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Price Determinant of Kolanut in Selected Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
... Availability of storage facilities and poor road network with respective mean scores of 3.06 and 3.01 were in the category of "severe," while the high cost of labor, grading, packaging, and processing of Kolanut and poor prices of products were considered "not severe" with mean scores of 2.99, 2.88, and 2.71, respectively. Osalusi [44] stated that seasonality of the product, high cost of transportation, low demand, and climatic problems are the most severe constraints associated with Kolanut marketing, while price fluctuation, insufficient capital, and deforestation are severe but not too severe constraints associated with Kolanut marketing. ...
The study examined factors affecting Kolanut marketing in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used for the study. Purposive sampling was used to select four markets in the study area. Random sampling techniques were used to selects 100 marketers in all the selected markets. Personal interview with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires was used to obtain information from the marketers. Data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that majority (88.42%) of Kolanut marketers are male, married with the highest household size of 6-10 members. They had mostly (37.89%) secondary school education and the highest marketing experience of 6-10 years. The net income from Kolanut marketing is influenced by gender, household size, educational level, years of marketing experience, and transportation cost. The constraints of Kolanut marketing are inadequate capital, high transportation cost, unavailability of Kolanut, and poor storage. Other includes high cost of labor, price fluctuation, and lastly, low price. The study concludes that adequate training on proper storage of Kolanut should be organized by the government at all levels and by the cooperative society for the marketers. Furthermore, famers should be encouraged to grow and produce more of Kolanut so as to increase the quantity of Kolanut that will be available to marketers.
... ere was no standard pricing or grading for kola nut in Ghana similar to Nigeria and other African countries [31]. Market transaction information on price determination, measurements, sizes of nuts, and the quality of nuts/grading was based on mutual knowledge and understanding of the parties involved (buyers and sellers). ...
The use of kola nut, including natural or alternative medicinal sources, has inevitably created an increased global market demand in excess of its production and provides great prospects for the growth of the kola nut industry in producing countries like Ghana. Nonetheless, there is a great dearth of information on Ghana’s kola nut supply-side practices and constraints that can provide a basis for the development of the industry. This study fills the research gap by describing the practices and constraints of farmers, processors, and marketers of kola nut in Ghana. Using a survey methodology, results showed that nearly all (99.5%) farmers interviewed had not received any extension training on agronomic practices. Low market price of nuts (61.5%) and pests and diseases (60.4%) were the most reported constraints to kola nut production. Chiefs among motivating factors for cultivating kola nut were alternative livelihood support (58%). Some processors (28.6%) who rinsed nuts after depulping used a solution of Akate Master (bifenthrin) and others (51.0%) used fumigation tablets (aluminium phosphide) (91.0%) for storing the nuts. However, these chemicals may be dangerous to the health of consumers in the long run. The low selling price of kola nuts was perceived to be the most (74.8%) constraint to kola nut processing and marketing. Respondents noted that the red nuts were preferred for their durability during transportation and longer shelf life, while the white nuts were preferred for their taste. The results suggest the need for further agronomic, postharvest handling, preservation, and storage, as well as breeding research to provide recommendations to farmers and processors. To overcome some marketing challenges, there is a need for policy support to standardize pricing and grading systems for the mutual benefit of all the stakeholders.
Elucidating the post-harvest quality of marketable kola nuts is essential in developing standards for grading the nuts. This was done in the present study by quantifying the phytochemicals and determining the moulds associated with kola nuts using standard laboratory methods. Mould and phytochemical assessments have both health and safety implications to marketers and consumers. Fresh and cured (3 months) kola nuts of three colour types (red, white, pink) were obtained from three different kola growing regions (Eastern, Ashanti, Ahafo) in Ghana for assessment. There were no significant differences in the amount of phytochemicals in fresh and cured nuts except for moisture (fresh = 56.21 − 59.42%; cured = 53.70–57.99%) and total polyphenol (fresh = 42.6–59.30 mg g-1; cured = 45.51–73.01 mg g-1) contents. Phytochemicals in the nuts after curing were as follows: pH 5.81–5.92, fat 0.49–0.60%, crude fibre 4.62–8.44%, total ash content 2.85–3.01%, alkaloids 0.40–0.99%, saponins 0.29–1.27%, terpenoids 0.30–1.09%, flavonoids 0.76–0.82% and tannins 38.67–45.22 mg g-1. These values are comparable to limits reported in kola nuts consumed in other countries. However, moisture, crude fibre, total polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins and terpenoids contents significantly (p < 0.05) differed across the sampled regions in Ghana. A total of 30 moulds belonging to 14 genera were isolated from the kola nuts. These were Absidia, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Fusoma, Geothricum, Gliocladium, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Syncephalastrum and Trichoderma. Most Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species detected are known mycotoxin-producing moulds. The information serves as a useful basis to optimize post-harvest processes of kola nuts to maintain high quality and safety nut for consumption.
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