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Aphrodisiac Effects of Areca Fruit in Erectile Dysfunction Rat Model

Authors:
Nita Parisa at Sriwijaya University
Nita Parisa
Muhammad Totong Kamaluddin at Sriwijaya University
Muhammad Totong Kamaluddin
Salni Salni at Sriwijaya University
Salni Salni
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Abstract and Figures

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) cases are quite high in both women and men and increase with age. Areca fruit, ginseng and purwoceng are plants that have been traditionally used to increase male vitality. This in vivo experimental research study with pre and post-test control group design located in the laboratory of animal house and the biomolecular laboratory Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University. The subjects of this study were albino rats (Rattus norvegicus), Wistar strains, divided into 6 groups are negative control, Sildenafil, Areca Fruit Extract (AFE) 50 mg/kgBW, AFE 100 mg/kgBW, Combination of Areca Fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) 50 mg/kgBW and AGP 100 mg/kgBW. Female rat was injected by giving 500 mg/100 g of subcutaneous progesterone and 10 μg/100 g of BB benzoate 48 hours before mating so that female mice enter the esterus phase. In this study it was found that Combination of Areca fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) group 50mg/kgBW significantly improved testosterone levels compared to sildenafil, while single areca fruit (AFE) dose 50mg/kgBW increased FSH and LH levels as well as sildenafil statistically. Keywords: areca fruit, erectile dysfunction, FSH, ginseng, LH, purwoceng, testosteron.
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ISSN 2598 0580
Bioscientia Medicina Page 16
Bioscientia Medicina Volume 3, Issue 3, Page No: 16-23
Available online : www.bioscmed.com
Bio Sc Med 3(3) :16-23
Aphrodisiac Effects of Areca Fruit in Erectile Dysfunction Rat Model
Muhammad Totong Kamaluddin 1, Nita Parisa1#, Salni 2
1 Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
2 Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University, Indonesia
#Correspondence Email :nitaparisa@unsri.ac.id
Received : June 17th 2019
Accepted :August 17th 2019
ABSTRACT
Background
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) cases are quite high in both women and men and increase with age. Areca
fruit, ginseng and purwoceng are plants that have been traditionally used to increase male vitality.
Objective
To analyze the efficacy of areca fruit, ginseng and purwoceng in sexual activity and hormonal level in
erectile dysfunction rat model.
Methods
This is in vivo experimental research study with pre and post-test control group design located in the
laboratory of animal house and the biomolecular laboratory Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University. The
subjects of this study were albino rats (Rattus norvegicus), Wistar strains, divided into 6 groups are negative
control, Sildenafil, Areca Fruit Extract (AFE) 50 mg/kgBW, AFE 100 mg/kgBW, Combination of Areca Fruit,
Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) 50 mg/kgBW and AGP 100 mg/kgBW. Female rat was injected by giving 500
mg/100 g of subcutaneous progesterone and 10 μg/100 g of BB benzoate 48 hours before mating so that female
mice enter the esterus phase.
Results It was found that Combination of Areca fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) group 50mg/kgBW
significantly improved testosterone levels compared to sildenafil, while single areca fruit (AFE) dose 50mg/kgBW
increased FSH and LH levels as well as sildenafil statistically.
Conclusion
The combination of areca fruit, ginseng and purwoceng is effective as treatment for erectile dysfunction.
Keywords: areca fruit, erectile dysfunction, FSH, ginseng, LH, purwoceng, testosteron
Introduction
Sexual needs support happiness for a partner throughout his life. Then every disturbance
of sexual life will surely interfere with the happiness and life of the couple.1 Various diseases
such as illness, age, tiredness and life stress often cause disruption in sexual life so that the
couple's inability to achieve sexual satisfaction appears. This disorder is called sexual
dysfunction.
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The results of research by Edward O Laumann, et al (1999) conducted in the United
States stated that 14.8% of men aged 18-59 years experience a lack of sexual desire. Whereas
30.6% experience a climax that is too fast which can be caused by premature ejaculation. As
many as 10.2% feel difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection, commonly called erectile
dysfunction (ED).2 Most sexual dysfunction in men lately is premature ejaculation and erectile
dysfunction, whereas in women is desire dysfunction and arousal.3.
Sildenafil is an oral medication to treat erectile dysfunction, which is quite successful,
but there are still many side effects. Sildenafil increases sensitivity to light, blurred vision, color
blindness (blue-green) in 3-10% of patients. In addition, for patients who consume drugs that
contain organic ingredients, if taken together with Sildenafil will increase the risk of systemic
hypotension that endangers the lives of consumers.4 So that another alternative treatment is
needed using traditional medicine. Areca fruit (Areca cathecu) is a plant that has been
traditionally used to increase male vitality. In addition purwoceng plants (Pimpinella pruatjan)
and ginseng (Javanese Som) are also known to the community for their ability to spur
spermatogenesis and efficacy to increase male vitality.5
The combination of several types of herbs has been started by the ancient Indonesian
ancestors with a powerful herb known as "herbal medicine". In this study, it was further
developed a combination of 3 types of herbs that would be tested experimentally at the
preclinical level, followed by the determination of the active molecular formula and could be
accounted for and finally formulated in a product formulation of a tested herbal drug
(fitopharmaca) which could be consumed accordingly the indication.
Method
The research design is an in vivo experimental study with pre and post test with control
group. The subject of study was Male Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain, divided into 6 groups (5
rats each group) were negative control, Sildenafil, Areca Fruit Extract (AFE) 50 mg/kgBW,
AFE 100 mg/kgBW, Combination of Areca Fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) 50
mg/kgBW and AGP 100 mg/kgBW. It was injected by testosterone 5 mg/KgBW for 21 days to
induce erectile dysfunction. The female rats was injected injected by giving 500 mg/100 g of
subcutaneous progesterone and 10 μg/100 g of BB benzoate 48 hours before mating so that
female mice enter the esterus phase.
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Simplisia was obtained from Gandus Plantations and Natural Herbal Medika
Yogyakarta. Aquous extract is made by infusion method from simplicia from each medicinal
plant, and evaporated it by rotary eveaporator.
The parameters examined include testosteron, FSH and LH by the sandwich ELISA
method. Examination of testosteron, FSH and LH levels was carried out 2 times, namely pre-
treatment and post-treatment .
Result
Effectiveness on Testosteron, FSH and LH Level Post Treatment
Testosteron, FSH and LH levels were examined before and 14 day post treatment,
results were obtained there are significant differences in testosterone, FSH and LH levels before
and after treatment in all groups (p < 0,05) .
However, the highest testosterone levels were found in the AGP 50mg/kgBW group,
the highest FSH level in the AFE 50mg/kgBW group and the highest LH level increase in the
AFE 50mg/kgBW group.
Table 1. Effectiveness on Testosteron, FSH and LH Level Post Treatment
Parameter
Group
Pre Treatment
Post
Treatment
p value
Testosteron
Negative Control
Sildenafil
AFE 50mg/kgBW
AFE 100mg/kgBW
AGP 50mg/kgBW
AGP 100mg/kgBW
0.43 ± 0.016
0.41 ± 0.007
0.43 ± 0.019
0.44 ± 0.023
0.42 ± 0.010
0.41 ± 0.016
0.517 ± 0.018
0.624 ± 0.034
0.639 ± 0.044
0.626 ± 0.011
0.873 ± 0.017
0.789 ± 0.019
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
FSH
Negative Control
Sildenafil
AFE 50mg/kgBW
AFE 100mg/kgBW
AGP 50mg/kgBW
AGP 100mg/kgBW
0.33 ± 0.019
0.31 ± 0.012
0.33 ± 0.030
0.34 ± 0.016
0.32 ± 0.023
0.31 ± 0.028
42.47 ± 1.175
10.43 ± 1.175
84.97 ± 1.749
38.47 ± 1.094
59.03 ± 3.439
75.22 ± 2.112
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
LH
Negative Control
Sildenafil
AFE 50mg/kgBW
AFE 100mg/kgBW
AGP 50mg/kgBW
AGP 100mg/kgBW
0.24 ± 0.031
0.21 ± 0.008
0.22 ± 0.012
0.23 ± 0.015
0.20 ± 0.039
0.24 ± 0.020
1.468 ± 0. 141
2.397 ± 0.227
2.493 ± 0.221
2.013 ± 0.126
1.788 ± 0.149
2.013 ± 0.170
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
aPaired T Test
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Figure 1. Testosteron Level Pre and Post Treatment
Figure 2. FSH Level Pre and Post Treatment
0,43 0,41 0,43 0,44 0,42 0,41
0,517
0,624 0,639 0,626
0,873
0,789
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
Negative
Control
Sildenafil AFE 50 AFE 100 AGP 50 AGP 100
Testosteron
Pre Treatment
Post Treatment
0,33 0,31 0,33 0,34 0,32 0,31
42,47
10,43
84,973
38,47
59,032
75,22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Negative
Control
Sildenafil AFE 50 AFE 100 AGP 50 AGP 100
FSH Level
Post Treatment
Pre Treatment
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Figure 3. LH Level Pre and Post Treatment
Comparison of Effectiveness on Testosteron, FSH and LH Level Post Treatment
Testosteron Level
Testosteron, FSH and LH levels between groups were then compared. By conformity
test using Post hoc showed that there was no difference in testosterone levels in the sildenafil
group with AFE 50mg/kgBW and AFE 100mg/kgBW .
Table 2. Conformity Test of Testosteron Level Post Treatment
Negative
Sildenafil
AFE 50
AFE 100
AGP 50
AGP 100
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.009
0.946
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.946
0.971
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.971
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.992
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
aPost Hoc Test
0,24 0,21 0,22 0,23 0,2 0,24
1,468
2,397 2,493
2,013
1,788
2,013
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
Negative
Control
Sildenafil AFE 50 AFE 100 AGP 50 AGP 100
LH Level
Post Treatment
Pre Treatment
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FSH Level
In addition, there were results of differences in FSH levels between the sildenafil group
and all treatment groups, both single areca fruit or combination of areca fruit, ginseng and
purwoceng.
Table 3. Conformity Test of FSH Level Post Treatment
Negative
Sildenafil
AFE 50
AFE 100
AGP 50
AGP 100
0.000
0.000
0.039
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.039
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
aPost Hoc Test
LH Level
The next parameter is the LH level. In this study, there was no difference LH level between the
sildenafil and AFE 50mg/kgBW. In addition, there was no difference in LH levels in the AFE
100mg/kgBW with AGP 50 mg/kgBW and AGP 100mg/kgBW.
Table 4. Conformity Test of LH Level Post Treatment
Negative
Sildenafil
AFE 50
AFE 100
AGP 50
AGP 100
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.081
0.001
0.000
0.953
0.024
0.000
0.024
0.000
0.953
0.003
0.000
0.003
0.001
0.024
0.003
0.365
1,000
0.081
0.000
0.000
0.365
0.365
0.001
0.024
0.003
1.000
0.365
aPost Hoc Test
Discussion
In this study showed that there was no difference in testosterone levels in the sildenafil
group with Areca fruit extract (AFE) 50mg/kgBW and 100mg/kgBW This result accordance
with Reena's research which shows that ethanol extract of young areca fruit seeds (Areca
cathecu) at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW increases libido/sexual activity in male white rats.6
However, the highest testosterone levels were found in the combination of Areca fruit, Ginseng
and Purwoceng (AGP) group 50mg/kgBW, this condition shows the effectiveness of the
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combination of Areca fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) group 50mg/kgBW is better in
increasing testosterone levels than sildenafil.
In a condition of decreased libido (sexual arousal) testosterone deficiency occurs or in
postmenopausal conditions (women) or andropause (men over 60 years) characterized by a
decrease in some sex hormones including testosterone.7,8,9. Areca fruit (Areca cathecu) is a plant
that has been traditionally used to increase male vitality. In addition purwoceng plants
(Pimpinella pruatjan) and ginseng (Javanese Som) are also known to the community for their
ability to spur spermatogenesis and efficacy to increase male vitality.5
For the FSH and LH parameters, the highest increase in the Areca fruit extract (AFE)
50mg/kgBW group and statistically there was no difference in LH level between sildenafil and
Areca fruit extract (AFE) 50mg/kgBW. However, for FSH levels all groups were different from
sildenafil.
Conclusion
Combination of Areca fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) group 50mg/kgBW
significantly improved testosterone levels compared to sildenafil, while single areca fruit (AFE)
dose 50mg/kgBW increased FSH and LH levels as well as sildenafil statistically.
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and predictors, JAMA. 1999 Feb 10;281(6):537-44.
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D.S. (2001). "Effects of androstenedione-herbal supplementation on serum sex hormone
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Full-text available
  • Sep 2001
The effectiveness of a nutritional supplement designed to enhance serum testosterone concentrations and prevent the formation of dihydrotestosterone and estrogens from the ingested androgens was investigated in healthy 30- to 59-year old men. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume DION (300 mg androstenedione, 150 mg dehydroepiandrosterone, 540 mg saw palmetto, 300 mg indole-3-carbinol, 625 mg chrysin, and 750 mg Tribulus terrestris per day; n = 28) or placebo (n = 27) for 28 days. Serum free testosterone, total testosterone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and lipid concentrations were measured before and throughout the 4-week supplementations period. Serum concentration of total testosterone and PSA were unchanged by supplementation. DION increased (p < 0.05) serum androstenedione (342%), free testosterone (38%), dihydrotestosterone (71%), and estradiol (103%) concentrations. Serum HDL-C concentrations were reduced by 5.0 mg/dL in DION (p < 0.05). Increased in serum free testosterone (r(2) = 0.01), androstenedione (r(2) = 0.01), dihydrotestosterone (r(2) = 0.03), or estradiol (r(2) = 0.07) concentrations in DION were not related to age. While the ingestion of androstenedione combined with herbal products increased serum free testosterone concentrations in older men, these herbal products did not prevent the conversion of ingested androstenedione to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone.
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Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 1999
While recent pharmacological advances have generated increased public interest and demand for clinical services regarding erectile dysfunction, epidemiologic data on sexual dysfunction are relatively scant for both women and men. To assess the prevalence and risk of experiencing sexual dysfunction across various social groups and examine the determinants and health consequences of these disorders. Analysis of data from the National Health and Social Life Survey, a probability sample study of sexual behavior in a demographically representative, 1992 cohort of US adults. A national probability sample of 1749 women and 1410 men aged 18 to 59 years at the time of the survey. Risk of experiencing sexual dysfunction as well as negative concomitant outcomes. Sexual dysfunction is more prevalent for women (43%) than men (31%) and is associated with various demographic characteristics, including age and educational attainment. Women of different racial groups demonstrate different patterns of sexual dysfunction. Differences among men are not as marked but generally consistent with women. Experience of sexual dysfunction is more likely among women and men with poor physical and emotional health. Moreover, sexual dysfunction is highly associated with negative experiences in sexual relationships and overall well-being. The results indicate that sexual dysfunction is an important public health concern, and emotional problems likely contribute to the experience of these problems.
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Dose-Dependent Effects of Testosterone on Sexual Function, Mood, and Visuospatial Cognition in Older Men
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2005
The relationships between testosterone dose and its effects on sexual function, mood, and visuospatial cognition are poorly understood. To elucidate testosterone dose-response relationships in older men, we examined the effects of graded testosterone doses on sexual function, mood, and visuospatial cognition in healthy, older men (age, 60-75 yr). This study was performed at the General Clinical Research Center. INTERVENTION/METHODS: Subjects each received a long-acting GnRH agonist to suppress endogenous testosterone production and were randomized to receive one of five doses (25, 50, 125, 300, and 600 mg) of testosterone enanthate weekly for 20 wk. Questionnaires were used to evaluate sexual function. Scores for overall sexual function as well as subcomponents of sexual function (libido, sexual activity, and erectile function) were calculated. Changes in overall sexual function (P = 0.003) and waking erections (P = 0.024) differed by dose. An interaction between libido and being sexually active was observed, such that libido changed by testosterone dose only among men who reported being sexually active at the beginning of the study (P = 0.009). Men's log-transformed free testosterone levels during treatment were positively correlated with overall sexual function (P = 0.001), waking erections (P = 0.040), spontaneous erections (P = 0.047), and libido (P = 0.027), but not with intercourse frequency (P = 0.428) or masturbation frequency (P = 0.814). No effects of testosterone dose were observed on two measures of mood: Hamilton's Depression Inventory (P = 0.359) and Young's Mania Scale (P = 0.851). The number of trials completed on a computer-based test of visuospatial cognition differed by dose (P = 0.042), but the number of squares correctly completed on this task did not differ by dose (P = 0.159). Different aspects of male behavior respond differently to testosterone. When considered together with previous data from young men, these data indicate that testosterone dose-response relationships for sexual function and visuospatial cognition differ in older and young men.
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Aphrodisiac Effect of Areca catechu L. and Pedalium murex in Rats
Article
Background Areca catechu L. (Areca nut) has been of value in the management of male sexual disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the aphrodisiac effect of A. catechu along with another plant, Pedalium murex L, which is used in herbal aphrodisiac formulations. Methods Three month old ovariectomized female rats weighing 175–250 g were divided into four groups of six animals each. Three month old male rats weighing 200–350 g were also selected for this study. The males were also divided into four groups of six animals. The general mating behaviour, libido and potency, were studied and compared with the standard reference testosterone group. Results Oral administration of the extract at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight produced significant augmentation of sexual activity in male rats. It significantly increased the mounting frequency, intromission frequency, intromission latency and caused significant reduction in the mounting latency and post-ejaculatory interval. The extract was also observed to be devoid of any adverse effects. Conclusion There was a sustained increase in the sexual activity of normal male rats without any conspicuous adverse effects indicating that A. catechu possesses aphrodisiac activity. The present study thus provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use of Areca nut in the management of male sexual disorders.
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Effects of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) Combined With Nitrate on the Heart
Article
  • Dec 2000
  • CIRCULATION
Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Large and sudden decreases in systemic blood pressure were reported in a substantial number of patients taking sildenafil citrate combined with nitroglycerin. We studied the effect of sildenafil citrate on the relationship between changes in systemic blood pressure and coronary blood flow. Healthy male beagles were used to assess systemic blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and flow in the left circumflex artery (in which a critical stenosis was established) and left anterior descending coronary artery. After measurement of the hemodynamic variables, 2 mg/kg sildenafil citrate was administered via a nasogastric tube. Hemodynamic changes were monitored for 1 hour. Subsequently, the acute effect of nitrate combined with sildenafil citrate was studied by the bolus injection of 0.2 mg isosorbide dinitrate before and after sildenafil citrate. Systemic blood and pulmonary arterial pressures and circumflex flow did not change during this study; however, left anterior descending coronary arterial flow increased from 16.0+/-5.8 to 24.6+/-8.7 mL/min 1 hour after administration of sildenafil citrate. The prolongation of systemic blood pressure decrease and the circumflex flow decrement induced by isosorbide dinitrate after sildenafil citrate were significantly larger and longer than those before sildenafil citrate. Sildenafil citrate had the effect of vasodilation in a normal coronary artery; however, a combined effect with nitrate resulted in large and protracted decreases in systemic blood pressure and coronary blood flow in vessels with critical stenosis.
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Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women
Article
  • Sep 2003
  • MENOPAUSE
Circulating testosterone in women declines during the late reproductive years such that otherwise healthy women in their 40s have approximately half the testosterone level as women in their 20s. Despite this, research showing the benefits of androgen replacement has been limited to the postmenopausal years. In view of the known premenopausal physiological decline in testosterone, we have evaluated the efficacy of transdermal testosterone therapy on mood, well-being, and sexual function in eugonadal, premenopausal women presenting with low libido. Premenopausal women with low libido participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, efficacy study of testosterone cream (10 mg/day) with two double-blind, 12-week, treatment periods separated by a single-blind, 4-week, washout period. Thirty-four women completed the study per protocol, with 31 women (mean age 39.7 +/- 4.2 years; serum testosterone 1.07 + 0.50 nmol/L) providing complete data. Testosterone therapy resulted in statistically significant improvements in the composite scores of the Psychological General Well-Being Index [+12.9 (95% CI, +4.6 to +21.2), P = 0.003] and the Sabbatsberg Sexual Self-Rating Scale [+15.7 (95% CI, +6.5 to +25.0), P = 0.001] compared with placebo. A mean decrease in the Beck Depression Inventory score approached significance [-2.8 (95% CI, -5.7 to +0.1), P = 0.06]. Mean total testosterone levels during treatment were at the high end of the normal range, and estradiol was unchanged. No adverse effects were reported. Testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women with low libido and low testosterone. As a substantial number of women experience diminished sexual interest and well-being during their late reproductive years, further research is warranted to evaluate the benefits and safety of longer-term intervention.
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Sex, Money, Happiness and Death; The Quest for Autenticity
  • Jan 2009
  • M K De Vries
De Vries, M.K. (2009) Sex, Money, Happiness and Death; The Quest for Autenticity, Palgrave Macmillan, 1th Edition, Macmillan Publishers Limited, London, 2009 978-0-230-577902-3
Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine
  • Jan 2015
  • J SEX MED
  • 144-152
  • M Mccabe
  • P Sharlip
  • D Lewis
  • R Atalla
  • E Balon
  • R Fisher
  • D Laumann
  • E O Lee
  • W Segraves
McCabe M,P.,, Sharlip I,D., Lewis R., Atalla E., Balon R., Fisher A,D., Laumann E.O, Lee S,W., Segraves R,T. (2016) Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015, J Sex Med. 2016 Feb;13(2):144-52. doi: 0.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.034.
EfekSpermatogenesis dan Afrodisiaka Herba Purwoceng (Pimpinella alpina K.D.S.) asal Dieng pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar
  • Jan 2012
  • Suhartinah
Suhartinah, (2012) EfekSpermatogenesis dan Afrodisiaka Herba Purwoceng (Pimpinella alpina K.D.S.) asal Dieng pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar, Jurnal Biomedika, Universitas Setia Budi, ISSN 2302-1306 di akses Agustus 2012 dari http://biomedika.setiabudi.ac.id 6.