57.66
87.26
54.11
79.53
86.94
98.1
89.09
48.29
Yield per plant (g)
55.15
81.99
60.44
87.21
54.88
76.21
79.44
94.92
81.84
51.68
100-seed weight (g)
8.29
14.41
15.37
94.11
4.65
31.12
29.4
21.96
27.84
25.51
pod length and pod width were proximate to the contrast
(Table 3). Plant height, 100-seed weight, node number of
main stem, pod width were close to the contrast Hebei
801’s in M2 generation induced with different dose
electron beam, while pod length and yield per plant
increased. It is clear that same character of different
azuki bean variety had differential sensitivity at same
radiation dose.
Analysis on the coefficient of variation of agronomic
characters in M2 generation
On the whole, Jingnong 6 treated with 600 Gy dose had
the max coefficient of variation (CV) in, pod number per
plant, seed number per plant, yield per plant and 100-
seed weight. Hebei 801 treated with 700 Gy recorded the
max CV in plant height and pod number per plant, the
most CV of node number of main stem, pod length and
100-seed weight at 100 Gy, as well as the most CV of
seed number per plant and yield per plant at 600 Gy
(Tables 4 and 5). The correlation between main
agronomic characters of Jingnong 6, Hebei 801 and
electron beam radiation dose was analyzed (Table 6).
Pod number per plant, seed number per plant and 100-
seed weight of Jingnong 6 had significantly negative
correlation to the radiation dose; the higher the dose was,
the higher the negative impact on these characters was.
The pod length, pod width and yield per plant of Hebei
801 showed significantly negative correlation to radiation
dose, indicating that pod length, pod width and per 100-
seed weight decreased significantly under high radiation
dose, while the pod number per plant increased
obviously. It is evident that same character of different
cultivars had different correlation to the radiation dosage,
while the different character of same variety had different
correlation to the radiation dosage.
Mutation and heredity in M3 generation mutagenized
by electron beam
The phenotypes of kidney leaf, sword leaf and early or
late flowering mutants from M2 generation can be stably
inherited in M3 generation (Figures 4 and 5). However,
some variation traits of the leaf color and susceptible
mosaic virus could not stably be inherited or segregated
in M3 generation, presumably these characters are
12944 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Table 5. The difference of variation coefficient of the main agronomic traits between progenies of M2 and controls.
Trait
Jingnong 6
Hebei 801
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
100 Gy
300 Gy
600 Gy
700 Gy
900 Gy
Plant height (cm)
-7.44
-4.33
-4.9
4.67
12.48
-0.87
13.58
-8.58
Node number of main stem
-6.84
-6.16
-1.7
34.2
4.23
4.55
5.88
-0.89
Pod length (cm)
12.26
4.81
7.14
46.01
4.78
16.34
16.18
-0.07
Pod width (cm)
1.74
-0.18
2.18
2.92
3.75
1.77
3.03
2.32
Pod number per plant
17.2
3.71
30.87
26.56
32.78
42.27
47.66
3.27
Seed number per plant
31.07
7.9
37.5
25.42
32.83
43.99
34.98
-5.82
Yield per plant (g)
26.84
5.29
32.06
21.33
24.56
40.04
26.96
-3.2
100-seed weight (g)
6.12
7.08
85.82
26.47
24.75
17.31
23.19
20.86
Table 6. Correlation analysis between main agronomic traits of electron beam radiating M2 generation and
radiation doses.
Agronomic trait
Rediation dosage (Jingnong 6)
Rediation dosage (Hebei 801)
Plant height (cm)
-0.06
0.07
Node number of main stem
-0.09
0.01
Pod length (cm)
0.03
-0.15**
Pod width (cm)
-0.01
-0.27**
Pod number per plant
-0.23**
0.08*
Seed number per plant
-0.28**
0.01
Yield per plant (g)
0.04
-0.21**
100-seed weight (g)
-0.25**
-0.06
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Figure 4. The heredity of kidney leaf mutant. (a) Phenotyepe of kidney leaf mutant BM2015 in M2. (b) Phenotype
of kidney leaf mutant BM2015 in M3.
sensitive to environmental effects. Several mutants of
kidney leaf, sword leaf, new leaf yellowing, plant
yellowing in M3 generation were separated from normal
morphologic plants of M2 generation (Figures 6, 7 and 8).
Variational types of crimping leaf, clustering leaf or
flower, poor fertility and less pod number from normal
plant of M2 generation were derived in M3 generation
(Figure 9). More mutants were segregated from normal
Luo et al. 12945
Figure 5. The heredity of sword leaf mutant. (a) Phenotyepe of sword leaf mutant BM2148 in M2. (b) Phenotype of sword leaf mutant
BM2148. in M3.
Figure 6. Segregative mutants of M3 generation from M2 wild phenotyepe plant of Hebei 801 induced by electron beam. (a) Control Hebei
801. (b) Kidney leaf (100 Gy), (c) Sword leaf (100 Gy); (d) New leaf yellowing (100 Gy), (e) Narrow leaf (100 Gy). (f) Heart-shape leaf (600
Gy).
12946 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 7. Segregative mutants of M3 generation from M2 wild phenotyepe plant of Jingnong 6 induced by electron beam. (a) Control
Jingnong 6. (b) Sword leaf mutant (600 Gy). (c) New leaf yellowing mutant (100 Gy).
Figure 8. Segregated yellowing and leaf mutant of M3 from M2 wild
phenotyepe progeny of HB801 induced by electron beam. (a)
Yellowing and compound leaf-free mutant (300 Gy). (b) Normal
phenotype plant.
phenotype plants of Hebei 801 than Jingnong 6.
Continuous investigation will be done whether this mutant
phenotype could stably be inherited.
Seed size and shape mutants in M3 generation
Seed size and shape mutants were gained in M3
generation. The average 100-seed weight of Jingnong
was around 16 g; big and small seeds with average 100-
seed weight of 24.0, 15.0, 9.2 and 5.6 g, respectively in
M3 generation (Figure 10). Jingnong 6 seed is big and
elliptical; the round and short cylinder seeds were
obtained in M3 generation (Figures 11 and 12). Hebei
801’s 100-seed weight was above 20 g. The mutants of
medium and small seed size were got in M3 generation.
100-seed weight of medium or small seed mutants was
15.0 and 9.5 g, respectively (Figure 13). Hebei 801 seed
was long and cylindrical, and round and short-cylinder
seeds were produced in M3 generation (Figures 14 and
15).
DISCUSSION
Creating variation is the prerequisite of breeding new
cultivars, mapping gene, and map-based cloning. Azuki
bean is a cleistogamous plant with extremely low
crossing and variation rate in natural environment.
Electron beam radiation has little influence on the
function of plasma membrane and protein, while it results
in gene mutation through inducing much DNA damage of
single strand breaks (SSB) and double strand breaks
(DSB). The G-value for DSB formation of electron beam
Luo et al. 12947
Figure 9. New mutant from M3 progeney of Hebei 801. (a) Clustering plant mutant (300 Gy); (b) Clustering flower mutant (300
Gy); (c) Control Hebei 801; (d) Flower of control Hebei 801.
Figure 10. Mutants of seed size from Jingnong 6; (a) big seed (300 Gy); (b) control Jingnong 6; (c) middle seed (100 Gy); (d) small and
short cylinder seed (100 Gy); (e) smallest seed (600 Gy).
radiation in aqueous solution was 5.7 times higher than
that caused by 60 Co-gamma rays (Zhu et al., 2008).
Electron beam radiation has higher efficiency variation,
low cost, safety and smaller radiation damage. Weng et
al. (1974) thought that more mutants were segregated in
electron beam-irradiated M2 generation of soybean. This
research indicates that electron beam irradiation result in
many types of mutations in M2 and M3 generations of
12948 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Figure 11. Round seed mutant of Jingnong 6. (a) Control Jingnong
6. (b) Round seed mutant (600 Gy).
Figure 12. Cylinder seed mutant from Jingnong 6. (a) Control
Jingnong 6. (b) Columnar seed mutant (100 Gy).
Figure 13. Mutant of seed size from Hebei 801. (a) Control Hebei 801; (b) Middle seed mutant (100 Gy);
(c) Small seed mutant (100 Gy).
Figure 14. Round seed mutant from Hebei801. (a) Control
Hebei 801; (b) Round seed mutant (300 Gy).
Figure 15. Short cylinder seed mutant of Hebei 801. (a)
Control Hebei801; (b) Short cylinder seed mutant (100 Gy).
azuki bean.
Variation in M2 generation originates from radiation
and environmental effect. The CV of contrast is the
reaction of environmental effect, while the difference
between CV of M2 generation and contrast reflects to
radiation effect (Jin et al., 2000); because different
varieties has significant difference in electron beam
irradiation, therefore different azuki bean variety should
be treated with its appropriate radiation dose for gaining
the best mutation. Phenotype of sword leaf, kidney leaf,
early and late flowering mutants can be stably inherited.
Some variational characters of leaf color, susceptible
mosaic virus in M2 generation segregate failed to be
inherited in M3 generation; maybe these characters are
controlled by recessive genes or are susceptible to
environment. A few of normal phenotype plants in M2
generation segregate out variations of narrow leaf, new
leaf yellowing, clustering flower and leaf, kidney leaf,
sword leaf in M3 generation. These segregated mutants
will be further identified in later generations. Mutation
frequency and variational types induced by electron
beam are overall lower than ethyl methane sulfonate
(EMS) mutagenesis in azuki bean (Tong et al., 2010),
but more mutants of seed size and shape are obtained.
Electron beam mutagenesis is very useful for breeding,
gene mapping, gene cloning and functional analysis in
azuki bean.
Conclusion
Electron beam mutagenesis are effective in azuki bean
and can create mutations of leaf shape and color, seed
size and shape, plant architecture, plant height, early
and late flowering time, trailing and high yield etc.,
especially to induce more mutants of seed size and
shape. LD50 is about 132 Gy in azuki bean. Different
azuki bean variety has different sensibility to electron
beam radiation. There are most variation types in 600
Gy irradiating Jingnong 6, and 300 Gy treating Hebei
Luo et al. 12949
801. The mutants of kidney leaf and sword leaf, early or
late flowering time from M2 generation, can be stably
inherited in M3 generation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was sponsored by National Natural
Science Foundation of China (31071474), Research
Base and Technological Innovation Platform Project of
Beijing Municipal Education Committee (5075227014),
and Enhancing Scientific Research Level of
Biotechnological Seed Industry Fund Project of Beijing
Municipal Education Committee (1086716066).
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