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Yeasts oral flora

August 2019

Authors:

Ali Abdul

Kuwait English School

Ali Abdul Hussein S. AL-Janabi

University of Kerbala

Huda Ali

Ahlulbait University College

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Yeasts are the mostly form of fungi usually found in the oral cavity of the human. A various types of yeasts are commonly found in commensalism relationship with the host. Candida albicans is the most common type of yeasts living in the oral cavity. Several factors can effects on the presence of yeasts in the oral cavity. This review tries to illustrate the most type of yeasts that can found in the oral cavity and the effective factors.

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International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)

Available online at: www.ijmscr.com

Volume2, Issue 4, Page No: 345-348

July-August 2019

International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research | July-August 2019 | Vol 2 | Issue 4

345

ISSN (Print): 2209-2870

ISSN (Online): 2209-2862

(International Print/Online Journal)

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR: 4.617

PUBMED-National Library of

Medicine ID-101739732

IJMSCR

Yeasts: One member of the normal flora of the oral cavity

Ali Abdul Hussein S. AL-Janabi, Huda Ali S. Al-Mosawe, Karrar AI-Mosawi*

Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Karbala, Karbala-Iraq

* AI-Ammam Al-Hussein medical city hospital in Karbala

*Corresponding Author:

Professor Ali Abdul Hussein S. AL-Janabi

Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Karbala, Karbala-Iraq

Type of Publication: Review Paper

Conflicts of Interest: Nil

ABSTRACT

Yeasts are the mostly form of fungi usually found in the oral cavity of the human. A various types of yeasts are

commonly found in commensalism relationship with the host. Candida albicans is the most common type of

yeasts living in the oral cavity. Several factors can effects on the presence of yeasts in the oral cavity. This

review tries to illustrate the most type of yeasts that can found in the oral cavity and the effective factors.

Keywords: Yeasts, normal flora, oral cavity

INTRODUCTION

Yeasts are one complex group of the community of

the oral flora [1]. They usually live in commensalism

relationship with the human and could be turn to

pathogenic in special conditions such as weakness in

the immune system [1-2]. The stable occurring of

yeasts in the orals cavity is usually under the control

by the competition with other microorganisms or by

the immune system of the human body [3]. Among

yeasts of the oral cavity, Candida albicans is found

as very common type of yeasts [4-5].

Oral normal flora

The oral cavity of the human contains a huge diverse

numbers of M.O. living as a residence complex

community with each other and in a commensalism

relationship with the human body [6]. This huge

number of oral microflora induce the scientists to

provide an informative design for collection all of

new information about such types of community like

what has done with the project of the human oral

microbiome database (HOMD) which designed to be

a reference for named and un-named, cultured or

non-yet-cultured bacteria [7]. However, several

methods are used to detect or identified the microbial

components of oral flora such as culturing of oral

swab [8] and molecular methods which is considers

the most important and significant methods in the

present time [9]. However, the full understanding of

the nature of the oral microflora that effect on the

human health and disease requires a holistic view that

emphasizes interactions among various residents

within the oral community and with the human body

[3].

There are many factors can effect on the diversity and

residence of oral microflora, especially yeast. Some

of these factors more relative to the survival and

distribution of most normal yeast flora such as age,

amount of saliva, pH, smoking, denture wearing,

while other factors consider less important such as

sensation of dry or burning mouth, taste disorders and

gender [5, 10]. The effects of age on the human oral

flora start from the first days of birth which are

affected by the type of diet, especially the

oligosaccharides present in formula and breast milk

and immunoglobulin A1 from the later [11]. This

colonization will establish the future flora for adult

and could be considers the potential trigger for future

disease in the oral cavity [12]. However, the number

of yeasts as part of normal oral flora is increased with

AL-Janabi, Huda Ali S et al International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)

Volume 2, Issue 4; July-August 2019; Page No.345-348

Page346

the age [10]. Reduction in the saliva flow rate or pH

value of the mouth will increase the colonization rate

of the oral fungal flora and vice versa [10, 13].

Moreover, there are variable results about the effect

of smoking on the presence of fungal oral flora.

Smoking is mainly effective on the saliva and on oral

commensal bacteria and fungi, especially Candida

spp. [14]. Candida albicans found in higher number

in smokers independent on the type of smoking

(cigarette, water pipe, or electronic cigarette) [15].

Increased growth rate of Candida spp. also found in

the oral of smoking patients and lead to candidiasis

[14]. Meanwhile, other study found a slightly

difference in number of Candida spp. between

smoker and non-smokers individuals [16]. The

difference in race of the human can also play a role in

the presence of fungal in the oral cavity. White males

show differed in their oral content of fungi than in

Asian males, while such difference was not clear

among females of both races [5].

Effect of diseases on the oral normal flora

Oral cavity is usually contented a wide diverse

number of organisms which are mostly associated

with the health and diseases in such part of the

human body [17]. Diseases are considered an

important effective factor on the health state of the

oral cavity and on its content of normal flora.

Immunocompromised conditions that mainly results

from cancer therapy and organs or cell

transplantation are the most effective factors on the

occurring of the oral flora [1-2]. The prevalence of

oral fungal flora in patients with cancer found to be

increased from 7.5% in pre-treatment of cancer to

32.6% at the therapy end [18]. Yeasts also found

increased in number in patients with

immunocompromised conditions [1-2]. However,

fungi represented by yeasts as a normal flora of the

oral cavity is usually occurred in low number than

bacteria [17]. Isolation of fungi from 20 healthy

individuals revealed that there was 74 culturable and

11 non-culturable fungal genera and the number of

species in each individual ranged from 9 to 23 [5].

Yeasts of the oral cavity

Yeasts are one of the most important groups of

commensalism organisms in the oral cavity of the

healthy individual [1]. They consider harmless

organisms unless the presence of predisposing host

factors [19] such as immunosuppressive conditions in

immunocompromised individuals [1], or in adult or

children patients with HIV infection [19-21]. The

occurring of fungi as normal microflora in healthy

individuals revealed more stability in number, but

with variable diversity over time as noted when

evaluated the oral fungi flora in 10 healthy

individuals after 28-30 weeks [22]. However, the

contents of oral cavity from fungi may be occurred as

a residence or temporary form. In the oral of 20

healthy individuals, about 74 culturable and 11 non-

culturable fungal genera had been isolated [5].

Candida spp. is the most frequency fungal species

found in the oral cavity as residence normal flora [4].

It found in 75% of healthy individuals followed by

Cladosporium spp. (65%), Aureobasidium spp.,

Saccharomycetales (50% for both), Aspergillus spp.

(35%), Fusarium spp. (30%), and Cryptococcus spp.

(20%) [5]. Candida albicans is the more common

member of Candida spp. lives in the oral normal

flora [1, 4-5]. It represented about 60-70% of all

isolates from healthy individuals, followed by C.

glabrata, C. tropicalis and genera of Rhodotorula,

Saccharomyces [1]. It also isolated more frequency

from the oral cavity of individuals with or without

dentures [4]. From 194 yeasts isolated from patients

with advance cancer, 95 of them (49%) are C.

albicans followed by C. glabrata [23]. The patients

with head and neck malignancy also had high

percentage of C. albicans (14.28%) as causative

agents of oral fungal infection followed by Candida

tropicalis (28.57%) and Candida

parapsilosis (14.28%)[24]. C. albicans also isolated

more frequently from patients with HIV infection

[20, 25]. The prevalence of C. albicans among other

species of Candida spp. is not always the case.

Although Chinese persons have greater number of

yeast in their oral cavity in comparison with those

live in North America, C. albicans was relatively rare

in number than other yeast types such as C.

parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, and C. famata

[26]. However, the variable results about the most

isolated species of yeasts can be depended on the

testing site and method used [1]. Most methods used

to isolate fungi from the oral cavity depending on

usage of oral swab [23, 27-28]. Whereas, molecular

method considers the powerful first step in detection

or identification of oral fungi [9].

The important things about detection of the most

prevalence species of fungi in the oral cavity is

AL-Janabi, Huda Ali S et al International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)

Volume 2, Issue 4; July-August 2019; Page No.345-348

Page347

related to determine the suitable curative agent for

treatment of any disease may results from abnormal

activities of such fungi in this part of the human

body. Antifungal resistance becomes serious problem

among patients with candidiasis infection, especially

to azole group which may also lead to recurrent oral

infection [29]. This type of resistance is clearer

among patients with malignant diseases [24]. About

34 (72%) isolates of C. glabrata from patients with

advance cancer were resistance to fluconazole and

Itraconazole [23]. Two isolates of C. albicans and C.

tropicalis from patients who undergoing radiotherapy

shown resistance to fluconazole [24]. Thus, a new

antifungal agent has become an important demand for

limiting the risk of fungal infection from the oral

cavity [19].

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ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

A study of changes in the oral fungal flora of patients on radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies and their correlation with funguria and fungemia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2017

Background: Patients of head and neck malignancies often develop oral mucositis and invite various pathogens to colonize over it. Objectives: The objective of this study is to identify the fungi isolated from patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer, to determine the antifungal susceptibility of these isolates and to determine the time and week of fungal colonization. Patients and methods: Three specimens (throat, urine, and blood) were collected from each of the head and neck cancer patients, who were advised RT. These specimens, which were collected before the start of RT, during RT (2nd and 6th week), and post-RT (8th week) were inoculated into fungal culture media. Candida species were identified by standard methods and antifungal susceptibility of the candidal isolates was done. Results: Candida infection was found in 24/42 patients (57.14%) out of which Candida albicans was isolated in 14.28%, Candida tropicalis (28.57%) and Candida parapsilosis (14.28%). Maximum isolation of yeast was in the 6th week of RT. Fungemia was found in 3/42 patients. All the yeast isolates were sensitive to fluconazole except two. Conclusion: Prophylactic antifungal therapy in patients undergoing RT for head and neck malignancy is particularly important to prevent intraoral colonization and infection by Candida. Screening of such patients on RT for fungal infections can prevent fatal mold infections.

Interindividual variability and intraindividual stability of oral fungal microbiota over time

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2014

Oral microbiota is one of the most complex and diverse microbial communities in the human body. In the present study, we aimed to characterize oral fungi biodiversity and stability over time in a group of healthy participants with good oral health. Oral health and oral fungal microbiota were evaluated in 40 healthy individuals. A follow-up of 10 participants was carried out 28 weeks and 30 weeks after the first sampling. Oral rinse was collected and incubated in a fungal selective medium at 25ºC and 37ºC for 7 days. Fungi were identified based on macro- and microscopic morphology. API/ID32C was used for yeast identification, and molecular techniques were used to identify the most prevalent nonidentified moulds, mainly by sequencing 18S and internally transcribed spacer regions. Moulds were recovered from all participants and yeast from 92.5%. The most frequently isolated fungi were Candida spp., Rhodotorula spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Cladosporium spp. The oral fungal community presented a high interindividual variability, but the frequency and quantification of each fungal taxon was constant over the 30-week observation period, showing a consistent intraindividual stability over time. The intraindividual stability opposed to interindividual variability may suggest a common and a variable group of fungi in the oral cavity.

Carriage Frequency, Intensity of Carriage, and Strains of Oral Yeast Species Vary in the Progression to Oral Candidiasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Individuals

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2002
J CLIN MICROBIOL

Candida samples were taken over a period of 2 years from 54 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive asymptomatic subjects to evaluate changes in yeast carriage, intensity of carriage, and genotype over time. Overall, we found that HIV-positive patients with CD4+-cell counts of between 200 and 400/μl had significantly more yeast colonization than healthy control subjects. Of the 54 patients, 11 developed thrush. We found that intensity of carriage in these 11 patients increased significantly in the progression from asymptomatic yeast carrier to an episode of oral thrush. Also, the most common yeast species isolated was Candida albicans; however, we did see a number of patients harboring multiple species at the same time. Using the C. albicans-specific probe Ca3, we found that 54% (n = 6) of the 11 patients who developed thrush maintained genetically similar strains throughout the study period, with minor genetic variations in all patients except one. Forty-six percent of these patients had either multiple strains throughout the study period (n = 2), strain replacement (n = 1), or species replacement (n = 2). Of the patients who had multiple strains, one (I4) was infected by two different strains of Candida dubliniensis distinguished by a recently developed species-specific probe. These results suggest that commensal strains colonizing HIV-positive individuals can undergo alterations prior to producing an episode of thrush.

Oral Candidiasis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2002

Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence varies depending on age and certain predisposing factors. There are three broad groupings consisting of acute candidiasis, chronic candidiasis, and angular cheilitis. Risk factors include impaired salivary gland function, drugs, dentures, high carbohydrate diet, and extremes of life, smoking, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, malignancies, and immunosuppressive conditions. Management involves taking a history, an examination, and appropriate antifungal treatment with a few requiring samples to be taken for laboratory analysis. In certain high risk groups antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of infections. The prognosis is good in the great majority of cases.

Geographical Differences in Human Oral Yeast Flora

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2003
CLIN INFECT DIS

The oral yeast flora of healthy humans from eastern North America and China were sampled and compared. Chinese persons harbored a greater number and diversity of yeast species in the mouth. Furthermore, Candida albicans, which is the predominant commensal and etiologic species of candidiasis in Europe and the Western Hemisphere, was relatively rare in China.

A complex game of hide and seek: The search for new antifungals

Article

Jul 2016

Fungal infections directly affect millions of people each year. In addition to the invasive fungal infections of humans, the plants and animals that comprise our primary food source are also susceptible to diseases caused by these eukaryotic microbes. The need for antifungals, not only for our medical needs, but also for use in agriculture and livestock causes a high demand for novel antimycotics. Herein, we provide an overview of the most commonly used antifungals in medicine and agriculture. We also present a summary of the recent progress (from 2010-2016) in the discovery/development of new agents against fungal strains of medical/agricultural relevance, as well as information related to their biological activity, their mode(s) of action, and their mechanism(s) of resistance.

Oral candidosis – Clinical challenges of a biofilm disease

Article

Jul 2011
CRIT REV MICROBIOL

This review summarizes the impact of biofilms in oral candidosis with special emphasis on medically compromised patients. The concept of oral candidosis as a mixed candidal-bacterial biofilm infection has changed our understanding of its epidemiology and diagnosis as well as approach to its treatment. Candida albicans is the most common causative agent of oral candidosis although Candida species other than C. albicans are often seen in medically compromised patients with a history of multiple courses of azole antifungals. Although C. albicans is usually susceptible to all commonly used antifungals when tested in vitro, their biofilm form are highly resistant to most antifungals. Therefore, treatment consists of mechanical destruction of the biofilm in combination with topical drugs. Azole antifungals should be avoided for patients suffering from recurrent oral yeast infections due to a risk of selection and enrichment of resistant strains within the biofilm. Oral candidosis can also be a symptom of an undiagnosed or poorly controlled systemic disease such as HIV infection or diabetes. If the response to appropriate treatment is poor, other causes of oral mucositis should be excluded. Oral candidosis arises from the patient's mixed candidal-bacterial biofilm, i.e., dental plaque, whereby good self-care is important for successful therapy.

Oral hygiene habits, denture cleanliness, presence of yeasts and stomatitis in elderly people

Article

Apr 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine oral hygiene habits, denture cleanliness, presence of yeasts and denture stomatitis in elderly people. Seventy complete denture wearers were investigated clinically and mycologically. Subjects were evaluated according to, presence of denture stomatitis, presence of yeasts, denture cleanliness, frequency of denture brushing and denture cleaning methods. Swabs were taken from the palate investigated mycologically in order to identify the yeast colonies. No statistical relationship was found between denture stomatitis and frequency of denture brushing and denture cleaning methods. However, there was a statistically significant relationship between denture stomatitis, yeasts' presence and denture cleanliness.

High prevalence of non-albicans yeasts and detection of antifungal resistance in the flora of patients with advanced cancer

Article

Oct 2003

Oral fungal infections frequently develop in individuals with advanced cancer. This study examined the oral mycological flora of 207 patients receiving palliative care for advanced malignant disease. Demographic details and a clinical history were documented from each participant. A tongue swab was collected and cultured on CHROMAgar Candida (CHROMAgar Paris, France). All yeasts were identified by germ tube test, API ID 32C profiles and, for Candida dubliniensis, by species-specific PCR. Susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole was determined by a broth microdilution assay according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). At time of sampling, 54 (26%) of the 207 subjects had clinical evidence of a fungal infection and yeasts were isolated from 139 (67%) individuals. In total, 194 yeasts were isolated, of which 95 (49%) were Candida albicans. There was a high prevalence of Candidia glabrata (47 isolates) of which 34 (72%) were resistant to both fluconazole and itraconazole. All nine isolates of C. dubliniensis recovered were susceptible to both azoles. No relationship was established between anti-fungal usage in the preceding three months and the presence of azole resistant yeasts. This study of patients with advanced cancer has demonstrated a high incidence of oral colonization with non-C. albicans yeasts, many of which had reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole. The role of improved oral care regimes and novel anti-fungal drugs merits further attention, to reduce the occurrence of fungal infection in these patients.

Oral candidiasis and oral yeast carriage among institutionalised South African paediatric HIV/AIDS patients

Article

Mar 2007

Elaine Blignaut

South Africa currently has an estimated 500,000 AIDS orphans, many of whom are HIV-positive. Oral candidiasis commonly occurs in both adult and paediatric HIV/AIDS patients. Published information on HIV-positive children in Africa mainly concerns hospitalised patients. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis and oral yeast carriage among paediatric HIV/AIDS patients residing in orphanages in Gauteng, South Africa, and to compare the prevalence of isolated yeast species with species obtained from adult HIV/AIDS patients. Eighty-seven paediatric HIV/AIDS patients residing in five homes were examined and a swab taken from the dorsal surface of the tongue, cultured on CHROMagar and yeast isolates identified with the ATB 32C commercial system. The species prevalence of 57 identified isolates was compared with that of 330 isolates from adult HIV/AIDS patients. Twelve (13.8%) children presented with clinically detectable candidiasis. Yeasts were isolated from 0% to 53% of children in the individual homes, with Candida albicans (40.4%) and C. dubliniensis (26.3%) constituting the most frequently isolated species. Gentian violet prophylaxis was administered in one particular home and a higher carriage rate (66.6%) of non-C. albicans and non-C. dubliniensis was observed among these children. The prevalence of C. albicans was lower while the prevalence of C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis was significantly higher (p < or = 0.001) among the children than among adult HIV/AIDS patients. These findings indicate a role for yeast culture and species determination in cases with candidiasis in institutionalized paediatric HIV/AIDS patients.

Yeasts oral flora

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