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Planned retreat in Global South megacities: disentangling policy, practice, and environmental justice

DOI:10.1007/s10584-019-02535-1
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Idowu Ajibade at Emory University
Idowu Ajibade
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The retreat of urban populations as an adaptation strategy has the potential to protect people, businesses, and infrastructure from the severe impacts of climate change. However, it can also lead to the unjust dislocation of the urban poor whose contributions to climate change are negligible but whose exposure to climatic risk is high. These groups of people also have little say in the decision-making about whether to retreat, when and how, thus raising concerns about equity and justice. In this paper, I examine the policy and practice of managed retreat and its environmental justice dimensions in Manila (Philippines) and Lagos (Nigeria) from 2010 to 2018. Expert interviews, focus group discussions, and policy documents were collected and analyzed for both cities. Findings reveal a complex picture of contradictions. In Lagos, retreat was stated in climate change policy but in practice only the urban poor were forcibly removed from waterfront areas and in their place new urban development projects are being constructed. In Manila, retreat was not mentioned in policy but evidence indicates informal settlers and national government offices were the target of planned retreat. Unlike Lagos, the urban poor in Manila were offered a mortgaged pathway to homeownership outside the city. However, the lack of livelihood opportunities in relocation sites engendered a cycle of retreat and return. This study further discusses how climatic uncertainties, property values, government distrust, utopian imaginaries, and environmental injustices served as barriers to managed retreat in both cities. The paper concludes with a call for an environmentally and socially just approach to retreat. It argues that the rights of the urban poor to the city must be taken into consideration even under complex climatic and socio-ecological disruptions.
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Planned retreat in Global South megacities:
disentangling policy, practice, and environmental
justice
Idowu Ajibade
1
Received: 22 December 2018 /Accepted: 19 August 2019
#Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract
The retreat of urban populations as an adaptation strategy has the potential to protect people,
businesses, and infrastructure from the severe impacts of climate change. However, it can also
lead to the unjust dislocation of the urban poor whose contributions to climate change are
negligible but whose exposure to climatic risk is high. These groups of people also have little
say in the decision-making about whether to retreat, when and how, thus raising concerns
about equity and justice. In this paper, I examine the policy and practice of managed retreat and
its environmental justice dimensions in Manila (Philippines) and Lagos (Nigeria) from 2010 to
2018. Expert interviews, focus group discussions, and policy documents were collected and
analyzed for both cities. Findings reveal a complex picture of contradictions. In Lagos, retreat
was stated in climate change policy but in practice only the urban poor were forcibly removed
from waterfront areas and in their place new urban development projects are being constructed.
In Manila, retreat was not mentioned in policy but evidence indicates informal settlers and
national government offices were the target of planned retreat. Unlike Lagos, the urban poor in
Manila were offered a mortgaged pathway to homeownership outside the city. However, the
lack of livelihood opportunities in relocation sites engendered a cycle of retreat and return.
This study further discusses how climatic uncertainties, property values, government distrust,
utopian imaginaries, and environmental injustices served as barriers to managed retreat in both
cities. The paper concludes with a call for an environmentally and socially just approach to
retreat. It argues that the rights of the urban poor to the city must be taken into consideration
even under complex climatic and socio-ecological disruptions.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02535-1
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-
02535-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
*Idowu Ajibade
jajibade@pdx.edu
1
Department of Geography, Portland State University, 1721 SW Broadway, Portland, OR 97201, USA
Climatic Change (2019) 157:299–317
Published online: 2 2019
September
/
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
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