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An integrated model of destination sustainable competitiveness
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims at developing a framework to investigate and analyze sustainable competitiveness in tourism destinations.
Design/methodology/approach
This study has a qualitative approach, and it has been conducted by use of a comprehensive literature review. First, the key concepts of the study such as destination competitiveness, sustainable development, stakeholders’ attitude and performance and tourist loyalty were identified. Then, an integrative review was conducted on literature regarding the mentioned keywords. More related resources were selected and critically reviewed to explore gaps. For this purpose, a search was conducted at databases such as Emerald, Elsevier and ScienceDirect.
Findings
An appropriate framework for tourism sustainable development and, in particular, for its sustainable competitiveness, requires considering economic, sociocultural and ecological dimensions on the one hand, and considering all stakeholders participating in tourism process on the other hand.
Research limitations/implications
The model suggested in this study can be applied by managers and policymakers in various destinations to investigate true competitiveness situation of their tourist destinations. It also can be theoretically a start point to raise further issues and studies on destination competitiveness by adopting a new sustainability approach.
Originality/value
From reviewing previous studies, it is clear that most models developed on destination competitiveness only consider creation of competitiveness and destination’s characteristics. In addition, a sustainability approach has rarely been considered in these studies. A model or a framework specially designed for evaluating and investigating sustainability of destination competitiveness has not been developed yet. In this sense, the proposed framework in this study is a new one. What differentiates this model with previous ones is the sustainability approach to the competitiveness and taking all stakeholders of the competition process into account.
... The discussion on destination competitiveness is a notable one (Nadalipour et al., 2019) whereby several models have been developed by different researchers. Ritchie and Crouch (2003) developed a comprehensive model of destination competitiveness with five categories of elements, i.e., destination policy planning and development; destination management; core resources and attractiveness; supporting determinants and resources; and determinants of lessening and flourishing the competitiveness. ...
... The constant evolution of the sustainable development concept simply means that there is no standard definition (Nadalipour et al., 2019) although all definitions eventually strive for sustainable long-term growth. Rather than merely fulfil short-term needs, a sustainable approach ensures that the local needs are constantly fulfilled despite a changing environment. ...
... Figure 1 shows the above-mentioned research framework, designed to quantify the sustainable competitiveness of the Malaysian tourism and its impact to the economy. Since Nadalipour et al. (2019) suggested that the inclusion of sustainability factors can gradually improve competitiveness, this research framework has incorporated the pillars of social competitiveness, economic competitiveness, environmental competitiveness, sustainable policy environment, and technology and innovation for the construction of Tourism Sustainable Competitiveness Indicator (TSCI). ...
This paper proposes a sustainable competitiveness indicator for the state of tourism vulnerability in the Malaysian tourism market. Further investigation has also been done on the time-frequency and lead-lag relationship of the indicator with tourism development and economic growth. The resultant indicator is consisted of 12 variables, identified based on the pillars of sustainability and competitiveness to extract a common vulnerability component using a dynamic approximate factor model. The model’s accuracy rate was at a promising 92% based on the variable importance assessment using random forest algorithms. Through the implementation of bivariate wavelet coherence analysis, the empirical results indicated that the constructed indicator has a positive leading role in Malaysian tourism development and economic growth. This indicator can be embedded within an early warning system to signify vulnerabilities in the Malaysian tourism market.
... Other studies are more comprehensive in looking at sustainable MSME competitiveness, namely on the variables of enabling environment, travel and tourism competitiveness index, infrastructure, and natural and cultural resources (Escoto, Boza, & Madrigal, 2019). Meanwhile, other studies explain the destination sustainable competitiveness framework, as shown in Figure 2. (Nadalipour, Imani Khoshkhoo, & AR, 2019). Competitiveness of Sustainable Tourism Destinations can show in Figure 2. The sustainable tourism destination competitiveness framework includes economic, social, and environmental aspects. ...
... Competitiveness of Sustainable Tourism Destinations can show in Figure 2. The sustainable tourism destination competitiveness framework includes economic, social, and environmental aspects. Sustainable competitiveness must simultaneously consider the economic, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions (Nadalipour et al., 2019). In other words, MSME competitiveness can be sustainable if it is realised simultaneously across all dimensions. ...
... This means that previous researchers began to pay attention to the urgency of the mixed methods approach. The number of articles reviewed to show the methodological gap is shown in Figure 4. Based on the literature review above, this research uses a framework that refers to the concept or theory of sustainable competitiveness, which can be presented in the research framework in Figure 5 below (Chaharbaghi, 1999;Nadalipour et al., 2019) : ...
This research aims to conduct in-depth research to find out the governance model of local wisdom-based MSMEs that are sustainably competitive, especially in facing the crisis period, after the Covid-19 pandemic. This research uses variables and a map of the relationship between variables on the impact of sustainable competitive tourist destinations on the welfare of tourism MSME actors. This research was conducted on MSME players in herbal tourism destinations, especially the Tawangmangu destination, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The approach used is a qualitative method. In collecting data using in-depth interviews, FGDs, observation, study of related documents, and surveys. The determination of the research sample uses purposive sampling technique which is adjusted to the criteria. It is expected that this research can find out the governance of MSMEs that are sustainably competitive in the midst of a crisis and find out the supporting and inhibiting factors for the governance of tourism MSMEs that are sustainably competitive in tourism destinations, as well as preparing tourism MSMEs towards a global market (Go International) that is sustainably competitive and has an impact on the welfare of MSME actors in Tawangmangu herbal tourism destinations.
... Sustainable development is an important concept in the sustainable tourism industry [56]. This concept combines environmental, economic, and social aspects necessary to achieve sustainable growth and protect valuable natural and cultural resources [49], [57]. According to Zhang et al. [49], the importance of measuring business performance based on three dimensions, namely environmental, social, and economic, can assess the impact of business activities on the environment, local community, and local economy [56], [58]. ...
... To achieve competitiveness in the environment, the tourism industry needs to ensure that they have sustainable and environmentally friendly business practices [67]. According to Nadalipour et al. [57], the competitive competitiveness of each stakeholder in the tourism industry is considered in improving the performance of the tourism industry, especially for sustainable competitiveness requiring consideration of economic, socio-cultural, and ecological dimensions. In order to increase environmental competitiveness in the tourism industry, stakeholders with interest in the tourism industry, such as governments, tour managers, communities, and local communities, need to work together to promote sustainable business practices and maintain natural resources and the environment which are tourist attractions [57]. ...
... According to Nadalipour et al. [57], the competitive competitiveness of each stakeholder in the tourism industry is considered in improving the performance of the tourism industry, especially for sustainable competitiveness requiring consideration of economic, socio-cultural, and ecological dimensions. In order to increase environmental competitiveness in the tourism industry, stakeholders with interest in the tourism industry, such as governments, tour managers, communities, and local communities, need to work together to promote sustainable business practices and maintain natural resources and the environment which are tourist attractions [57]. Environmental competitiveness in the context of the tourism industry refers to the ability of a tourism destination and tourism industry organization to maintain the attractiveness and quality of its business. ...
Sustainable development in the tourism industry is a significant challenge requiring various stakeholders’ collaborative efforts. The tourism industry must adopt sustainable business practices and improve its performance to overcome this. Support system facilities, stakeholders, and the application of open innovation can help increase optimal performance and support in achieving a sustainable tourism industry. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to propose a collaborative model of open innovation, stakeholders, and support system facilities to develop a sustainable tourism industry in a dynamic and competitive environment. This study uses quantitative methods for analysis. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with the criteria of SMEs scattered around the tourist area. The research model was analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using data from 358 respondents from SMEs in the tourist area of Rembang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, and Banyuwangi Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The study results show that performance improvements can significantly and positively affect the sustainability of the tourism industry. The tourism industry’s performance can be achieved by implementing open innovation, participation of stakeholders, support system facilities, and environmental dynamism. However, environmental competitiveness is not proven to improve the tourism industry’s performance because every organization and stakeholder is interdependent. Theoretically, this research contributes to the debate about how open innovation, stakeholders, support system facilities, and environmental dynamism can improve tourism’s performance, ultimately achieving a sustainable industry. Practically, this research benefits stakeholders and SMEs in formulating an appropriate policy for achieving a green industry.
... Sustainable tourism is a holistic managerial perspective that provides environmental conservation and socioeconomic benefits for local communities (McNaughton et al., 2020;Del Vecchio et al., 2022). According to this viewpoint, a tourism destination can be sustainable if it serves the demands of present and future tourists, as well as those of residents (Nadalipour et al., 2019). In marine and coastal areas, scuba diving has attracted increasing interest within the broader segment of sustainable tourism. ...
... In the past two decades, many researchers have conducted studies on scuba diving tourism, which is depicted as a young, expensive and niche sector focused on the enjoyment of underwater marine environment and wildlife (Dimmock and Musa, 2015). According to Hodeck et al. (2021), the sustainability of scuba diving tourism is an important factor to consider with regard to a tourist destination's competitive advantage (Apostolakis et al., 2015;Nadalipour et al., 2019). Thus, scuba diving achieves sustainable outcomes and effective tourism management (Plummer and Fennell, 2009). ...
... This study highlights the need to maintain the attractiveness of the marine ecosystem as a starting point for sustainable development, not only of the diving sector but also of the entire tourist destination. Those interested in promoting sustainable tourism should attempt to understand the real benefits that diving could bring to the local economy and competitiveness of the destination (Nadalipour et al., 2019). The lack of tools and structures to develop an effective natural resource conservation strategy could lead to the unsustainable development of mass scuba tourism, as is happening in some tourist areas in the Red Sea (Shaalan, 2005). ...
Purpose: Scuba diving tourism is reputed to be a potential low-impact recreational activity that allow environmental conservation and socioeconomic benefits for local communities. Few studies have addressed the issue of sustainability of scuba diving tourism through the simultaneously investigation on the economic and socio-cultural aspects and its implications for tourism development. This study aims to examine the scuba diving tourism in three under-explored North African tourism destinations with high ecotourist potential. The authors present an exploratory picture of scuba diving tourist demand, divers’ preferences, motivations for recreational diving experiences and their propensity towards conservation.
Design/methodology/approach: The authors developed a case study research strategy collecting profile data on 123 divers. Furthermore, regression analysis was performed to investigate the divers’ preferences, motivations, and propensity towards conservation.
Findings: The divers’ limited number, the presence of mainly local seasonal tourists and a moderate propensity towards conservation influence the potential of the diving tourism segment to generate significant socioeconomic benefits for local sustainable development in these destinations. However, establishing a Marine Protected Area (MPA) could foster the development of a long-term strategy for scuba diving tourism, improve conservation awareness and increase divers’ satisfaction.
Practical implications: Diverse profiles, preferences and motivations can provide tools to sustainably manage and preserve coastal and marine biodiversity, while also maximising the quality of the recreational experience. One of the most effective site-based strategies to orient the diving sector towards sustainability involves the design and strengthening of MPAs.
Originality/value: The research provides an original contribution to the debate on sustainable tourism strategies by demonstrating how the study of economic and socio-cultural aspects of scuba diving could provide guidelines to orient the tourism development of marine and coastal areas towards the principles of sustainability (also through the establishment of MPAs). The findings present an overview of the sustainability of the scuba diving tourism segment by investigating the preferences, motivations and inclination towards conservation among tourists for whom the diving experience is not a core holiday activity.
... This is consistent with insights suggesting that process-related components of touristic attractiveness have become increasingly important [55]. This applies to sustainable tourism practices in nature tourism destinations in particular [56]. If destinations put emphasis on the sustainable management of resources, tourism activities take place in a way that does not exceed the ecosystem's carrying capacity. ...
... It is important to emphasize that experts consider wilderness tourism beneficial only if it is sustainable, a condition also emphasized in the literature [56]. Furthermore, it is pointed out that local actors will only support sustainable wilderness tourism if they benefit economically from it, e.g., by new and secure job opportunities [11,101]. ...
Wilderness areas are declining worldwide. A major reason is large-scale forestry activities like logging. At the same time, wilderness offers unique opportunities for recreation in natural and remote environments, enabling communities to gather economic income based on wilderness tourism. An outstanding element of wilderness areas is primary forests. Wilderness is often understood as untouched nature, unchanged by human intervention. For visitors, wilderness resembles a counter-world, enabling them to escape from everyday life. The present study investigates whether forestry activities have an effect on the attractiveness of primary forests for wilderness tourism. This question is answered based on a case study in the Făgăraş Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania). The findings show that primary forests are a unique selling point in tourism. Forestry activities are associated with direct (loss of biodiversity) and indirect (change of target group) effects. Forestry activities not only cause changes in forests as a tourism attractor, but also change the attractor’s contexts, by rendering access difficult or by destroying hiking trails. This paper makes theoretical and practical contributions. From a theoretical point of view, it reflects the concept of wilderness tourism and highlights the importance of contexts (i.e., access paths) for the attractiveness of wild forests. From a practical point of view, it highlights the importance of distinguishing various target groups and different degrees of naturalness to maintain a nuanced portfolio of recreational opportunities in wild forests, for example by referring to established management tools like the recreation opportunity spectrum.
... A mode of self-organisation that uses cooperative environments to create shared spaces for experimenting and testing innovative products and services (Thees et al., 2020) Destination Management Organisation (DMO) An association within an urban area that is responsible for coordinating efforts to attract tourists to its territory (Nadalipour et al., 2019). ...
... L. Reina-Usuga et al. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 34 (2024) 100926 learning, there is evidence of a high disparity of such spaces, as some studies do not mention that such spaces are created (Figueroa et al., 2016;Hernández Ramírez, 2017), some only indicate that meetings have been held to socialise tourism projects, while others indicate that such spaces exist and how they are operationalised, as is the case of LL and DG (Guan et al., 2019;Nadalipour et al., 2019;Thees et al., 2020). Thirdly, in the factor of identification and implementation of solutions to shared problems, some studies show that the implementation of tourism projects has taken a top-down approach, especially in those projects in which the local community does not play a central role in the execution of tourism activities, as reported in (Taylor, 2017) when referring to community-based tourism in Mexico. ...
Rural tourism is a form of landscape conservation and sustainable development that can help respond to the challenges of rural areas. Although growing rural tourism has emerged with a collective approach, managed mainly by local communities, more attention needs to be paid to how the beneficiaries, i.e., tourists, are involved in such initiatives. This study explores the participation of tourists in governance processes in the framework of collaborative governance and perceived value. The study employs a systematic literature review using the PRISMA protocol and VOSviewer software. The results indicate a growing interest in collaborative governance-based rural tourism research, with Spain and China as significant contributors. The importance of stakeholder participation is highlighted, although mechanisms for creating deliberative spaces or decision-making processes remain to be indicated. The difficulty of actively involving tourists in these processes is acknowledged, attributing this to the transitory nature of tourism. Finally, the study argues for more inclusive and participatory approaches to achieve sustainable outcomes in rural tourism initiatives.
... Thus, the theoretical and empirical relationship on how to make an indigenous tourism destination competitive lies in not only the quality of the natural or cultural resources, but in how they are managed by the indigenous people, how the communities organise themselves, and how they come to understand the target market (Buhalis & Laws, 2001;Mariani et al., 2014;Zehrer & Hallmann, 2015). Following this logic, it is discerned in the literature on competitiveness that the different community management practices largely depend on the context in which they are developed (Mendola & Volo, 2017;Nadalipour et al., 2019). ...
... Thus the increase of the perceived benefits of management and supporting social prosperity in indigenous communities. These findings agree with Chin et al. (2017;Mendola and Volo (2017), and Nadalipour et al. (2019). ...
In this study, the relationship between community social capital and social prosperity is analysed, as well as the mediatory effect of competitiveness in indigenous tourism destinations from the perspective of the residents in indigenous communities. The sample was 103 people from 10 communities that are recognised as indigenous communities as affiliates of the Red Indígena de Turismo de México A.C. (RITA) (Indigenous Network of Tourism in Mexico). The analysis of the data and proof of hypothesis was carried out through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The discoveries show that the competitiveness of the destinations has a mediatory effect between the community social capital and the perception of social prosperity. It was found that the indigenous people perceive social prosperity through the competitiveness of the destination given that said competitiveness has various effects; more tourists have arrived at the destination, the tourist activities that benefit the local economy have been better managed, the creation of new businesses and jobs, entrepreneurship, investment in infrastructure, improvement in access to public services, and care for the natural resources of the communities. This competitiveness is directly influenced by the community social capital of the indigenous tourism destinations.
... These models acknowledge that competitiveness is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by a combination of objective and subjective factors. The present research focuses on the factors connecting destination competitiveness with visit intentions to ethnic enclave destinations and introduces the Integrated Model (IM) of competitiveness (Nadalipour et al., 2019). In the Integrated Model, the aspects of destinations that attract and motivate tourists to visit are referred to as resources or core resources. ...
This study explored the factors influencing local tourists' intention to visit and explore an ethnic enclave. The research focused on Little India in Brickfields, a historic area known for its British colonial architecture with structures that have endured for over a century. The investigation examined the influence of perceived destination competitiveness and place attachment on tourist’ intention to visit ethnic enclave-related tourism destinations. The study employed a positivist research philosophy and quantitative methods to collect data. A sample of 407 domestic tourists who visited Little India Brickfields was targeted for this study. The Cochran formula was applied to calculate the sample size due to the unavailability of information regarding the population. The study’s outcomes indicated that perceived destination competitiveness is insignificant to travel intentions. Similarly, place attachment does not mediate between domestic tourists’ perception of destination competitiveness and their visit intention. Specifically, this study contributes to the perceived destination competitiveness and attachment theory literature with the integration of ethnic enclave tourism nexus.
... Competitiveness theory incorporates the concepts of competitive advantages and comparative resources, which are commonly utilised to form the theoreti cal basis for developing research models related to destination competitiveness by the scholars (Ritchie & Crouch, 2003;Thong et al., 2023;Zehrer et al., 2017). Factor endowments, including facilities and natural resources, that are readily available in a destination are referred to as comparative advantage, whereas efficient long -term utilization of these resources is referred to as competitive advantage (Nadalipour et al., 2019;Thong et al., 2024). Competitiveness theory's central ideas of comparative and competitive advantage provide a strong theoretical and applied foundation for analysing the reciprocal link between the four suggested determinants (destination appeal, tourism infrastructure, destination image, and service quality) of destination competitiveness of rural tourism. ...
Tourism activities significantly impact a country’s economy, environment, community, and visitors. In the Malaysian context, rural communities have adopted rural tourism as an alternative source of income. The competitiveness of a tourism destination is crucial for the long-term profitability of rural tourism destinations. The tourism experience is a critical factor for tourists when choosing a destination. Therefore, it is essential to focus not only on attractions but also on a destination’s infrastructure, image, and hospitality. However, current literature lacks a single study that examines the impact of both tangible and intangible resources on the competitiveness of rural tourism destinations, using mobile technology as a moderating variable with a multi-group analysis approach. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the tangible and intangible tourism assets that determine the competitiveness of rural tourism destinations, with the moderating effects of mobile technology use. The results were then compared between Sarawak, Malaysia, and Henan province, China, to provide a better understanding of rural tourism destination competitiveness in the Asia region. A total of 525 datasets were collected (233 from Sarawak and 292 from Henan) for analysis in the current study. A partial least squares multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA) was employed to compare Sarawak and Henan. The results revealed a strong and positive correlation between rural tourism destination competitiveness and factors such as destination appeal, destination image, and service quality. Furthermore, it was found that mobile technology use moderated the relationship between destination image and rural tourism destination competitiveness. Theoretically, the findings contribute to existing literature and the theory of competitiveness by offering additional insights into destination competitiveness. The results also serve as an important reference for scholars interested in extending research on destination competitiveness, particularly in the field of rural tourism. Practically, tourism practitioners in Sarawak, Malaysia, and Henan province, Chin a, can use the findings as a reference for decision-making, especially in policy-making and marketing strategies. ICT developers can also refer to this study when designing mobile technologies, with a focus on better integrating mobile technology into tourism infrastructure. Finally, both the limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
... Knežević Cvelbar et al. (2016) Macroenvironment, general infrastructure, resources that are available, infrastructure for tourism, business environment, and destination management. Nadalipour et al. (2019) Infrastructures and superstructures related to tourism, businesses in the industry, service quality, funding sources, jobs and investment opportunities, destination prosperity, community well-being, cultural attractions, security, and hospitality, as well as social carrying capacity, climate, natural attractions, transportation capacity, resource consumption, energy management, and environmental cleanliness, as well as tourism demand and visitor satisfaction and behavior. Risfandini et al. (2023) Tourist appeal, facilities, good accessibility, distinctive characteristics of tourism locations, safety, cleanliness, and friendliness of the residents. ...
Abstract:
Tourism destinations have long recognized the importance of competitiveness in fostering growth and development within the travel and tourism sector. This study delves into the concept of tourism destination competitiveness, particularly in the context of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) developed by the World Economic Forum (WEF). The TTCI serves as a global benchmark, evaluating the factors and policies that contribute to a country's ability to sustainably and resiliently develop its travel and tourism (T&T) sector. Initially introduced in 2007, the index has undergone continuous refinement to capture the evolving dynamics of the T&T industry and its impact on economic progress. This study sheds light on the implications and challenges associated with the TTCI, emphasizing the need for further refinement to enhance its effectiveness. Despite ongoing improvements, the TTCI remains a valuable tool for comparing the competitiveness of different countries, offering insights into their strengths and areas for improvement.
Keywords: Destination competitiveness, determinants of destination competitiveness, destination competitiveness models. Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI).
... The role of private tourist businesses at heritage sites is often overlooked despite their importance in shaping visitor experiences (Hamdan et al., 2021;Wang, 2020;Zehrer and Hallmann, 2015;Zhang et al., 2021). Proactively considering stakeholders' interests can yield long-term benefits, necessitating a sustainable framework that incorporates economic, social, and ecological aspects with active participation from all tourism sector stakeholders (Nadalipour et al., 2019;Nasar, 1989). ...
Heritage planning is essential for preserving cultural identity and engaging stakeholders in managing heritage sites. This research examines how stakeholder perceptions influence place-making strategies within competitive heritage planning. It recognizes that various stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, heritage organizations, and private entities, have differing views and interests. Understanding these perceptions is vital for effective place-making. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study involved qualitative and quantitative research, including interviews and focus groups with 1,150 stakeholders to assess their perceptions, attitudes, and preferences regarding heritage planning initiatives. Conducted in a competitive context, the research investigates how stakeholder perceptions affect place-making strategies, aiming to enhance understanding of heritage planning. The findings will assist heritage planners and policymakers in decision-making, promoting inclusive and participatory approaches that consider diverse perspectives. Ultimately, the goal is to contribute to the sustainable preservation of heritage sites, fostering a sense of place and cultural identity in a competitive planning environment.
... On the other hand, one approach for developing significant and distinctive products and offerings in a cooperative setting to accomplish several social and economic benefits is the distribution of destination resources (Gato et al., 2022b). It is an effort that results in the acquisition of resources and their longterm, sustainable, and efficient application while taking into account the social and economic well-being of the community (Nadalipour, Imani Khoshkhoo, and Eftekhari, 2019). As a result, sustaining competitiveness depends on how to apply available resources to get a more substantial return (Hanafiah and Zulkifly, 2019). ...
It is understood that the tourism sector is a significant and expanding sector that has become the main source of revenue, livelihoods, and prosperity. One of the most important elements in establishing a competitive edge is a conative country image, which also affects visitors' perceptions, attitudes, assessments, and future actions. Thus, this study aims to examine how a conative country image affects tourists' memorable experiences and how this affects their behavior in the future. It also seeks to investigate the practical contributions in producing memorable experiences for visitors by examining the effects of tourists’ destinations' competitiveness and their influence on future behavior. A theoretical concept forms the foundation of the study's approach. Based on the quantitative findings and literature review, a questionnaire is developed, tested, and distributed to international visitors who visit Saudi Arabia. The study's results confirmed the assumption that a conative country image affects tourists' memorable experiences and enhances the competitiveness of tourists’ destinations, affecting travelers' future behavior, including their willingness to return. This study provides a new perspective on how conative country image influences the development of memorable experiences and how that contributes to future behavior.
... Therefore, the principal role of the voice of local residents in achieving the expansion and success of the tourism destination should not be underrated (Chong, 2020). Researchers claim that tourism is based on service marketing and interaction (Morgan & Ranchhod, 2010). Coopetition is a behaviour representing the essential organisational methods of tourism destinations, especially when considering the interdependence and complementarity of this sector (Chim-Miki & Batista-Canino, 2017). ...
... There is a need to have a tourism representative, such as a DMO, as a local decision maker because with a managerial role they can provide insights and help manage tourism in a STC strategy. Instead, when DMO has a mere promotion role for the city represents a barrier to STC development and consequently to achieving urban sustainability goals (Borseková et al., 2017;Eichelberger et al., 2020;Ivars-Baidal et al., 2021;Nadalipour et al., 2019). ...
... Furthermore, tourist loyalty can be described as a combination of behavioral loyalty, attitudinal loyalty, and a mixture of behavioral and attitudinal loyalty (Yu & Hwang, 2019, Nadalipour et al., 2019. Behavioral loyalty involves observable actions such as repeat visits or repeat purchases, while attitudinal loyalty reflects a psychological commitment to revisiting a destination. ...
This research analyzes the influence of destination quality and destination value on tourist loyalty in the city of Bandung, Indonesia, and tests whether destination value mediates the relationship between destination quality and tourist loyalty. The type of research chosen is quantitative with a descriptive verification approach using SEM PLS. The population for this research is domestic tourists in the city of Bandung. From the analysis of 196 respondents, the majority were women, aged 18-25 years, and had a high school education. The results show a high assessment of the quality of eating places and the level of tourist loyalty. Public transportation accessibility received a low rating, and the lowest average score on the Time Value Variable. Hypothesis analysis shows a positive and significant influence between destination quality and tourist loyalty. Apart from that, there is a positive and significant influence between destination quality and destination value, and between destination value and tourist loyalty. The findings show that destination value mediates the relationship between destination quality and tourist loyalty, emphasizing the importance of strengthening destination value elements to increase tourist loyalty in Bandung City. Keywords: destination quality, destination value, tourist loyalty, urban tourism, city branding
... This also led to the development of a new model for cleaner tourism. In another study by Nadalipour et al. (2019), a literature review was conducted to create a framework for sustainable competitiveness for tourism. The authors found that the model needed to take into account socio-cultural, economic and ecological aspects, as well as all the stakeholders in the tourism sector. ...
Inclusiveness within the tourism sector from the existing literature are
examined to understand the research problem of whether the tourism
industry in Uttar Pradesh is fully inclusive. This chapter aims to expand
the currently available limited literature on the inclusiveness of tourism,
especially in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. An in-depth analysis in this
area of study has not been undertaken before. Secondary data sources
(including grey literature) are examined to conduct a systematic thematic
review of the existing literature. The chapter iterates on the desire of the
Government of India, especially the Uttar Pradesh Government, to
increase the growth of the tourism industry of the state with the highest
population in India. In this study, the focus is on the Uttar Pradesh
Tourism Policy of 2022 and analyse the key components of this policy.
This study concludes by showing the potential areas the government can
focus on to attract more tourists to the state of Uttar Pradesh. The research
implications indicate further conduct of a primary survey on Uttar
Pradesh’s tourism sector, especially post the introduction of its Tourism
Policy of 2022, which is considered to be a major policy boost for
religious and spiritual tourism in India. The literature on analysing
inclusiveness within the tourism sector in India is limited. It is almost
negligible for the state of Uttar Pradesh (one of the largest states of India).
... Attitude is a psychological tendency that is presented in the evaluation of certain entities with some degree of favor or disfavor (Eagly and Chaiken, 2007). In the tourism research, attitude represents the overall evaluative stance or predisposition that the tourists hold towards specific aspects of dimensions of the tourism experience, including destinations, attractions, accommodations, activities, services, and overall travel experiences (Nadalipour, Imani Khoshkhoo and Eftekhari, 2019;Gupta and Chomplay, 2021;Isaac and Van den Bedem, 2021). Attitudes represent tourists' subjective perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and judgments about various aspects of the tourism industry and destination offerings (Souiden, Ladhari and Chiadmi, 2017). ...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of digital marketing tools (e.g., electronic word of mouth) on customer satisfaction and revisit the intention of wellness and spa tourism from the viewpoint of international tourists visiting Thailand after COVID-19. Due to the rising awareness of health and wellness, the authors intended to explore wellness tourism from the perspective of international tourists. In addition, the current research also investigated the effect of service quality and tourist attitude toward wellness/spa tourism on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention. Data collection was from 403 international tourists visiting Thailand, and one of the primary purposes of their visits was to participate in wellness or spa services in Thailand. The results showed that satisfaction, service quality, and electronic word-of-mouth significantly influenced the intention to revisit wellness tourists. In contrast, attitude and service quality significantly affected the satisfaction of wellness tourists. The discussions, conclusions, and practical recommendations were also provided to offer the guidelines for further development of the wellness tourism industry.
... Por tanto, la competitividad es una medida relativa. Sin embargo, es un concepto amplio y no hay acuerdo sobre cómo definirlo y cómo medirlo con precisión" ( Capobianco-Uriarte, Casado-Belmonte, Marín-Carrillo, & Terán-Yépez, 2019) para lo cual es necesario enfocarse en las dimensiones económicas, socioculturales y ecológicas(Nadalipour, Khoshkhoo, & Eftekhari, 2019). ...
La competitividad es un factor importante ya que esto permite a los países alcanzar mayores ingresos a mercados internacionales. El presente trabajo pretende identificar la competitividad de la actividad florícola ecuatoriano en el mercado estadounidense con relación a la competitividad y exportaciones florícolas colombianas al mismo mercado objetivo en el período de estudio. Para esto se realizó una investigación comparativa de la competitividad del Ecuador con respecto a Colombia, con información obtenida del Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE) y de los reportes de los departamentos de comercio de Estados Unidos y Colombia. Para lo cual, se calculó el Índice de Ventaja Comparativa Revelada (IVCR), cuotas de exportación (cmx), el Índice de comercio intra-productor (BCR) y la aplicación de un modelo de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO). Este procedimiento permitió determinar que el Ecuador posee una competitividad del 56,93% en el sector florícola respecto a Colombia, lo que permite concluir que se debe mejorar los aspectos de competitividad a nivel de la producción florícola. URL: https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/1672
... Social sciences are not an exception and especially the field of economics. Researchers have investigated competitiveness from a wide range of perspectives, including higher education competitiveness (Parasii-Verhunenko et al., 2020), sustainable competitiveness (Nadalipour et al., 2019), European competitiveness (Ketels and Porter, 2021), tourism competitiveness (Cibinskiene and Snieskiene, 2015;Tleuberdinova et al., 2022), regional competitiveness (Bahrami et al., 2022), and others. ...
... DA is considered one of the main factors that may ensure the sustainability of tourism destination (Nadalipour et al., 2019). The perceived DA plays a central role in formatting tourists' attitudes towards the destination (Mikulincer and Shaver, 2003). ...
... However, it is also well known that tourism has negative impacts on the environment, which has increased the need for sustainable development with appropriate planning processes [15,57,58]. These processes are used as tools for managing sites with high potential for tourism resources and, in turn, making use of them through the design of innovative tourism products [50,59] while maintaining a high level of satisfaction for tourists' needs [15]. ...
The concept of sustainable development has been applied and studied across various domains, including the tourism sector. This article endeavors to uncover the key contributions from the scientific literature regarding sustainable tourism development in the present century. To achieve this, a comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted, focusing on the themes of sustainable development and tourism, utilizing the Web of Science (WoS) database. This search yielded a list of 496 documents, which were subsequently subjected to analysis using the VOSviewer software, including diverse analytical methods and units of analysis. The primary findings of this study reveal the predominance of Australia in terms of the highest number of citations and China in the number of published documents. Finnish researcher Jarkko Saarinen emerges as the most frequently cited author, while Colin Michael Hall from New Zealand is the most co-cited author. In the context of keyword analysis, three thematic groups were identified: (1) rural tourism, reflecting a tourism sector closely linked to environmental aspects; (2) management, with a heightened emphasis on tourism as a business activity; and (3) sustainable tourism development, advocating for a balance among economic, social, and environmental dimensions. These findings are further complemented by the emergence of three prominent themes: governance, innovation, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The article suggests a more in-depth exploration of these thematic areas, particularly in terms of how sustainability can be incorporated as a focal point for development, thus alleviating the adverse impacts of tourism on destinations.
... Stakeholders in the tourism industry include tourists, residents (host community), tourism businesses, and the host government (Nadalipour et al., 2019), who, on the one hand, are susceptible to unprecedented difficulties and suffering, and on the other hand, play a crucial role in crisis management and resilience in the tourism industry (Nair & Dileep, 2020). ...
Stakeholders of the tourism industry are facing crises with many stress factors. Resilience is one of the most essential human abilities in critical situations. To improve the resilience of the stakeholders of the tourism industry, paying attention to spiritual health is very important. Spiritual health is a fundamental factor in the resilience of tourism industry stakeholders. This study aims to present a model of identifying and prioritizing the effective factors in spiritual health on the resilience of tourism stakeholders. For this purpose, information was collected through an in-depth study of the subject literature, and an in-depth interview with 15 experts in the field of tourism who are familiar with tourism, spirituality, and culture, and coding was done with the exploratory approach of thematic analysis and using ATLAS-ti software. And finally, 28 indicators and six components were extracted. Then, in the next stage, the research components were implemented by 15 research experts using the questionnaire and interpretive-structural modeling (ISM) method, and using MATLAB software, the position, importance, and effectiveness of the extracted research components were presented at six levels. The results of this research state that the element of spiritual structure in tourism has the most impact and is the cornerstone of spiritual health in the resilience of the Stakeholders of the tourism industry, and the component of spiritual perception of the tourism stakeholders has the most effectiveness.** Keywords: Spiritual health, Resilience Tourism industry stakeholders Thematic analysis Interpretive-structural modeling (ISM)
... The inclusion of sustainable development in studying competitiveness led to the appearance of the concept of sustainable competitiveness, due to the fact that several researchers have been interested in identifying the determinant factors of sustainable competitiveness. Many authors believe that the main determinant factors of sustainable competitiveness comprise the economic, social, and natural environment (Popescu et al. 2017;Nadalipour et al. 2019), knowledge (Ogutu et al. 2023), digitalization of operations (Evans 2017;Clarke 2020;Kő et al. 2022), and innovation (Houtgraaf 2022;Rui Mu and Wang 2022). ...
This study analyzes the determinant factors contributing to the competitiveness of public institutions. To reach the aim of the study, we have identified seven determinant factors: employee development, employee performance, organizational communication, work organization, digitalization of activities, reduction in bureaucracy, and strategic management. For each of the factors, we formulated 35 items that influence, to a higher or lower degree, the competitiveness of public institutions. To validate the results, we designed and applied a questionnaire to employees of public institutions. The study included 1042 individuals who provided valid responses. To process the data, the confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the STATA and SmartPLS software. The novelty of this study lies in the multidimensional analysis of the competitiveness of public institutions, carried out using multiple determinant factors. Our research findings could be used by decision-makers for enhancing institutional strategies designed to grow competitiveness.
... Es así como los territorios han sido objeto de diversos estudios para identificar cuáles son los factores críticos que permiten generar ventajas para posicionarlos como destinos turísticos competitivos (Ferreira & Perks, 2020). Como lo plantean Nadalipour et al. (2019), debido a la naturaleza única del fenómeno turístico, la capacidad de un destino para competir depende de sus fortalezas inherentes. ...
The purpose of this research is to identify the key factors explaining the competitiveness of a tourist destination, namely San Carlos in Antioquia, Colombia. The main results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis show that this Colombian region will fully materialize its tourism competitive potential if it develops more integrated support action plans, supports the effective exploitation of inherent resources, and promotes a better management of the destination. These results have important implications for the design of public tourism policy, both in the region and in other territories.
... Crouch and Ritchie's TDC model, considered one of the most complete TDC models (Andrades & Dimanche, 2017;Nadalipour, Khoshkhoo, & Eftekhari, 2019), identified two different and interrelated environments: micro and macro. Thus, while the microenvironment refers to the salient elements of the tourist destination which must be compared with competitors, the macro environment refers to the elements or forces that, lie outside the microenvironment that need to be adapted or overcome to remain competitive (Crouch & Ritchie, 1999). ...
... The management organization in the destination is supposed to fulfil several tasks, in particular representing the interests of stakeholders and developing cooperation between them, participating in the creation and distribution of the product, in the marketing communication of the destination, as well as in creating plans and determining the strategic direction of the tourism development in the destination (Eckert et al., 2019;Nadalipour, Imani Khoshkhoo and Eftekhari, 2019). Stakeholders evaluated the activities of their DMOs on a scale from 1 (excellent) to 5 (inadequate) (Figure 11). ...
Destinations are traditionally created based on the administrative division of the territory. However, fragmented territorial structures can represent an obstacle to the implementation of effective development processes within destination management organizations. The activities of third-generation destination management organisations go beyond territorial divisions and instead focus on tourism flows and functional service chains in destinations. Even though the need to remove the administrative division of destinations is apparent and third-generation management organizations are being created, research in this area is not extensive. The aim of the study is therefore to present a methodology that leads to the efficiency of the activities of destination management organisations based on the monitoring of tourism flows and ecosytem of services in selected destinations in Slovakia (Dolný Zemplín and Horný Zemplín). Through a quantitative survey of visitors and tourism stakeholders in selected destinations, the authors found that the interested parties perceive the monitored destinations as a whole - not divided and the activity of existing destination management organisations as insufficient. The study provides recommendations for the implementation of efficient development processes within destination management organisations by connecting them based on the monitoring of tourism flows. The presented methodology can serve as a starting point for the restructuring of destination management organisations for other destinations in Slovakia and abroad.
... Sometimes different government areas can be a problem when the data collection process of a tourist destination or creative industry. The failure to integrate any data between the creative industry and tourism will hamper the industry's development [5] because, ideally, a tourist spot will have information on the creative industry closest to its location. Creative industry information can make the tourists find products from creative industries that can use as souvenirs [6] near tourism destination. ...
This research to provide a system that can facilitate data collection on tourism and creative industries. This research uses a web-based application by utilizing geolocation technology from the google application programming interface. The method implemented in this research uses the software development life cycle waterfall model. The results obtained are that this web-based application can be used online to collect data on creative and tourism industries up to the latitude and longitude coordinates data stored in the database. The data used comes from the Greater Bandung area. The test results obtained a value of 100% of each item. The research results can impact the industrial and tourism sector, especially the stakeholders of related government agencies, so that they can support the acceleration of development, especially in the Greater Bandung area.
... Pemfokusan pada peningkatan volume pengunjung destinasi wisata juga dapat menciptakan eksternalitas negatif yang berkontribusi pada isu keterancaman keberlanjutan objek wisata tersebut, terutama yang bertemakan wisata-wisata alam. Beberapa model pengembangan destinasi wisata yang mengintegrasikan aspek keberlanjutan kemudian diajukan, misalnya model pengembangan destinasi wisata yang berdaya saing sekaligus berkelanjutan oleh Nadalipour et al. (2019) yang mengintegrasikan unsur pembangunan berkelanjutan, pembangunan pariwisata dan daya saing. Sebelumnya telah diusulkan model perencanaan pariwisata berkelanjutan oleh Padin (2012). ...
Stakeholders in the tourism industry can enhance their resilience to recover from crises and positively impact the national economy. By considering socio-cultural capacities, stakeholders can turn crises into opportunities for growth and sustainable development. Therefore, focusing on building and enhancing the resilience of tourism industry stakeholders is essential for sustainable development. In this regard, the present study aims to provide a resilience model for tourism industry stakeholders by leveraging socio-cultural capacities in selected tourism provinces of Iran (Tehran, Yazd, Isfahan, and Hamedan). This research is fundamental in nature, employing a qualitative research method and conducted using the grounded theory approach. Data were collected through purposive theoretical sampling and in-depth interviews with research experts. The data were then analyzed using data analysis principles and coding foundations with the assistance of MAXQDA software. As a result, the research model is presented in six main categories (causal conditions, the main phenomenon, contextual conditions, intervening factors, strategies, and consequences), six main themes (cultural and spiritual excellence of society, culture of support and innovation, challenges of the tourism industry, resilience of tourism industry stakeholders, resilience management, and resilient and sustainable tourism industry), 18 sub-themes (spiritual health, social cohesion and solidarity, innovation and creativity, governmental and non-governmental support, challenges of the tourism industry, creating resilience and preserving the governing values of the tourism industry, utilizing social and cultural capacities, etc.), and 64 conceptual codes. The implementation of the proposed model is expected to be utilized to enhance the resilience and performance of the tourism industry.
Purpose
The study aims to identify the antecedent conditions of the entrepreneurship system in a country to achieve sustainable competitiveness and explain the interplays in the pathways beyond the triple bottom line theory.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employs a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with contrarian case analysis on 126 country datasets from the Global Innovation Index (GII) reports and Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index (GSCI) reports for the period from 2013 to 2022.
Findings
The results show four parallel leverage mechanisms leading to high sustainable competitiveness, where research and development, knowledge diffusion, and new business density are the central roles in most cases.
Originality/value
This model complements and helps to amplify the understanding of sustainability theories and the fsQCA with contrarian case analysis on panel data, which was not tested or employed earlier on entrepreneurship and sustainable competitiveness.
The problem of sustainable development of territorial communities and the management of their economic processes and tourist resources is important in the modern world, as it requires a balanced approach to ensuring economic growth, preserving the environment and meeting the needs of society. The research is aimed at studying the management strategies of economic processes and tourist resources in territorial communities in order to ensure sustainable development. The aim of the study. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current trends in the management of economic and tourism aspects of the development of territorial communities, to identify key problems and to offer recommendations for their solution. Object and subject of research. The object of the research is territorial communities, and the subject is the management of their economic processes and tourist resources. Research methods. The research uses methods of analysis of scientific literature and documents, empirical research. With the help of statistical methods, the main trends and transformations of the issue of sustainable development of territories, taking into account the requirements of the economy of nature use, were analyzed. By using methods of correlation analysis, the key influencing factors on ensuring the sustainable development of territories in the conditions of modern global challenges were determined. The author analyzed modern approaches to managing the economic and tourism aspects of the development of territorial communities, identified key problems and proposed specific recommendations for improving management to achieve sustainable development. The conclusion of the study is the need to develop an integrated approach to the management of economic and tourist processes in territorial communities, which will take into account the needs of society and the preservation of the environment.
Vietnam’s tourism business has been dramatically affected by the Covid‑19 outbreak, leading to a considerable decrease in the number of tourists visiting the country. Tourism is vital in creating national income, attracting investment, encouraging exports, and stimulating growth in linked economic sectors. Therefore, this study examines the primary determinants that affect the competitiveness of tourist firms and their influence on business efficiency. The study utilizes qualitative and quantitative approaches, drawing on data collected from a sample of 870 corporate managers in five big cities in Vietnam. Quantitative analysis includes descriptive statistics and structural equation model performed using SPSS 20.0 and Amos. The key findings identified six crucial factors that determine the competitiveness and efficiency of tourism enterprises: (1) Quality of products and services, (2) Marketing capacity 4.0, (3) Organizational and management capacity, (4) Brand promotion, (5) Human resource quality, and (6) Social responsibility. These factors significantly impact the enterprises’ competitiveness and efficiency, with a significance level 0.01. These findings emphasize the significance of strategic policy actions to enhance these elements to promote post‑pandemic recovery and long‑term competitiveness in Vietnam’s tourism sector. The result provides valuable insights to policymakers and tourist stakeholders, facilitating evidence‑based policy development to improve competitiveness and business efficiency in Vietnam’s tourism industry after the Covid‑19 pandemic.
The tourism sector in East Kalimantan Province is expected to contribute to the region’s economy over the domination of the mining industry. On the other hand, the main issue is that the province’s economy still relies much upon the mining-based sector, particularly coal. As green growth-based and sustainable development strategies have been embraced globally for future development, developing a tourism-based economy is associated with this implementation due to tropical and mangrove forest area resources owned by the province. This path, if consistently developed, means not only an improved proportion of non-mining sectors in total local GDP but also significant reductions of carbon emissions responsible for global warming and climate change. Less elaborated studies have discussed the case of tourism development for the case of coal-based at province level. This paper tries to contribute to the gap by descriptively summarizing the current conditions of the tourism destinations and their climate development in the region using SWOT analysis. Our study shows that East Kalimantan Province has a comparative advantage in natural tourism with ecotourism destinations. Mangrove forest attractions, for instance, recorded as many as 18 objects and if these objects are properly conserved, they may contribute to reducing the harmful effects led by greenhouse gases. Other tourist objects with nature backgrounds have also reached 124 in number, and there was one object recognized in the Indonesian Tourism Village Award. An increase in non-domestic tourist visits from 2013 to 2019 was also seen, though the number was less developed compared to national tourists, and it experienced a significant decrease due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Some limitations such as accessibility and amenities, human resource, branding, and marketing of tourist destinations hamper the development of the tourism sector and should be addressed to optimize its competitiveness. Policies that cut these burdens may improve the realization of sustainability in East Kalimantan’s Province economy. Keywords: tourism, development, tourist destinations, ecotourism, East Kalimantan
We analyzed the relationship between tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) and economic performance using the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI) and various tourism metrics. Employing a Structural Equation Model (SEM) and the latest available 2021 data, we focused on factors such as connectivity, infrastructure, demand drivers, sustainability, and the enabling environment. The findings indicated a positive correlation between these factors and the pillars of destination competitiveness. Key elements such as connectivity, infrastructure, demand drivers, sustainability, and enabling environment significantly influence TDC in Asia. Our research demonstrates that these indicators strongly affect various aspects of performance in Asian countries, including tourism arrivals, revenue, and job creation. We found a negative correlation between certain aspects of destination performance and tourism growth, suggesting that highly competitive destinations may experience lower growth rates than less competitive ones, thereby affecting the overall development of the sector. This highlights the necessity of specific strategies to leverage the positive influence of competitive tourist destinations on economic dynamics and job creation within a destination. This study highlights the crucial role of core resources and infrastructure in enhancing tourism performance and competitiveness, and advocates targeted efforts for sustainable and resilient sector growth. These findings offer valuable insights into the relationship between competitiveness and performance in the Asian tourism industry.
This research aims to descriptively identify the competitiveness of tourist destinations in Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan Province, according to the perspective of stakeholders, namely the local government and owners of tourist destination. It then classifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats under SWOT Analysis framework. This study also explains the sustainability of tourist destinations measured from economic, socio-cultural and environmental componentsUsing qualitative descriptive technique, our data. were taken from secondary and primary sources, namely from the Tourism Office of Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesian. and through sample field visits by interviewing informants from Benua Elai (Belai) Tourism Village (Desa Wisata Benua Elai) in Sub-District of Loa Janan. The research results show that the competitiveness of tourist destinations in Kutai Kartanegara has comparative and competitive advantages. Comparatively, natural tourism has 74 destinations, followed by cultural tourism with 157 destinations. There are also 21 artificial tourist destinations. In terms of competitive advantage, institutional support from the district government in supporting the development of community-managed tourist destinations through Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) has been carried out. From the aspect of sustainability, tourist destinations such as Desa Belai have the potential to improve well-being of surrounding communities, though the position of tourist destinations has been threatened by large-scale mining activities. These coal mining explorations may harm sustainability of village tourism and its prospect to be leading growth sector.
This research aimed to examine the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) as an evaluation tool for heritage sites with limited tourism development. The authors aimed to assess how well the TTCI aligns with stakeholders' perceptions when applied to sites facing conservation challenges. The research revealed that stakeholder perceptions significantly impact heritage planning strategies. The study highlighted the potential of stakeholder engagement in enhancing a destination's competitiveness by addressing visitor satisfaction, overall tourism appeal, and the likelihood of repeat visits. The findings emphasized the importance of a collaborative governance model and suggested potential modifications to the TTCI to better suit underserved heritage sites. The research aimed to transform heritage planning into an engaging and profitable endeavor, emphasizing the need for conservation improvements at sites lacking proper attention and promoting successful heritage planning for other sites by making them more appealing to tourists and visitors.
This study aims to develop, test, and validate a structural model to measure the relationship between tourism governance and the competitiveness of tourism destinations in Brazil. The research has exploratory and quantitative approaches. The study’s target population were public actors, private and civil society who work in the Brazilian tourism sector. The results revealed a reliable and valid structure for modeling tourism governance and competitiveness of tourism destinations in Brazil. The main practical implications are to identify the dimensions of the measurement of tourism governance and competitiveness of tourism destinations in Brazil; by enabling the organization of an analytical tool for measuring, evaluating, and monitoring the actions of decision-makers presenting which dimensions are most important for each construct in the Brazilian assessment.
This research aims to descriptively identify the competitiveness of tourist destinations in Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan Province, according to the perspective of stakeholders, namely the local government and owners of tourist destination. It then classifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats under SWOT Analysis framework. This study also explains the sustainability of tourist destinations measured from economic, socio-cultural and environmental componentsUsing qualitative descriptive technique, our data. were taken from secondary and primary sources, namely from the Tourism Office of Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesian. and through sample field visits by interviewing informants from Benua Elai (Belai) Tourism Village (Desa Wisata Benua Elai) in Sub-District of Loa Janan. The research results show that the competitiveness of tourist destinations in Kutai Kartanegara has comparative and competitive advantages. Comparatively, natural tourism has 74 destinations, followed by cultural tourism with 157 destinations. There are also 21 artificial tourist destinations. In terms of competitive advantage, institutional support from the district government in supporting the development of community-managed tourist destinations through Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) has been carried out. From the aspect of sustainability, tourist destinations such as Desa Belai have the potential to improve well-being of surrounding communities, though the position of tourist destinations has been threatened by large-scale mining activities. These coal mining explorations may harm sustainability of village tourism and its prospect to be leading growth sector.
Purpose
This study aims to provide a systematic review of the literature on destination competitiveness. It explores research themes and approaches, and outlines an agenda for future research.
Design/methodology/approach
One hundred and eighty-three journal articles on destination competitiveness published in English since 2010 were collected. Content analysis was performed.
Findings
The authors found that sustainable development and smart tourism were popular themes related to destination competitiveness. Recent studies still relied heavily on Ritchie and Crouch’s (2000) model or Dwyer and Kim’s (2003) model. The authors also offer constructive insights for future research, proposing that research seek more input from residents, take an advanced integrated approach between supply and demand, adopt more core theories, focus on less researched types of destinations, explore the further contribution of smart tourism and adopt a negative lens to study the antecedents and consequences of destination competitiveness. The adoption of a longitudinal study approach is also suggested.
Originality/value
This paper contributes to the literature because of the scope of its review and perspective of discussion. Previous review papers have only focused on the factors and indicators of tourism destination competitiveness in different settings. We extend our literature review to research themes and approaches, and make suggestions for future research directions.
Мета. Мета статті – методологічне обґрунтування проблем проведення економічної модернізації та розвитку галузі тваринництва. Методологія / методика / підхід. Теоретичною та методологічною основою проведеного дослідження є діалектичний метод пізнання економічних процесів, фундаментальні положення сучасної економічної теорії, наукові праці вітчизняних і зарубіжних учених, що стосуються дослідження економічної сутності та змісту відносин між суб’єктами ринку продукції тваринництва. Методологічну основу дослідження склали ті функціональні положення, які комплексно висвітлювали необхідність проведення економічної модернізації та ефективного розвитку тваринництва в умовах дефіциту фінансових ресурсів. Проблему необхідності проведення економічної модернізації та передбачення ефективного розвитку тваринництва досліджували з використанням ряду методів (кореляційно-регресійного, сценарного планування, вибіркового соціологічного дослідження, математичного моделювання економічних процесів, прогнозування), які направлені на виявлення способів і механізмів пізнання реальної дійсності. Це дозволило обґрунтувати зміни у виробництві тваринницької продукції, складі генетичного потенціалу тварин та їх продуктивності, визначити чинники, що перешкоджають у мінливих економічних, соціальних, політичних та екологічних умовах перевести галузь тваринництва на інноваційний шлях свого розвитку за рахунок упровадження сучасних технологій. За допомогою методу регресійного аналізу зафіксовано зв’язок між явищами (числові значення кожного результату спостереження в часовому ряді) аналітично у вигляді математичних функцій. Результати. Особливості застосування запропонованих методів і методичних підходів дали можливість урахувати основні складові частини модернізаційних перетворень на тваринницьких підприємствах для виявлення змін у складі генетичного потенціалу, продуктивності тварин, виробництві тваринницької продукції, упровадженні сучасних технологій, фермських машин й обладнання та спрогнозувати економічні показники інноваційного розвитку тваринництва в перспективі. Результатом реалізації методичного підходу до проведення стратегії розвитку тваринницької галузі є запропонований перелік стратегічних сценаріїв розвитку, що формує можливості для реалізації поставлених завдань її розвитку та окреслює проблемне поле для економічної модернізації. Оригінальність / наукова новизна. У статті вперше наведено результати дослідження, які обґрунтовують доцільність проведення формування інформаційної сукупності й дослідження динамічних змін в економічних показниках розвитку тваринництва з використанням аналітичного підходу в дослідженні проблем дальшого розвитку галузі тваринництва, який, на відміну від наявних, ураховує вплив випадкових змінних, що виникають при появі непередбачуваних ризикових ситуацій зовнішнього середовища. Практична цінність / значущість. Використання запропонованих моделей і методів та комплексного системного підходу для проведення дослідження проблем регіональних модернізаційних перетворень дозволяє забезпечити здійснення самого процесу модернізації, прогнозування розвитку й використання технологій; оцінити конкретний характер науково-технологічного напряму, рівень економічних і соціальних заходів щодо впровадження нових технологій; зосередитися на низці ще не вирішених до цих пір проблем заради майбутніх орієнтирів для підприємств і їхніх галузей конкретного регіону.
This paper is a philosophical approach towards sustainable destination competitiveness. It gives a logical analysis with an abridged view of the wide world argument on STC into condensed entry points. Needless to say that it is a bliss to have everything that matters for STC, it is practically impossible to have everything at disposal and this paper starts by proposing a premise that nations cannot afford to implement the exhaustive list of the determinants of STC. Therefore, the paper argues that it is necessary to melt the whole idea into shortlisted critical variables. The best way to melt it down is through classification, as one cannot do science without classifying the components of a system into a working model by scaling down the disconnected points to a classified generic entry points. Hence, this paper has classified the whole lot of lists in to leveraging areas so others can be transformed along with the process. These leveraging areas are stated in this paper as Entry Points for STC. They are Institutional Capacity and Sustainability. These catch all entry points with their own specific sub-postulates, the competing viewpoints and the logical appropriation of the arguments for experimentation in the eye of science and are discussed in detail with clear lines of sequential ideas.
Abstract
Purposes – This paper aims to understand the character of the relationship between tourism growth and residents’ social trust.
Design/methodology/approach – The study uses large-scale data to model the effect of tourism on generalized trust attitudes Among advantages to analyzing data from large-scale social surveys, extensive content and representative coverage of the population are probably the most appealing. The broad coverage of the population of the large-scale social surveys allows for a broader generalization of
the study results as well as comparison of areas with very different tourist activity.
Findings – This study offers two key findings. First, the effect of tourist arrivals (as per capita) on social trust attitudes is stronger in poorer regions than in wealthier regions. Second, only domestic tourism
positively affects trust.
Research limitations/implications – This study delivered a straightforward analysis of large data to be able to generalize findings and make a significant theoretical contribution to tourism discipline. This goal was pursued at the expense of complex or in-depth explanation of the observed phenomenon.
Practical implications – Findings from this study indicate that there are at least two crucial criteria for tourism to be able to strengthen residents’ social trust. First, domestic tourism should be encouraged in destination regions in their early development stages and in more homogeneous regions. Perhaps, focus on domestic tourists before internationalization of a tourism product is the most effective way to promote tourism development that is supported by local residents. Second, tourism is likely to have stronger positive effect on social trust in poorer regions. Thus, tourism policy makers should take into consideration the actual economic need for tourism. Residents in wealthier regions may show less support for tourism simply because they don’t need it and they have no economic incentives to be involved. In fact, tourism in wealthier regions is likely to diminish residents’ social trust, and thus it disrupts local social and political processes that rely on high social trust.
Originality/value – Social trust is considered an important measure of social cohesion and it enables modern societies to thrive. Social trust has not been problematized in the context of contemporary
tourism growth. This is the first study that uses large data social survey to model the effect of tourism on social trust in European destination regions.
Keywords Social trust, European social survey, Tourism growth
Purpose
In a current trend of a growing amount of short city trips, it becomes crucial to understand how local residents perceive the presence of tourists and tourism in their cities and how their socio-cultural context influences those perceptions. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this understanding which will enable the city planners to take actions to create the well-balanced and resilient communities in which the needs of residents and tourists are equally met.
Design/methodology/approach
To understand residents’ perceptions’ about tourism in Bruges, this research applied photo-elicitation interviews with 28 residents who lived in various locations in the historical center to understand socio-cultural background of residents, their tourism-related concerns and whether they are in line with what is commonly perceived as problematic in Bruges.
Findings
Results show that as long as residents can benefit from tourism and tourism-related infrastructure, they support tourism. On the other hand, tourism decreases the liveability of the historical center due to supersession of infrastructure serving the residents by tourist-oriented amenities.
Practical implications
To build a sustainable and resilient city in the future, the authorities of Bruges should cease further “museumification” of the historical city by breaking the hegemony of tourism industry, providing affordable housing and rethinking the concentration model of tourism.
Originality/value
The photo-elicitation method proved to produce rich content and good-quality data by stimulating respondents’ memories and evoking experiences and emotions. Thus, this paper recommends that future research about residents’ attitudes is developed around visual methods as they give voice to the residents and are able to uncover issues which are difficult to capture with other methods.
It becomes evident that the increase and expansion of tourism markets, also the creation of larger and more numerous tourist destinations, or the growth of the overall tourism industry which is expected to advance in the coming decades as never before, will cause enormous effects on the economy, cultural identity, as well as on the physical environment. It is required on a global level, to adequately distribute the development of tourism resorts and destinations, as well as to deal with the dangers that can arise and are related to overcrowding which can cause unsustainable development of the most visited and most attractive tourism places. The aim of the paper is to present the importance of the contemporary changes in tourism which requires adaptation of all participants in the creation of the tourism offer in given destinations. The destinations start to be considered as complex wholes with an aim to ensure competitiveness on the tourism market. Sustainable tourism has become a separate category of selective tourism offer. Destinations become to be a set of joint tourism products and services, which implies the active participation of all stakeholders. New concepts for achieving competitiveness have been developed such as: development of sustainable destinations, destination management planning and implementation of integrated quality management.
Destination competitiveness has continuous critical issue in today's increasingly challenging tourism market. Many studies have indicated that tourists and their needs stand as the ultimate driving force which influences competition and competitiveness in the tourism destination. However, limited research has been undertaken to examine destination competitiveness from the tourists’ perspective. In order to fill up the literature gap, a pilot test being employ with sample population 100 tourist's to Langkawi Island, conducted in early 2013. These usable questionnaires were utilized in the data analysis of the study and SPSS is used. These preliminary results indicated that the Key success factors and Perceived destination competitiveness are significant and has influences between these two major constructs and also have influence on travel behavioral intention to Langkawi Island
This paper extends the Ritchie, Crouch (2000) model on destination competitiveness by introducing a set of sustainability indicators and testing their role in explaining the competitiveness of a tourism destination. The model is tested on a unique dataset of small Italian “Destinations of Excellence”, i.e., outstanding tourist destinations recognized by prestigious national and international awards. Both a principal component analysis and a regression analysis are applied to test the empirical validity of the model. Empirical results show that factors directly referring to sustainability have a positive impact on all the competitiveness indicators used as dependent variables. Furthermore, the impact of sustainability variables is larger in value than other variables, thus confirming the role of sustainability as a crucial determinant of the competitiveness of a tourist destination.
This paper attempts to shed more light on destination management and marketing organisations (DMMOs) from the context of rural tourism. Moreover, where national tourism organisations established a liaison office at regional or state levels, their roles seems to have been limited. In this circumstance, they are merely information offices to the visitors rather than local DMMOs responsible for the management and marketing of rural destinations. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify the roles of DMMOs, and hence develop a suitable framework for DMMOs in the context of rural tourism. This paper finds that DMMOs has responsibilities for both management and marketing roles. These roles should be performed in collaboration with the rural tourism destination stakeholders in order to achieve mutual benefits which include management of resources, marketing of tourism products, positioning, host community well-being, brand building, and tourist loyalty to the rural destinations.
Tourism is recognized as a major growth engine for socio-economic development and poverty alleviation especially in rural destinations. Nonetheless, tourism has negative impact on these rural destinations. As a result, local communities’ attitudes and perceptions toward tourism development are one of the important indicators for sustainable tourism development (Choi & Sirakaya, 2006). Besides, people's belief about their ability to influence the events is important in order to influence the outcomes (Bandura, 1994). Thus, this study attempts to examine the relationship between local communities’ involvement, relationship quality and sustainable rural tourism with self-efficacy as a moderator in the context of tourism industry in Sarawak. The findings of this study will demonstrate a preliminary conceptual framework on local communities’ involvement, relationship quality and sustainable rural tourism and how self-efficacy moderate the relationship between local communities’ involvement, relationship quality and sustainable rural tourism in Sarawak.
The objective of this study was to contribute to the understanding of small tourism businesses (STBs) through an analysis of selected aspects in an urban setting, namely Akçakoca, Turkey. Particular attention was given to the characteristics of businesses, finance, marketing, human resource management, involvement of residents in the industry and management of STBs. The study employed a comparative research methodology using a survey instrument similar to those used by Thomas et al. (1997) for a study of tourism and small business development in the United Kingdom in 1996, and by Page et al. (1999) for a similar study in New Zealand in 1997. A sample of 87 businesses in Akçakoca was examined and their role in tourism evaluated. The findings of this study reveal that STBs carry significant deficiencies and inadequacies and face a common set of problems. The contribution to comparative research methodologies to tourism studies was also considered.
Academic literature has paid little attention to stakeholder coordination and branding from a supply-side perspective. This article tries to fill this gap by applying the concept of internal brand strength to destination brands and analyzing whether stakeholder coordination has an impact on the destination brand. A mixed-method design involving stakeholders working within Edinburgh, Scotland, revealed that within the city there is mixed commitment to the brand, and some coordination mechanisms appear more useful than others for ensuring that stakeholders are committed to and adopt brand values in their work. This article makes apparent that internal communication and “socialization” processes are fundamental activities to which destination marketing organization (DMO) managers should pay attention if they want stakeholders to become committed to the destination brand values and adopt them in their work.
On the basis of the idea that an understanding of tourists’ perceptions and preferences will enable destination managers to design actions that are coherent with potential visitors’ expectations, this study aims to analyze the destination image perceived by visitors of Andalusia and its provinces over the past decade. A slightly modified Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index is calculated in order to synthesize in a single value the evolution of these destinations’ image during that period. The values obtained enable the identification of those provinces whose image has the strongest influence on the overall destination image of Andalusia. An examination is then made of which of the four major competitiveness components proposed by the Calgary Model explain the better or poorer quality of those destination images. Electre II methods are also applied to obtain a ranking of the provinces according to their level of attractiveness, as perceived by tourists.
Competitiveness is a key issue for private companies. Logistics companies also operate under the pressure of competition. In order to deal with the challenging business atmosphere, private companies seek for new ways to provide a sustainable development strategy. Environmental concerns have an important place in the sustainable development strategies. They can be evaluated within the corporate social responsibility concept which may have an impact on the competitiveness ability of private companies. Especially for logistics companies, environmental issues are highly important. Therefore green policies have became strategic for them. Competitiveness levels of private companies may be affected by green policies as a result of regulations regarding environmental concerns.
This paper represents an initial step towards a model to describe the possible activities of the destination management organization as belonging to an "external destination marketing" function or an "internal destination development" function. The external function may be seen as the typical view of these organizations. Combining the activities of this typical function with the activities of the internal destination development function results in a more complete view of the possible activities of destination management organizations. Implications for managers and researchers are discussed.
At the heart of urban tourism promotion lies a triad of powerful players—the city, the hotels, and the destination marketing/management organization (DMO). This article explores the relationships between the DMO, charged with crafting and executing destination promotion, and its two most powerful stakeholders—the city (or urban government) and hotels (or accommodation sector). Empirical insights are derived from an examination of three major North American city destinations. In each setting, in-depth key informant interviews were conducted with leaders of each member of the triad (the city, the hotels, and the DMO). The triad is found to be asymmetrical with each member bringing a unique and complementary resource. The extent to which members of the triad can effectively relate to one another and combine their complementary resources is posited to be an important determinant of success in destination promotion.
This study measures and explains competitiveness among small island destinations. Current measures of competitiveness do not respond to the special needs of small island destinations. An alternative measurement suggests a more suitable Tourism Competitiveness Index (TCI), and through the application of panel regression analysis, tracks the most important factors affecting competitiveness among island destinations. The findings imply likelihood that more expensive destinations obtain a larger share of regional tourism revenues. The study concludes that providing a high-quality product may allow destinations to become and remain competitive.
Until 1993 all U.S. state governments actively financed the promotion of travel to their states. In recent years, however, there has been growing public sentiment that governments should not directly engage in or fund tourism promotion. Colorado voters abolished their state's tourism board in 1993, while four other states are also looking for ways to privately fund state travel promotion. This article examines whether current efforts to induce greater private funding of destination travel promotion are likely to succeed. It is suggested that a broad-based, dedicated travel industry promotion tax is an effective way to reduce free riding by travel businesses and increase private funding of destination promotion.
Despite the widespread acceptance that loyalty is a major driving force in successful companies, tourism destination loyalty has not been investigated. This study explores the application and usefulness of destination loyalty. Based on the brand loyalty literature, a number of loyalty measurements are suggested. The application of two measurement approaches to primary data on lifelong travel patterns by New Zealand residents indicate their validity. Through the collection and analysis of data on tourists’ destination loyalty, destinations will be able to determine the composition of its customers with respect to their destination loyalty. It will also facilitate a better forecasting and demand estimation.
Insufficient attention to problems associated with the competitiveness in marketing international tourism has eroded the capacity of the United States to be a more competitive international tourist destination. This article offers a vision of what the U.S. must do to build on its formidable tourism strengths, including concrete first steps to control an uncertain future in the arena of international tourism to move the U.S. toward sustained competitiveness at home and abroad.
A study of three decisionmaking groups in various tourist centers was conducted using discriminant analysis. The results show that significant differences in the attitudes and perceptions of local tourism development exist for the business sector, administration, and residents. Examination of the respondents' distribution around the two functions, however, shows that the groups are not too far apart and possess sufficient overlap to suggest the possibility of trade-offs and compromise in future tourism development planning.
The present study was designed to assess and segment local residents with respect to their attitudes, interests, and opinions toward tourism. An analysis of AIO data from a mail survey of 415 Florida residents uncoveredfive clusters of differing degrees of attitudes toward the state's tourism efforts. A strong anti-tourism, anti-growth segment in the state seems to indicate that state government should devote a portion of the state's tourism promotion efforts toward enlightening the residents regarding the positive multiplier effects of tourism. Additionally, some recommendations are discussed that could encourage this effort.
Tourism's effects on the social, cultural and physical environments in which it operates are well documented. Yet, it appears that little research has been conducted examining the underlying reasons why such impacts appear to be inevitable. This paper argues that a number of structural realities or ‘fundamental truths’ about tourism exist that explain why adverse impacts are felt, regardless of the type of tourism activity. Eight such truths are examined. They are: (1) As an industrial activity, tourism consumes resources, creates waste and has specific infrastructure needs. (2) As a consumer of resources, it has the ability to over consume resources. (3) Tourism, as a resource dependent industry must compete for scarce resources to ensure its survival. (4) Tourism is a private sector dominated industry, with investment decisions being based predominantly on profit maximisation. (5) Tourism is a multi-faceted industry, and as such, it is almost impossible to control. (6) Tourists are consumers, not anthropologists. (7) Tourism is entertainment. (8) Unlike other industrial activities, tourism generates income by importing clients rather than exporting its product.
Most impact of tourism studies have been restricted to economic analysis and benefits occurring to the area. Recently, concern has been aired on the existence of negative impacts. This article describes a study conducted during the summer of 1976 in an attempt to examine empirically the existence of these negative impacts of tourism. A total of 1,636 residents and 212 entrepreneurs of Cape Cod, Massa chusetts, were interviewed to measure their perception of how tourism impacts on different domains. An Attitude-Index was created by averaging the scores of each respondent. Comparisons were made between the respondents attitudes toward tourism and their dependence on tourism for a livelihood.
There is an impressive history associated with the evolution of the concept and definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this article, the author traces the evolution of the CSR construct beginning in the 1950s, which marks the modern era of CSR. Definitions expanded during the 1960s and proliferated during the 1970s. In the 1980s, there were fewer new definitions, more empirical research, and alternative themes began to mature. These alternative themes included corporate social performance (CSP), stakeholder theory, and business ethics theory. In the 1990s, CSR continues to serve as a core construct but yields to or is transformed into alternative thematic frameworks.
In recent years a growing interest in the concept of sustainability has manifested itself in the tourism field in the form of policy- and planning-related materials which address the environmental and, to a lesser extent, the cultural dimensions of sustainability in tourist industry practices. In essence this literature has focused on the resources on which the tourism industry draws for its product - the environmental or cultural experience - and has tended to ignore the sustainability of the service delivery system itself, the nature of the industrial structure, the human resources employed in the industry, the management practices followed and the economic impact of such industrial structure and management practices. There is a clear need to develop an understanding of what might constitute good practice, not simply in terms of the sustainability of the tourist product, but also of the systems of service delivery developed for such tourism products - what might be termed 'sustainable management practice'. In addition, there is a wider need within the tourism education literature, to establish how the curriculum may reflect the philosophy of sustainable development. This paper seeks, therefore, to clarify the relationship between sustainability of the tourism product and of management and policy process, and to identify how these concepts may be developed in a tourism education curriculum. The paper thus proposes a prescriptive model of tourism education which seeks to foster a more environmentally, culturally, socially, and economically responsible approach to industrial development in this sector.
This study investigates the determinants of competitive advantages in tourism services for the EU-28 countries over the period 2000–2013. After having extended the Balassa methodology to measure competitive advantages, a dynamic panel data model is implemented to explain their drivers. The econometric analysis indicates that specific factor-proportions variables, as well as variables related to the new trade theory, contribute significantly to the explanation of international competitive advantages in tourism. At the same time, factors related to the new trade theory help strengthening these advantages. Particularly interesting seems to be our finding about the negative statistical association between competitive advantages in tourism and the overall efficiency of the country, measured by per capita GDP. Some policy and managerial implications conclude the work.
There is a large volume of literature focusing on the factors determining the competitiveness of tourist destinations. Nevertheless, research delving deep into the dimensions comprising tourist competitiveness is still scarce; even more so when it comes to the competitiveness of specific types of destinations. In this contribution we tackle the conceptualization and measurement of the tourist competitiveness of protected areas, a specific type of destinations enjoying not just intrinsic, but even exceptional, features. More precisely, the topics of our research are as follows: to comprehend the notion of tourist competitiveness in the aforementioned type of territories, to identify the appropriate measuring scales, to establish the dimensions of the construct, and to characterize the relations existing among the latter dimensions. In order to do so we analyze a sample of 102 protected areas in Spain (National Parks, Natural Parks, and Biosphere Reserves). The results obtained entitle us to assert that the tourist competitiveness of protected areas is comprised of five dimensions significantly and positively related, to wit: (1) their capability to attract visitors, (2) the social welfare of the local community, and, tourist sustainability related with (3) the preservation of nature, (4) the creation of a sense of community, (5) the economic welfare of the local community. Since we also assert that in protected areas the maximization of attractiveness is compatible with, and even requires, pursuing the community's welfare and cohesion together with environmental sustainability, our study impinges on the management of tourist destinations by highlighting the need to consider jointly all five competitiveness dimensions.
Tourism loyalty is a key topic that has been covered in literature mainly from a very homogenous perspective. This study analyses horizontal loyalty (consumer's loyalty divided among several destinations), and explains the background factors that affect this behaviour (cognitive, affective and overall destination image; information sources; motivations; socio-demographic characteristics; previous behaviour; conative loyalty). The paper also identifies the differences between the explanatory factors of horizontal loyalty and one-single-destination loyalty. Applying a comprehensive analysis with 6964 tourists from 17 European countries in the context of Canary Islands (Spain), the study provides interesting recommendations for destinations with a view to better designing marketing activities and improving their coopetition strategies and competitiveness.
Purpose
This research aims to examine the factors of environmental attitude, motivation, destination image, word –of– mouth, and perceived service quality to predict the tourists’ intention to select sustainable tourist destination. It also aims to investigate the moderating effect of knowledge on the relationship between environmental attitude and the tourists’ intention to select sustainable tourist destination.
Design/methodology/approach
Using survey design, 300 self–administrated questionnaires (both online/hard copy) were distributed to both local and international tourists at different tourism locations in Penang state in Malaysia. A total of 161 questionnaires were returned and analysed by using SPSS and smart PLS software.
Findings
The findings found that environmental attitude, motivation, and word–of–mouth significantly influenced the tourists’ intention to select sustainable tourism destination, while destination image and perceived service quality have not a significant influence in this study. Furthermore, this study proved that knowledge negatively moderates the positive effect of the environmental attitude on tourists’ intention to select sustainable tourism destination.
Research limitations/implications
The findings offer important managerial implications for managers of tourism destinations and decision makers in understanding what motivates influence tourists’ intention in selecting sustainable tourism destination. The research scope was limited to convenient sampling and one city (Penang). Thus, the results could not be generalised to all Malaysia or other countries.
Originality/value
This research contributes to extending knowledge in sustainable tourism destination in the context of emerging markets, especially Malaysia. Moreover, this study found a way to examine the relationship between the environmental attitude and tourists’ intention to select sustainable tourism destination.
With new border policies and the development of travel infrastructure, international tourism to Russia experienced double-digit growth in the past few years. Yet, few authors have reported on the challenges the country faces towards sustainable tourism development and competitiveness. This study discusses issues that have affected and that will continue to affect tourism in Russia. The tenets of destination competitiveness and sustainable development are used to guide a critical discussion of tourism in Russia. The study results from a three-year project that brought together European and Russian partners. Despite great potential, tourism development in Russia remains hindered by numerous issues such as destination image, infrastructure development, workforce training and education, quality management, and sustainable management. Beyond contributing to the tourism academic literature, this paper also aims at contributing to private and public policy stakeholders who prepare the future of Russia's tourism with Russian universities.
Purpose
The purpose of the study is to examine the livelihood impacts, any inequalities and poverty consequences in the special administration region of Macao, following the liberalization of the gaming industry and the subsequent development of casino resorts.
Design/methodology/approach
A descriptive research design was used, which adopted the case study method to conduct this research study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify and gain better understanding of the impacts influencing residents’ livelihoods. Content analysis was used to analyze the data.
Findings
The findings identified and examined the major livelihood impacts affecting local residents, and the recommendations of local residents in addressing these impacts were provided.
Research limitations/implications
The research was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study. To fully understand holistically the recent casino development and monitor the likelihood outcomes, a longitudinal study could be undertaken. The unit of analysis for this study was individual residents. Not all stakeholders representing different groups and organizations in the community were included, such as local authorities and community groups.
Originality/value
The result of this paper can provide policy-makers, planners and non-government organizations with a better view of the consequences of casino tourism development. The study will extend our knowledge of casino tourism development and enhance decision-making regarding tourism development that can deliver “real” rather than perceived benefits for all in the community.
The main goal of this study was to analyze the applicability of Ritchie and Crouch's competitiveness model for the assessment of tourism advantages and disadvantages of a relatively small, unknown region with under-developed tourism. For this purpose, the authors selected the South Banat district in Serbia. The model was found suitable for the intended application. The results show that stakeholders believe South Banat is not a competitive tourism destination, even at the regional level. However, the destination's advantages, which can be used as starting point for improving the destinations competitiveness, were identified. A comparison of two groups of stakeholders, the private and public sectors, indicated significant differences in the ratings of destination management and in the destination's policy, planning and development determinants.
A comparative model of organizations as interpretation systems is proposed. The model describes four interpretation modes: enacting, discovering, undirected viewing, and conditioned viewing. Each mode is determined by (1) management's beliefs about the environment and (2) organizational intrusiveness. Interpretation modes are hypothesized to be associated with organizational differences in environmental scanning, equivocality reduction, strategy, and decision making.
The tourism researcher's attention is drawn to the neurocomputing methodology of self-organizing maps (SOMs). SOMs can be used to find a radically parsimonious representation of multidimensional profile data. The properties of an SOM network are explored in a case study on the competitive relationships between European cities as tourist destinations. SOM results are compared with a conventional INDSCAL model. The database consists of the guest mix profiles of 26 major tourist cities between 1975 and 1992. -Author
This research examines the nature of financing and financial management within North American Destination Management Organizations (DMOs), identifies issues of concern in this area, and assesses how financing strategies may be changing. The research finds DMOs (convention bureaus or visitor/tourist bureaus) to be very reliant on public funding and optimistic regarding their future budget revenue streams in general. The research also finds bureaus to be relatively unsophisticated in the measurement of performance on both financial and non-financial dimensions. Cash flow problems are found to be common in bureaus. The authors caution bureaus to work at developing new non-governmental sources of revenue and to develop acceptable measures of performance for the providers of funds. While some measures are suggested, the authors acknowledge the complexity of the task and identify a number of significant gaps that should be addressed through further study.
For many years hospitality firms have believed that the goal of marketing is to create as many new customers as possible. While hoteliers believed it was important to satisfy the guests while they were on the property, the real goal was to continue to find new customers. This constant search for new customers is called conquest marketing. In the future, conquest marketing will not be sufficient. Instead firms need to practice loyalty marketing or retention marketing. The authors believe that this will be the successful wave of the future in hospitality. The goal of this paper is to present a framework for understanding customer loyalty. We do this first by examining the economics of loyalty. We then define loyalty and explain the difference between frequency programs and loyalty programs. We also show why satisfaction does not equal loyalty. We then introduce the Loyalty Triangle©, which provides a framework for building customer loyalty. Each leg of the Loyalty Triangle© is then examined in-depth, including examples of how hotel companies use the Loyalty Triangle© to develop strategy. Next we present ways to measure the success of loyalty programs. Finally, we present future research issues.
Foxwoods, which started as a Bingo gaming facility, has become the largest casino in the western world. It is one of the most competitive tourist destinations in the world and can teach a few lessons about managing competitiveness. The visionary entrepreneurial activity, strategic management decisions of its owners and the Mashantucket Pequots are the reasons for its existence and its success, not some circumstantial fluke. The Pequots understood the destination's potential initial advantage. They then sought to avoid that Foxwoods casino and resort slip into McGambling or wither in the face of increasing competition for the entertainment/leisure dollar in the eastern United States by modifying its market positioning. They are now nudging it toward a broadly diversified base of entertainment. All along they empowered their employees to support their clear mission for the resort. Part of their strategy is to transform southeastern Connecticut into a synergistic tourist destination for their and the region's benefit.
Drawing on the literature in environmental psychology, the current study attempted to reveal dimensions of tourist aesthetic judgment in the context of both nature-based and urban tourist destinations. Two-stage analysis of semi-structured interview data from a theoretical sample of 57 individuals yielded 21 aesthetic dimensions that were categorized into nine themes: Scale, Time, Condition, Sound, Balance, Diversity, Novelty, Shape, and Uniqueness. The identified themes were further conceptualized into a two-dimensional plane along Concrete-Abstract and Subjective-Objective continuums. This research posits that tourism allows a unique “appreciator-object” dyad where individuals are fully immersed in a destination in pursuit of a non-routine and oftentimes novel experience. The beauty of tourism destination is uniquely judged, admired, and appreciated, and the assessment of the beauty goes beyond the visual aspects and engages all senses. The findings make a theoretical contribution to the existing aesthetics literature and bear practical implications for destination planning, branding, and management.
In current conceptualizations of destination management, destination management organizations (DMOs) are required to act as network managers. Previous research claims that DMOs capable of actively fostering collaboration between destination stakeholders are key to ensuring a destination's competitiveness. Yet, empirical investigations concerning the role of DMO success in establishing the competitiveness of destinations are rare. Even less is known about determinants of DMO success. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to better understand DMO and destination success by investigating the role played by networking capability. One key insight is that the effect of networking capability works through increased DMO authority, i.e. enhanced power and acceptance of the DMO within the destination network. Besides the advances in terms of content, our research also offers a relevant methodological contribution by introducing a recently developed approach in mediation analysis, which has so far received little attention in the tourism literature.
This article reports on a study of the motives for visiting and intended activities of first-time and repeat pleasure tourists to Hong Kong. The study revealed significant differences in motivation that resulted in the intention to participate in different activities. First-time visitors were motivated to visit Hong Kong to explore, while repeat visitors came to consume. First-time visitors intended to participate in a wide range of geographically dispersed activities, while repeat visitors intended to shop, dine, and spend time with family and friends.
This article identifies the role price plays in travel decision making and examines pleasure traveler perceptions of the price and quality of Canadian tourism products compared to those of other countries. Pleasure travel is described as an experience, the value of which requires a subjective assessment to be made by travelers. Perceptions as the subjective reality of individuals are the key. The author suggests that information gathered from travelers on their perceptions of price, quality, and value can be used to competitive advantage by a country.
This study explored the conservation benefits of environmental management practices and nature experiences provided at a major Australian ecotourism resort. To achieve this purpose the study investigated changes in tourists’ environmental knowledge, awareness, attitudes and behavioural intentions between pre-visit and post-visit stages. Overall, there were few statistically significant differences between the pre-visit and post-visit samples. This study found, however, significant effects of (1) visitor awareness of, and (2) involvement in, the environmental management practices, and (3) participation in nature tour activities on environmental attitudes and behaviours. It is suggested that awareness of in-resort environmental practices and satisfying experiences in ecotourism accommodation may lead to reinforcing visitors’ favourable environmental attitudes, thus increasing their interest in further ecotourism experiences. Through these cumulative effects, ecotourism accommodation could achieve its educative goal.
The concept of loyalty is receiving increased attention from recreation and park researchers. Previous investigations have shown that, in general, participants exhibit low levels of loyalty to recreation and park services, but little attention has been given to identifying variables that could be useful in predicting activity loyalty. Three measures of activity loyalty (attitudinal, behavioral, and composite) were used in this study to assess it. It was hypothesized that participants who exhibited higher levels of loyalty would be intrinsically motivated, perceive personal competency and mastery as important, report high levels of involvement, be less price‐sensitive, have accrued a substantial number of side bets, and participate in fewer other recreation activities than those exhibiting lower levels of activity loyalty. Results of the multiple regression analyses suggest that behavioral, attitudinal, and composite measures of activity loyalty capture three different dimensions of the phenomenon.
Although the notion of competitiveness lies at the heart of business
strategy development, its definition is often vague and does not lend
itself to a measurement process. The competitiveness of an organization
depends on a number of factors which are interrelated and cannot be
looked at in isolation. The main factors include: customer values,
shareholder values and ability to act and react within a competitive
environment. Proposes a holistic approach for defining competitiveness
together with a mapping process which encompasses different dimensions
of competitiveness. The mapping process enables the measurement of
competitiveness while highlighting the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats within a competitive environment which form
the basis of business strategy formulation.