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Unifying local hemostasis and adhesion prevention during gynaecologic laparoscopies: experiences with a novel, plant-based agent
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
... Bipolar coagulation of the ovarian bleeding site is another effective method of hemostasis but can also potentially harm the surrounding ovarian tissue. Therefore, to avoid damage to healthy ovarian tissue, hemostasis using various topical hemostatic agents has been suggested as a method of choice whenever possible [53][54][55]. Several topical hemostatic agents that exert their effect in a variety of ways are currently available in a range of preparations. ...
... Relatively recent agents are those based on polysaccharides, albumin, glutaraldehyde, and inorganic agents. Studies have shown that using hemostatic sealants has a positive effect on the ovarian reserve compared to the use of bipolar coagulation and ovarian suturing, as these patients had better levels of anti-Mullerian hormone and antral follicular count postoperatively [53][54][55]. ...
Background and Objectives: Severe hemoperitoneum of ovarian bleeding origin is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of transvaginal oocyte retrieval (TVOR) procedure. The study aimed to present a case series of surgically managed patients from our clinic with hemoperitoneum caused by ovarian bleeding after TVOR, as well as to perform a comprehensive literature review in order to summarize and analyze all published cases with this condition and their management. Materials and Methods: The data of 2939 patients, who underwent TVOR procedures for IVF/ICSI (in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection) in our clinic between 2010 and 2021 were reviewed. Moreover, a systemic literature search was performed. Main outcome measures from the pooled analysis were incidence and risk factors, type of surgery, intraoperative finding and intervention leading to hemostasis. Results: In our Clinic 4 (0.136%), cases of hemoperitoneum due to ovarian bleeding were surgically managed. Moreover, 39 cases from 18 studies reported in the literature were identified. No risk factors besides lean women with PCOS were identified. In the pooled analysis, the bleeding symptoms appeared in 58.1% of patients within eight hours after TVOR and cumulatively in 81.4% cases during the 24 h after TVOR. The average time from TVOR to surgery was 27.19 ± 53.25 h. Hemostasis was mostly established using electrocoagulation, although few cases of ovariectomy were also reported. Embryo transfer at 60% of cases was postponed and embryos cryopreserved. Conclusions: Severe hemoperitoneum due to ovarian bleeding after TVOR is a rare event that should be treated by techniques of minimally invasive surgery whenever possible. Protocols should be developed to enable optimal management strategies for infertility patients. Embryos obtained should be cryopreserved.
... Introduction: Adhesions develop after up to 97% of abdominal surgery causing chronic pain and intestinal obstruction. Only a few of hemostatic agents are available for adhesion prevention [2][3][4]. In this retrospective study we investigated the effectivity of starch based hemostatic powder (SBHP) on preventing postoperative intraabdominal adhesions. ...
... It is a significant issue which lead petient morbidity, cause subsequent surgeries technical demanding and incline costs to national health care system. Only a few of hemostatic agents are available for adhesion prevention [2][3][4]. In this retrospective study we investigated the effectivity of starch ...
... Bipolar electrocoagulation or cauterization is a standard procedure for hemostasis in ovarian surgery but inevitably causes tissue damage, which in turn results in a reduction in the ovarian reserve, as indicated by a diminished concentration of the Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) [42,43]. 4DryField PH has been shown to represent an immediate and less traumatic alternative to cauterization for the purpose of hemostasis [44][45][46] and in patients with unilateral ovarian tumors or cysts undergoing laparoscopic tumor/cyst enucleation. There was no postoperative reduction in the ovarian reserve, whereas it was significantly reduced in the control group [46]. ...
Postoperative adhesions represent a major medical challenge and are associated with serious health and economic consequences. 4DryField® PH (PlantTec Medical GmbH, Lueneburg, Germany) is a starch-based medical device designed both to prevent adhesions and for hemostasis. This paper explores methods to successfully apply it in gynecological surgery, leveraging the authors’ extensive clinical experience. We provide detailed insights into best practices that benefit most patients with conditions such as endometriosis, along with practical tips and guidance on optimizing application and dosage. Our real-world clinical experience across various indications, supported by published data, demonstrates significant patient benefits: reduced adhesion formation, better recovery, less pain, and improved fertility. Patient acceptance and satisfaction are notably high. The device can be applied to surgical wounds as a powder for hemostasis and transformed into a gel in situ or as a premixed gel when adhesion prevention is prioritized. Specific advantages for each method are demonstrated by case studies. When used correctly, 4DryField PH is safe and effective, especially for larger wound areas with a high risk of reoperation and adhesion formation and when pregnancy is desired. It offers great versatility due to its use as either in situ gel or premixed gel with different viscosities. Despite some remaining gaps in clinical evidence and ongoing studies, our personal clinical experience suggests significant benefits with minimal risks. Therefore, we have no concerns regarding the broad use of 4DryField PH in gynecology and other surgical disciplines. Future research should focus on patient-reported outcomes and health economic benefits to support reimbursement efforts.
... Watrowski described the use of 4DryField with a good hemostatic and anti-adhesive effect in three patients treated for gynecological indications [42]. ...
Background and Objectives: The study investigated whether the method of achieving hemostasis affects the ovarian reserve in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery due to ovarian tumors or cysts. Materials and Methods: Patients with unilateral tumors or ovarian cysts, who qualified for laparoscopic tumor enucleation, were randomly selected to receive modified polysaccharides or bipolar coagulation. Ovarian reserve was analyzed by anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) level. Results: The study included 38 patients: 19 patients in the modified polysaccharide group and 19 in the bipolar coagulation group. Patients after bipolar coagulation treatment had statistically significantly lower AMH 6 months after surgery compared to the group treated with modified starch. The levels of AMH in the study and control groups were 3.96 +/− 2.12 vs. 2.51 +/− 1.39 ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.018. A statistically significant decrease in AMH was also demonstrated in the bipolar coagulation group as compared to the preoperative assessment (p = 0.049). There was no statistically significant decrease in AMH in the group of patients treated with the modified starch. Conclusions: Using a modified polysaccharide during laparoscopic cystectomy is effective and has a positive effect on the ovarian reserve compared to the use of bipolar coagulation. Both the AMH level 6 months after surgery and the percentage decrease in AMH were more favorable in the group of patients treated with modified starch.
... Accordingly, the combination of hemostasis and adhesion prevention in a single device is intriguing and of practical value. 166 Several different modified starch powder-based devices are available on the market, but, except for 4DryField ® , there are all intended only for hemostasis. Considering the apparent similarity of these hemostatic agents, their use for adhesion prevention might seem promising. ...
This prospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of a transdermal CO2 gel in promoting regeneration in the vulvovaginal area in postmenopausal women experiencing symptoms as part of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Transdermal carboxytherapy refers to the application of CO2 through the skin's superficial layer, which is intended to increase oxygenation (through the Bohr effect) and angiogenesis, thus helping to reduce symptoms of GSM. In this study, 20 women with moderate or severe signs or symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy were randomized to receive either transdermal CO2 therapy (n=10) or a placebo gel (ultrasound gel, n=10). The gels (transdermal CO2 gel or the placebo) were applied by the patients at home. The gels were applied in two treatment cycles (10 days of total treatment). Each cycle involved daily applications of the gel to the vulvovaginal area, from Monday to Friday, with no application on weekends. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging (DIVA) questionnaires were used to gather standardized information, and biopsy samples were obtained from the vagina and vulva for histological analysis, both on the first day of treatment and 10 days after the final application of gel. Patients who received the transdermal CO2 gel showed significant improvements on the FSFI and DIVA questionnaires and the biopsies revealed that the CO2 gel had a regenerative effect on vulvovaginal tissues.
The development of adhesions after gynecologic surgery is a severe problem with ramifications that go beyond the medical complications patients suffer (which most often include pain, obstruction and infertility), since they also impose a huge financial burden on the health care system and increase the workload of surgeons and all personnel involved in surgical follow-up care. Surgical techniques to avoid adhesion formation have not proven to be sufficient and pharmaceutical approaches for their prevention are even less effective, which means that the use of adhesion prevention devices is essential for achieving decent prophylaxis. This review explores the wide range of adhesion prevention products currently available on the market. Particular emphasis is put on prospective randomized controlled clinical trials that include second-look interventions, as these offer the most solid evidence of efficacy. We focused on adhesion scores, which are the most common way to quantify adhesion formation. This enables a direct comparison of the efficacies of different devices. While the greatest amount of data are available for oxidized regenerated cellulose, the outcomes with this adhesion barrier are mediocre and several studies have shown little efficacy. The best results have been achieved using adhesion barriers based on either modified starch, i.e., 4DryField® PH (PlantTec Medical GmbH, Lüneburg, Germany), or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, i.e., GoreTex (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Medical Products Division, Flagstaff, AZ), albeit the latter, as a non-resorbable barrier, has a huge disadvantage of having to be surgically removed again. Therefore, 4DryField® PH currently appears to be a promising approach and further studies are recommended.
Aim:
To assess the impact of the use of intraoperative hemostatic gelatin-thrombin matrix (HM) (Floseal®, Baxter Healthcare) on transfusion rates and short-term perioperative outcomes in gynecological surgery.
Patients and methods:
In this retrospective, single-center study, we evaluated data of 215 patients (83 cases and 132 controls) undergoing extensive gynecological surgery (e.g. oncological procedures) with and without intraoperative HM application.
Results:
Cases and controls did not differ according to age, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and Hb or C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at discharge. Patients receiving HM had significantly reduced operative (168 vs. 199 min, p=0.02) and hospitalization (9 vs. 14 days, p<0.001) times. The mean postoperative Hb drop (3.33 vs. 4.51 g/dl, p<0.001), and the mean postoperative increase in CRP (94.9 vs. 149.1 mg/l, p<0.001) were significantly less pronounced within the HM group. Despite more prevalent coagulopathy (48 vs. 31%, p=0.02), e.g. due to anticoagulant use (15.7 vs. 3%, p<0.001), patients treated using HM needed less frequent transfusions of packed red blood cells [odds ratio (OR)= 0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.07-0.24) and fresh frozen plasma (OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.24-1.05). In comparison to controls, the need for surgical revisions (OR 0.1, CI 95% 0.02-0.42) and intensive-care unit admissions (OR 0.15, 95% CI=0.08-0.30) was lower in patients treated with HM.
Conclusion:
To our knowledge, our study is the largest case-control study focusing on Floseal® use in gynecology. The use of HM was associated with significantly better short-term perioperative outcomes. Due to its local action, HM seems to be particularly useful in patients in which anticoagulant medication cannot be paused.
Purpose
. This study evaluates both scopes of 4DryField PH, certified for adhesion prevention and hemostasis, in patients undergoing surgery for various and severe gynecological disorders.
Methods
. This is a two-institutional study. Adhesion prevention efficacy was evaluated using video documentation of first-look laparoscopies (FLL) and second-look laparoscopies (SLL); other patient data were analyzed retrospectively. Twenty patients with various disorders were evaluated, 4 assigned to a uterus pathology, 10 to endometriosis, and 6 to an adhesion disease group. Nine patients received 4DryField primarily for hemostasis and 11 solely for adhesion prevention. Nineteen patients had SLL after 5 to 12 weeks and one after 13 months.
Results
. At FLL with 4DryField, immediate hemostasis could be achieved in diffuse bleeding. At SLL, effective adhesion prevention was observed in 18 of all 20 women, with only 2 revealing major adhesions. In particular, only 1 of the 6 women with adhesion disease as predominant disorder showed major adhesions at SLL.
Conclusions
. Modified polysaccharide 4DryField is not only effective in diffuse bleeding. In this cohort with extensive surgery for various gynecological pathologies, 4DryField showed effective adhesion prevention as confirmed at SLL, too. Its use as premixed gel is a convenient variant for treatment of large peritoneal wounds.
To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity/biocompatibility as well as in vivo tolerability of the novel polysaccharide 4DryField® PH, certified for haemostasis and adhesion prevention.
In vitro cytotoxicity/viability testing according to ISO EN 10,993 using murine and human tumour cell lines incubated with 4DryField® PH (PlantTec Medical GmbH). Using a rat model the impact of 4DryField® PH on animals viability and in vivo effects were macro- and micropathologically assessed.
In vitro testing revealed no cytotoxic effect of 4DryField® PH nor enhancement of viability to tumour cell lines. In vivo viability of rats was unimpaired by 4DryField® PH. Bodyweight loss in animals with abdominal injury plus treatment with 4DryField® PH was in the range of controls and less than in injured rats without treatment. At day 7 after surgery no formation of adhesions, neither macroscopic nor histological remnants nor signs of foreign body reaction were present in animals without injury. In animals with peritoneal injury and 4DryField® PH application, histopathological observation revealed minor residuals of polysaccharide in the depth of wound cavity embedded in a thickened subperitoneal layer; however, with a suggested intact neoperitoneum. The presence of mononuclear cells surrounding polysaccharide particles in varying states of degradation was observable as well.
4DryField® PH is not cytotoxic and does not enhance viability of tumour cell lines. High dose of 4DryField® PH of 1.09 g/kg bodyweight is well tolerated and reduces weight loss in animals with peritoneal injury. The biocompatibility of 4DryField® PH can be rated as being excellent.
© The Author(s) 2015.
This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the incidences and sites of pelvic adhesions in women with post-caesarean unexplained infertility. This study was conducted at the Tanta University Hospitals in the period from August 1 2015 to July 31 2016. The enrolled patients were assessed by a diagnostic laparoscopy for the presence and sites of abdominal and pelvic adhesions. Pelvic adhesions were found in 98 cases (73.13%) and the remaining 36 cases (26.87%) were free of adhesions. Adhesions were tubal in 55.10%, ovarian in 20.40%, combined tubo-ovarian and omental adhesions in 11.22%, uterine adhesions in 6.12% and a frozen pelvis was found in 7.14%. There was no correlation between the severity of the adhesions and the number of previous caesarean sections (CS). The data of this study led us to conclude that pelvic adhesions are common in patients with unexplained infertility following a caesarean delivery. Tubal and ovarian adhesions to the lateral pelvic wall represent a pathognomonic feature in post-caesarean infertility.
• Impact Statement
• What is already known on this subject? Adhesions following a caesarean delivery have been assessed by many studies at the time of the next caesarean delivery. These adhesions have not been studied well in the patients with unexplained infertility.
• What the results of this study add? The results of this study specify the incidences and the sites of the adhesions which are considered to be pathognomonic for caesarean section.
• What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? These findings should be applied when the cases of post-caesarean infertility are evaluated in order to shorten the duration and burdens of infertility.
Purpose of review:
The negative impact of postoperative adhesions has long been recognized, but available options for prevention remain limited. Minimally invasive surgery is associated with decreased adhesion formation due to meticulous dissection with gentile tissue handling, improved hemostasis, and limiting exposure to reactive foreign material; however, there is conflicting evidence on the clinical significance of adhesion-related disease when compared to open surgery. Laparoscopic surgery does not guarantee the prevention of adhesions because longer operative times and high insufflation pressure can promote adhesion formation. Adhesion barriers have been available since the 1980s, but uptake among surgeons remains low and there is no clear evidence that they reduce clinically significant outcomes such as chronic pain or infertility. In this article, we review the ongoing magnitude of adhesion-related complications in gynecologic surgery, currently available interventions and new research toward more effective adhesion prevention.
Recent findings:
Recent literature provides updated epidemiologic data and estimates of healthcare costs associated with adhesion-related complications. There have been important advances in our understanding of normal peritoneal healing and the pathophysiology of adhesions. Adhesion barriers continue to be tested for safety and effectiveness and new agents have shown promise in clinical studies. Finally, there are many experimental studies of new materials and pharmacologic and biologic prevention agents.
Summary:
There is great interest in new adhesion prevention technologies, but new agents are unlikely to be available for clinical use for many years. High-quality effectiveness and outcomes-related research is still needed.
Background:
Intraperitoneal onlay meshes (IPOM) can be associated with intestine-to-mesh adhesion formation, implementing risks like pain, enterocutaneous fistula, infection, and female infertility. This study investigates, whether a treatment of impaired intestinum with the anti-adhesive and hemostyptic agent 4DryField(®) PH prevents adhesion formation.
Methods:
In 20 male LEWIS rats uncoated polypropylene meshes were sewn to the inner abdominal wall and the cecum of the respective animal was de-peritonealized by peritoneal abrasion by a gauze swap, and meso-sutures ensured a constant contact of injured areas. Rats were treated with 4DryField(®) PH gel either premixed or applied as a powder with in-situ transformation (100 mg powder plus 0.4 ml 0.9% saline solution). One week postoperatively, the extent of intestine-to-mesh adhesions and the quality of mesh ingrowth were evaluated macroscopically by two independent investigators using two scoring systems. Furthermore, specimens were analysed microscopically. All data were compared with control animals without 4DryField(®) PH treatment and analysed statistically using student's t-test.
Results:
Treatment of de-peritonealised cecum with 4DryField(®) PH significantly reduced intestine-to-mesh adhesions in both treatment groups as compared to controls without 4DryField(®) PH treatment (68% reduction with premixed gel, P<0.0001; 80% reduction with in-situ gel, P<0.0001). There was no impact on the quality of mesh ingrowth, confirmed histologically by a single-layer mesothelial coverage.
Conclusion:
These experiments mimick clinical IPOM implantation scenarios with adjacent bowel depleted from peritoneum. 4DryField(®) PH gel treatment resulted in intestinal mesothelial surface recovering without development of bowel-to-mesh adhesions. Concurrently, integration of mesh into the abdominal wall is undisturbed by 4DryField(®) PH treatment.
“Microsurgery” is a set of principles developed to improve fertility surgery outcomes. These principles were developed progressively based on common sense and available evidence, under control of clinical feedback obtained with the use of second-look laparoscopy. Fertility outcome was the end point; significant improvement in fertility rates validated the concept clinically. Postoperative adhesion formation being a major cause of failure in fertility surgery, the concept of microsurgery predominantly addresses prevention of postoperative adhesions. In this concept, magnification with a microscope or laparoscope plays a minor role as technical facilitator. Not surprisingly, the principles to prevent adhesion formation are strikingly similar to our actual understanding: gentle tissue handling, avoiding desiccation, irrigation at room temperature, shielding abdominal contents from ambient air, meticulous hemostasis and lavage, avoiding foreign body contamination and infection, administration of dexamethasone postoperatively, and even the concept of keeping denuded areas separated by temporary adnexal or ovarian suspension. The actual concepts of peritoneal conditioning during surgery and use of dexamethasone and a barrier at the end of surgery thus confirm without exception the tenets of microsurgery. Although recent research helped to clarify the pathophysiology of adhesion formation, refined its prevention and the relative importance of each factor, the clinical end point of improvement of fertility rates remains demonstrated for only the microsurgical tenets as a whole. In conclusion, the principles of microsurgery remain fully valid as the cornerstones of reproductive microsurgery, whether performed by means of open access or laparoscopy.
Background: Abdominal operations are followed by adhesions, a prevalent cause of abdominal pain, and the most frequent cause for bowel obstruction and secondary female infertility. This rat study addresses adhesion prevention capability of Adept®, Interceed®, Seprafilm®, and a novel device, 4DryField® PH which is provided as powder and generates its effect as gel.
Methods: Sixty-eight male Lewis rats had cecal abrasion and creation of an equally sized abdominal wall defect, and were grouped randomly: A control group without treatment (n=10); two groups treated with 4DryField® PH using premixed gel (n=15) or in-situ gel technique (n=16); one group each was treated with Seprafilm® (n=8), Interceed® (n=9), or Adept® (n=10). Sacrifice was on day 7 to evaluate incidence, quality, and quantity of adhesions, as expressed via adhesion reduction rate (AR). Histologic specimens were evaluated. Statistical analyses used ANOVA and unpaired t-tests.
Results: 4DryField® PH significantly reduced incidence and severity of adhesions both as premixed gel (AR: 85.2%) and as in-situ made gel (AR: 100%), a comparison between these two application techniques showed no differences in efficacy. Seprafilm® did not reduce incidence but severity of adhesions significantly (AR: 53.5%). With Interceed® (AR: 3.7%) and Adept® (AR: 16.1%) no significant adhesion-reduction was achieved. Except for inflammatory response with Interceed®, histopathology showed good tissue compatibility of all other devices.
Conclusion: 4DryField® PH and Seprafilm® showed significant adhesion prevention capabilities. 4DryField® PH achieved the highest adhesion prevention effectiveness without restrictions concerning mode of application and compatibility and, thus, is a promising strategy to prevent abdominal adhesions.
Background:
Adhesions due to pelvic/abdominal surgery are a common serious pathology possibly entailing severe complications. This study investigates the adhesion prevention capability of the novel starch-based agent 4DryField® PH, which together with saline solution forms a barrier gel. Herein, an optimized adhesion model (OPAM) inducing severe adhesions/agglutinations with high reproducibility was used.
Methods:
In 19 Lewis rats, a 1 × 2 cm abdominal wall defect was created, the peritoneum of the neighboring cecum was abraded, and both injured areas were approximated by suture. Rats were randomized to control (n = 10) or 4DryField PH treatment (n = 9) groups. Another 8 rats had sham surgery for safety assessment of 4DryField PH. At day 7, the quantity and quality of adhesions were assessed macro-/microscopically and evaluated statistically.
Results:
4DryField PH treatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of adhesions as verified by significantly improved adhesion scorings (0.4 vs. 4.5; 1.1 vs. 9). Histology revealed reconstitution of the cecum and abdominal wall including regeneration of the visceral/parietal peritoneum. In sham-operated rats, 4DryField PH did not induce adhesion formation.
Conclusions:
4DryField PH gel was highly effective in preventing adhesions. Histologically, the injured cecum and abdominal wall regenerated well in the presence of 4DryField PH. Considering the severity of OPAM trauma, the potential of 4DryField PH to prevent adhesions can be rated excellent.
Laparoscopic salpingotomy has become the gold standard for the treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy (TEP). Limitations for organ preservation in TEP can result from intra-operative bleeding or potential tubal damage due to application of thermal coagulation. Hemostatic gelatine-thrombin matrix Floseal(®) allows effective local hemostasis when sutures or thermal coagulation are inadequate or impossible.
We demonstrate in two cases how tubal preservation following effective hemostasis can be achieved by local application of gelatine-thrombin matrix.
In both cases, the ectopic pregnancy was localized in the ampullar part of the right tube, with gestational sac diameter of 38 and 15 mm, respectively, and visible embryos of 25 and 6.5 mm, respectively. After laparoscopic salpingotomy and evacuation of TEP, diffuse bleeding from the implantation site at the tubal wall was treated with the hemostatic matrix. Punctual bipolar coagulation was used only in Case 1 for striking bleeding from incision margins. Both patients were discharged without complications within 24-48 h after operation.
Hemostatic gelatine-thrombin matrix Floseal(®) minimizes tissue damage and optimizes local hemostasis. The use of Floseal(®) enhances the chance of organ preservation in the laparoscopic treatment of TEP.
The hemostat, sealant, and adhesive components of the surgical toolbox continue to evolve and enter clinical practice at a rapid rate. The goal of this comprehensive, sequential review is to update these components to include those now available (February 2012) as well as to explore cost and regulatory factors that impact the development and use of these materials. A unique system of definitions for organizing these components based on group, category, and class is used as a means of improving the understanding and appropriate use of these materials. The system will be used here to present the most recent additions to the toolbox, which are evaluated based on safety, efficacy, usability, and cost. These new additions include pooled human plasma fibrinogen and thrombin embedded in an equine collagen patch for cardiac surgical hemostasis, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and human serum albumin for lung surgical pneumostasis, modified PEG and trilysine amine for spinal sealing, octyl and butyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate for vascular sealing, and a variety of octyl and butyl cyanoacrylates with or without dyes and/or polyester mesh for skin closure with the creation of a bacterial barrier. The system of definitions will also be used to clarify key strategies in the current health care environment for reducing costs and for increasing understanding of Food and Drug Administration regulatory decisions for these materials.
We examined the total costs to the National Health Service (NHS, UK) paid to treat adhesion complications and determine the theoretical savings and cost-effectiveness incurred if anti-adhesion agents were adopted. Using Healthcare Resource Groups (HRG) codes, we calculated the costs incurred through Payment by Results (PbR) and then calculated the financial savings that could be realised through the use of anti-adhesion agents. There were 62,186 adhesion-related consultant episodes between 2004 and 2008 encountered within the NHS. If an anti-adhesion agent cost £110 per usage, and can reduce adhesions in 25% of patients undergoing surgery, assuming that 25% of patients were readmitted in the first year after the primary surgery, the financial cost to the health service is, at best, savings of more than £700,000 and at worst, cost neutral to the NHS.
4DryField V R PH Instructions for use
PlantTec Medical, Bad Bevensen, Germany. 2019. 4DryField V R PH
Instructions for use. [cited 2019 Jun 26] Available from: https://www.