Green economy in Tanzania: Is it foreseeable?

Abstract

The green economy is one of the major pathways to sustainable development. In achieving sustainable development, Tanzania just like some other developing countries, has made efforts in transit to such kind of economy. The country does not have any specific national policy or strategy on the green economy. However, there have been different, direct, and indirect actions that have been implemented in support of the green economy initiative. The paper reviews how far the green economy is foreseeable in Tanzania. Firstly, explore the work of different activities and initiatives towards attaining green economy together with their effectiveness and challenges. Starts by review on the well-known national initiatives that are mainly funded by the developed partners, then national strategic development plans and programs. The work found that there is no enough researches and information on the role of already established policies, laws, and regulation. This study concludes by discussing the identified strength and weakness of the initiatives, providing suggestions on where will these initiatives take Tanzania as long as green economy is concerned, and therefore provide recommendations.

Full text

J Appl Adv Res 2019: 4(4)
https://www.phoenixpub.org/journals/index.php/jaar
112
Journal of Applied and Advanced Research, 2019: 4(4) 112118
http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2019.v4i4.299
ISSN 2519-9412 / © 2019 Phoenix Research Publishers
Review Article – Economics
Green economy in Tanzania: Is it foreseeable?
Isege Zephania Mihayo1,2٭, Rosemary Michael Swai1
1School of Economics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
2School of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Dodoma PO. Box 11090, Dodoma, Tanzania
(Received: 13-07-2019; Accepted 12-08-2019; Published Online 23-08-2019)
٭ Corresponding author: E-mail.: isegemihayo@yahoo.com
Abstract
The green economy is one of the major pathways to sustainable development. In achieving sustainable development,
Tanzania just like some other developing countries, has made efforts in transit to such kind of economy. The country does
not have any specific national policy or strategy on the green economy. However, there have been different, direct, and
indirect actions that have been implemented in support of the green economy initiative. The paper reviews how far the green
economy is foreseeable in Tanzania. Firstly, explore the work of different activities and initiatives towards attaining green
economy together with their effectiveness and challenges. Starts by review on the well-known national initiatives that are
mainly funded by the developed partners, then national strategic development plans and programs. The work found that there
is no enough researches and information on the role of already established policies, laws, and regulation. This study
concludes by discussing the identified strength and weakness of the initiatives, providing suggestions on where will these
initiatives take Tanzania as long as green economy is concerned, and therefore provide recommendations.
Keywords: Green economy; Tanzania; initiatives; plans and programs
Introduction
The green economy is one of the major pathways to
sustainable development (OECD, 2012; UNEP, 2011) this
concept regained momentum in 2008 after the major global
financial crisis. The increase in interest is, among other
factors, because of the growing understanding of the inter-
linkages between many of the current economic,
environmental and social observed crises (Georgeson et al.,
2017; Ten Brink, 2012). United Nations environmental
program (UNEP) as a leading global environmental authority
was among the first organizations to put forward the green
economy initiative. In October 2008, UNEP launched its
Green Economy Initiative to provide analysis and policy
support for investment in green sectors and greening resource
sectors (UNEP, 2011). The green economy has its primary
objectives; UNEP through report entitled a Global Green New
Deal (GGND) has encouraged the governments going green
with the three objectives of economic recovery, poverty
eradication, and reduced carbon emissions and ecosystem
degradation (UNEMG, 2011).
Tanzania, like some other developing countries, has made
efforts towards transitions to Green economy (Kabubu, 2012).
One of the principal initiator of sustainable development
movement and so green economy in the country is the Rio
Conference of 1992 (UNCED, 1992). Since the Rio
Conference, the United Republic of Tanzania has made
progress in various areas to ensure that the country follows a
sustainable development path. Unlike other Sub-Saharan
Africa countries such as Rwanda (Rwanda, 2011), and
Ethiopia (Vision, 2011), Tanzania does not have a specific
national policy or strategy on green economy nor national
definition on the meaning of “green economy” in the context
of sustainable development and poverty eradication (URT,
2012a). However, there have been different, direct, and
indirect actions and initiatives that have been implemented in
the country in support of the green economy initiative. These,
have somehow altered the existed institution and relationships
of authorities in achieving the goals/objectives of going green.
Initiatives towards a green economy in Tanzania are in
different ways, such as various projects, programs, forests,
and agriculture-related initiatives (Buseth, 2017; Koch, 2017).
The country also has and is implementing several national
Strategic development plans, projects and crosscutting
policies, laws, and regulations, which have features that
promote the green economy. Such features include the
promotion of renewable energies (solar, hydropower, wind,
geothermal, biogas), use of energy efficient appliances and
equipment, efficient mass transit systems, cleaner production
initiatives, fuel switching to natural gas and other alternative
energy sources, efficient and sustainable use of natural
resources (URT, 2012a). This paper explores the main green
economy-related initiatives and reviews if these are enough
and capable of taking through the country to green economy
transitions.
The southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania
(SAGCOT)
Agriculture is the strength of many developing
economies, including Tanzanian. Therefore, the country is
strengthening this sector for the benefit of national and
livelihood of people through different programs and
initiatives. The Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of
Tanzania (SAGCOT) initiative is a public-private partnership,
an agricultural based program involving the government,
smallholder farmers, agribusinesses, and development donors
(SAGCOT, 2018). The initiative started as an Agricultural
Sector Development Programme (ASDP) with the main goals
of increasing private-sector investment in agriculture at the

J Appl Adv Res 2019: 4(4)
https://www.phoenixpub.org/journals/index.php/jaar
113
same time ensuring the farmers have access to technology and
markets (Cooksey, 2012). However, this private-sector
involvement was considered as a challenge to the
stakeholders, especially the donors (SAGCOT, 2011). In
response to this challenge (private-sector gap in ASDP), new
strategy, ‘Kilimo Kwanza’ (agriculture first) was launched in
2009. The strategy was launched to increase international
interest in agricultural investments by tackling the global
crises in food, finance, energy, and climate and so somehow
fix the contribution of the private sector in the quest of
developing Tanzanian agriculture (SAGCOT, 2011).
Therefore, in a journey of implementing the Kilimo Kwanza
strategy, in 2010, Tanzania introduced the public-private
partnership known as SAGCOT, and the partnership will run
for 20 years up to 2030. This is the first program set to put
Kilimo Kwanza in motion (Jenkins, 2012).
The SAGCOT initiative is aiming at boosting agricultural
productivity and so food security, reduce poverty, and
enhance environmental sustainability by commercializing
smallholder agriculture (Byiers & Rampa, 2013; SAGCOT,
2018). In the implementation of these, the initiative
highlighted smallholders as the main beneficiaries (SAGCOT,
2011; Secretariat, 2013). The initial SAGCOT ideas were
concerned with agricultural investment opportunities; and
then changed into ‘agriculture green growth’ and ‘inclusive
green growth’ initiative, created at the multi-national level
(Buseth, 2017). The government is now implementing a
particular vision of ‘green modernization’ through the already
established six clusters of commercial agriculture that are
covering one-third of the mainland (Ihemi, Mbarali,
Sumbawanga, Kilombero, Ludewa, and Rufiji) (fig. 1). It is
targeting on Soya, Tea, Dairy, Tomatoes, and Potatoes crops;
covering about five million hectares of land, with a total
population of approximately ten million people (Kabubu,
2012). Investments in these clusters have been predicted to
bring profits to investors, reduce poverty and protect nature.
All these give out the underlying justification of the principal
view of the green economy.
Fig. 1. Map of Tanzania showing coverage of the Southern
Agricultural Growth Corridor. Source: SAGCOT (2011).
SAGCOT aims by 2030 to collect 3.5 billion USD in
investments, convey 350,000 hectares of land into
commercial farming; creation of 420,000 new employment
opportunities, at the same time lifting 2 million people
permanently out of poverty (SAGCOT, 2016). Report by
SAGCOT (2018), have indicated how far the goals’
initiative have been achieved. Form the achievements; it is
clear that the country has to put more efforts, as most of the
achievements are far away from the 2030 targets. In
addition, the initiative considered smallholder farmers as
major beneficiaries, even declaring that without them,
SAGCOT would not exist (Bergius, 2014). However,
smallholder farmers input in SAGCOT has been mentioned
to be negligible (McKeon, 2014). Byiers and Rampa (2013)
have specified that SAGCOT may become a ‘corridor of
power’, as benefit streams are only dominated upwards in
the processes of implementation.
Table 1. The Achievements of SAGCOT according to indicators: Source SAGCOT (2018)
Indicators Performance
2017 Achievement 2013-2018 Cumulative Target 2030 Cumulative Target
Number of New Jobs 547 1500 420000
Value of Farming Revenues in the SAGCOT Corridor USD 14.87m USD 22.8m 2.4 bn
Value of new Private Sector Investment USD 0.02bn USD 0.525 bn 2.1 bn
Hectares in profitable production, Not measured No target 350000
Number of Smallholder Farmers working 46278 100000 230000
Generally, for the success of any development activity,
there should be full participation of all the stakeholders,
particularly the main stakeholders. It is clear that the project
lacks full involvement in terms of social investments; in line
with this, Bergius et al. (2018) write that there is no clear
and good partnership between the investor and villages.
There is also a question on the fate of the ecosystems and
biodiversity and their related benefits, especially natural
forest. As the establishment of related projects involves
disturbance of the natural area like large forest plantations,
and the conversion of the lands into monocultures of pine or
eucalyptus.
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
Deforestation and forest degradation are among the
leading causes of global environmental change; causing
nearly 20% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
second to the energy sector (IPCC, 2014). Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation
(REDD+) is an international agreement aiming at climate
change mitigation through reductions of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and increases in GHG removals (Angelsen
et al., 2009). REDD+ also aims at providing socio-
ecological co-benefits, including biodiversity protection and
improving forest governance (UNFCCC, 2014). This
initiative is a financial incentive-based whereby it is
designed to compensate national governments and sub-
national actors in return for reductions in carbon emissions
from deforestation and degradation and enhancements of
terrestrial carbon stocks (Agrawal et al., 2011). This is

J Appl Adv Res 2019: 4(4)
https://www.phoenixpub.org/journals/index.php/jaar
114
mitigation initiative proposed by different international
organizations (UNEP, World Bank, and environmental
NGOs) involving the main two partners developed and
developing countries (Bayrak & Marafa, 2016). Developing
countries (Non-Annex I countries) have the obligation of
taking the low-carbon climate resilient development, while
developed countries (Annex I countries) have to provide
funding as an incentive for reduced forest-based carbon
emissions. The initiative initially focused on Reduced
Emission from deforestation (RED), later on, it included
reducing emission from forest degradation (REDD), and
then it advanced into REDD+ (Bayrak and Marafa, 2016).
Tanzania is a forested nation, which is challenged with
high levels of deforestation and degradation, mainly from
agriculture expansion, population growth, and charcoal
production (Burgess et al., 2010; Geist and Lambin, 2002).
Thus, it was made an appropriate focus country for REDD
activities. The REDD policy process in Tanzania began
following the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties. 2008 was
considered the starting point of the REDD policy process
with the support of the Government of Norway (Angelsen
and Hofstad, 2008). In addition, the Federal Government of
Germany supported the country in the management of nature
reserves, and the Finnish government, which focused on
producing a forest inventory (Kweka et al., 2015). This
initiative is a green economy based; and Tanzania
considered REDD policy as a viable option that provides
opportunities for the country to take its obligations in
managing her forests and woodlands on a sustainable basis
while responding to poverty reduction initiatives accordingly
(URT, 2012b). As part of REDD, pilot projects supported by
the developed partners, and are being implemented in
Tanzania by civil society organizations and their partners.
The projects have been implemented in many regions of
Tanzania (TNRF, 2012) with diverse aims and approaches.
Figure 2: Map of Tanzania showing major REDD+ pilot
projects. Source: wildlife conservation society (2011) in
(TNRF, 2012).
These REDD+ activities had and have the objective of
environmental protection and are taking multiple functions
of forests and ecosystems into account. All these were made
to ensure the achievement of sustainable development and
poverty reduction. As in some studied areas, REDD+ has
been indicated to improve the livelihood of the households
by increasing annual income (Ojija, 2015). However; in
Tanzania, several REDD+ related activities had ended in
2014, as there is no new funding in place, leaving the future
related activities looking uncertain (Cavanagh et al., 2015;
Ojija, 2015). After the ending of most of the funding,
Tanzania is now engaged in a range of global and
multilateral international agreements, which govern forest
management. These come with activities, which have
established a base that has embarked most of the
implementation activities of REDD+ in Tanzania. A good
Example of such activities is decentralization in the forest
management which has advanced with Participatory Forest
Management (PFM) through Community-Based Forest
Management (CBFM), which sites form the basis of about
80% of all the REDD+ pilot projects in the country (Kweka
et al., 2015). The activities have helped Tanzania to put in
place relatively advanced institutions, policies, and strategies
that foster sustainable forest management.
Weak enforcement of forest laws and regulations is the
main challenge affecting the REDD+ implementations and
after coming based activities. Furthermore, the REDD+
initiative in Tanzania was based on the existing institutional
systems, which are centrally monopolized. Moreover, these
have so far not succeeded to generate noticeable benefits to
the local communities, and so their contribution to the
sustainable management of forests is affected. Therefore
somehow failing to achieve objectives of green economy of
improving the economy, eradicate poverty (improve
livelihood) and enhance ecosystem conservations.
The Tanzania Development Vision 2025
Tanzanian Government started the formulation of the
development Vision in 1995 to guide economic and social
development achievements up to the year 2025 (Mallya,
2000). According to the Vision, by 2025, the country is
expected to transform into a middle-income country, filled
with five main national attributes. According to Tandari
(2004), the attributes are:-
 Having a population with a high quality of life,
 Be a stable, peaceful and united country,
 Have an intact well working good governance
machinery,
 Have a well-educated population and one that craves for
learning and
 Have a competitive economy capable of producing
sustainable growth and shared benefits.
The country is also aiming at transforming the economy
from a principal agricultural one to a diversified and semi-
industrialized economy with a substantial industrial sector,
like those of typical middle-income countries (URT, 2011a).
Vision 2025 has been implemented through five-year
development plans (FYDPs) and the National Strategy for
Growth and Poverty Reduction (NSGPR), commonly known
as MKUKUTA in Swahili.
Tanzania five Year Development Plans (FYDPs)
After the Assessment of Tanzania Development Vision
2025 in 2010, The Government, through the Planning
Commission, formulated Long Term Perspective Plan (LTPP)
2011/12-2025/26 (Babeiya et al., 2014). The Plan was divided
into three five-year development plans (FYDPs), each with an
independent theme that supports and prioritize interventions.
The plans are- First Five Year Development Plan 2011/12-

J Appl Adv Res 2019: 4(4)
https://www.phoenixpub.org/journals/index.php/jaar
115
2015/16 (FYDP I) with a theme: “Unleashing Tanzania’s
Latent Growth Potentials.” The Second Five Year
Development Plan 2016/17-2020/21 (FYDP II) with a theme:
“Nurturing and Industrial Economy.” Moreover, The Third
Five Year Development Plan 2021/22-2025/26 (FYDP III)
with a theme: “Realizing Competitiveness-led Export Growth
(Kikwete, 2014).
The First Five Year Development Plan 2011/12-2015/16
(FYDP I) has already been implemented. The plan prioritized
on infrastructure, agriculture, industry, human capital
development, and economic services (Trade, Tourism, and
Financial Services) (URT, 2011b). FYDP I targeted an average
GDP growth of 8 percent per annum (which is equal to a 5
percent per capita growth target). Also targeted the increase of
annual growth in agriculture from 4.4percent to 6 percent,
manufacturing from 8 percent to 12 percent, industry from 8.6
percent to 9.4 percent and services from 7.5 percent to 7.8
percent. Some targets have been surpassed, and others have not
reached). The Under-achievement (example the agricultural
sector, lagged, growing at only 3.4 percent (2014) a rate which
is far below FYDP I target) is explained by the slow pace in
decision-making, inadequate mobilizing financial resources and
weak implementation of projects in Tanzania (URT, 2016b).
Many of the goals do overlaps with those of National Strategy
for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) because both
are heading to achieve 2025 Vision.
National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty
(NSGRP - MKUKUTA)
The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty (NSGRP or MKUKUTA in Swahili) is a Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) based commonly organizing to
rally national efforts in accelerating poverty-reducing growth
(URT, 2011b). There have been two series of this national
strategy NSGRP I (2005-2010) and NSGRP II (2010-2015).
The strategy emphasizes the role of governance in growth and
poverty reduction on the country’s development agenda. It
also emphasizes mainstreaming cross-cutting issues in sector
strategies and Local Government Authorities development
plans. This is a green economy based initiative as it aims at
reducing poverty enhance economic growth and protecting the
environment.
According to URT (2010), the Strategy has been built
based on four key fundamentals to ensure forward-looking
interventions in achieving targets set out in the Vision 2025
and other long-term policy initiatives. The fundamentals
include:
 Efficient use and development of factors of production,
including human capital/resources,
 Strengthening and establishing well-functioning
institutions and markets,
 Provision of infrastructure, and
 Ensuring good economic governance.
Concerning the goals of green economy of reducing
income poverty and enhancing economic growth, during the
implementation of the NSGRP II, the county has achieved to
increase GDP in real terms by about seven percent or above
except 2012 where it grew by 5.1 % (UNECA, 2016).
However, the growth has not reached the strategy’s target of
achieving and maintaining an 8-10 percent growth necessary
for eradicating absolute poverty. The rate of inflation dropped
from 7.2 percent in June 2010 to 6.1 percent in June 2015.
There was also the creation of decent jobs that helps to reduce
income poverty among the population significantly; this was
achieved through implementation of the National Youth
Employment Creation Programme in collaboration with
stakeholders whereby 840,000 employment opportunities
were created, and also the implementation of the skills
development program (URT, 2016a).
Table 2. Achievements of NSRD (2010-2015) according to the indicators. Sources: UNECA ( 2016), URT (2016a) and DHS
(2015).
Indicator 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 NSRD target
GDP growth % 6.4 7.9 5.1 7.3 7.0 7.0 10
Agriculture sector growth rate 2.7 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.4 - 6-8
Manufacture sector growth 8.9 6.9 4.1 6.5 6.8 - 15
Number of people employed in decent jobs 64876 68116 71544 75154 78915 - -
primary enrolment rate 95.4 94 92 89.7 84.4 - 100
secondary school enrolment rate 30.8 34.5 36.6 33.7 32.0 - 50
Under-Five Mortality Rates 81% - - 54 - 67% 54%
portion of births taking place at health facility 58% 62% 60% 61% - 63% 80%
Maternal Mortality Rate 454 454 432 - - 556 199
In the improvement of the quality of life and social well-
being, Tanzania has focused on reducing inequalities in
accessing social and economic opportunities, across
geographical areas, income groups, age, gender, and other
groups. In education, Tanzania recorded a significant increase
in the number of public and private universities. Increase in
qualified teachers in both primary and secondary schools.
However, the school enrolment rate in primary and secondary
schools decreased from 97.3 percent in 2007 to 84.4 in 2014
and from 36.6 percent in 2012 to 32.0 percent in 2014,
respectively (URT, 2016a). Even though the secondary school
enrolment increased from 6.3 percent in 2003 up to 36.6
percent in 2012, but it is far from the NSGRP target of 50
percent.
In improving survival, health, and well-being, especially
for children, women and vulnerable groups; Under-Five
Mortality Rates continued to decrease, 54 deaths per 1000 live
births were recorded in 2013, but unfortunately, it increased to
67 in 2015, behind of NSGRP target of 54 deaths per 1000
live births by 2015 (DHS, 2015). Maternal Mortality Rate is
still unacceptably high; Shoo et al. (2017) mentioned the low
government expenditure in health (TShs 2,055 billion in
2016/17 compared to the need of TShs 4,389 billion), Less
prioritization of maternal and poverty among the causing
factors. Also, water supply coverage in rural areas increased
up to 67 percent in June 2015; which surpasses the NSGRP II
target of 65 percent by June 2015.
This strategy was implemented in such a way that all
cross-cutting issues (environment being one of them) are
incorporated into the NSGRP clusters. However, it seems as

J Appl Adv Res 2019: 4(4)
https://www.phoenixpub.org/journals/index.php/jaar
116
if environmental sustainability had only been integrated into
key plans and policies, living behind the key sectors and
Local Government Authorities (LGAs) Funding for
environmental interventions at sector and sub-national
levels. Therefore, it was difficult to trace the change, as there
was no specific budget code for environmental activities.
To some extent, the implementation of NSGRP has
improved the environment state in favor of the surrounding
community by improving their livelihood. NSGRP
Assessment Report (URT, 2016a) has indicated that the
agriculture sector (crops, livestock, forestry, and fishing)
have grown from 2011 to 2014 as compared to growth of 2.7
percent in 2010. Even though the growth is still below the
NSGRP target of reaching and maintaining an average
growth of 6-8 percent by 2015 to eradicate absolute poverty.
It is proposed that there should be improvement of the
farming system; expand irrigation schemes, promote the use
of pesticides and improved seeds, to increase productivity
and therefore poverty reduction.
The National Environment Action Plan (NEAP)
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in
Tanzania was first put forward in 1994. This was mainly due
to recommendations by the Earth Summit of 1992 held in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. As in this Summit, countries were
required to prepare and implement National Environmental
Action Plans (UNCED, 1992). In addition to the Summit;
The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 (EMA)
requires preparation of NEAP in five years as the basis for
integrating environmental concerns in formulation and
implementation of development plans and programs(URT,
2004). From 1994, the government has been implementing
plans consecutively. Currently, the country is implementing
The National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) of 2013-
2018. The plan came with the initiatives, which ensure that
the environment is highly considered in all the development
process, and this gave the plan features of the green
economy.
Through these plans, the government has achieved the
following; formulation of the National Environmental Policy
(1997); enactment of the Environmental Management Act No.
20 of 2004; mainstreaming of the environment into
MKUKUTA I (2005-2010) and II (2010-2015); and
formulation of the sectoral policies, strategies, and plans.
Formulation of the institutional framework for effective
environmental management that includes sector ministries and
Local Government Authorities (URT, 2013). Furthermore,
numerous national programs, strategies, and plans have been
developed and implemented to address critical environmental
challenges such as land degradation; water supply; waste
management; water catchments conservation; deforestation;
loss of biodiversity; coastal and marine environment
conservation. Regardless of these achievements, effective
environmental management in the country is still a challenge,
because many environmental challenges are still emerging.
Apart from the discussions above, there is establishment
of national laws and bylaws, regulations, programs, and
policies in different sectors as environment, natural
resources, and tourism, fisheries, mining, and transportation.
Establishment of these is a result of the work of programs
mentioned above and plans as it has been indicated, in
support of the green economy initiative. From literature,
little is known about what precisely these have done
regarding the green economy. In addition to that, so have
indicated that there is weak enforcement of the laws and
policies in Tanzania (Kweka et al., 2015). As important, it is
the role of the policies and legal framework in the transition
to a green economy; it is also essential to know their
performance and effectiveness.
Discussion and Conclusions
From the review, it is clear that to some extent,
Tanzania is on the way in transiting to a green economy. On
the other hand, the country is still facing some challenges
that are holding back the efforts more than the way forward.
Other important areas in the country have been overseen in
the transition to a green economy. Initiatives have
concentrated on some parts of the country, for example, the
southern part of Tanzania (Bergius et al., 2018; Bersaglio &
Cleaver, 2018; Buseth, 2017; Olwig et al., 2015), while
there is no enough information about some other parts. This
might be because the area is potential in different factors like
a potential area for investors, agriculture, and business.
However, for the country to prosper and achieve the goals of
a green economy, all the area have to be covered and
monitored in terms of the initiatives and measuring the
effectiveness of the initiatives.
On top of that, other key sectors have been neglected,
as fishery and water resources. In fact, for a developing
country like Tanzania, green economy initiatives should be
in sound with the renewable natural resources as they are the
pillars for the country’s economy as well as people’s
livelihood (Omilola, 2014). The community has not been
fully involved regardless of being mentioned as the major
stakeholders in the implementation of some initiatives. Bolin
and Tassa (2012), further indicate that in some selected
REDD+ pilot sites of Tanzania, the targeted communities
did not receive enough information about the project and
only a few privileged villagers had knowledge on REDD+.
Involvement of community in such kind of programs is
inevitable; Danielsen et al. (2011); Nissen-Petersen, (2006)
established that inclusion of community could even reduce
unnecessary expenses and can improve the capacity of
developing countries. Sulle and Nelson (2009) have stressed
the point that many of Tanzania development policies have
to be modernized and transformed, as involvement of
smallholders is inefficient, not contributing sufficiently to
the development of the nation.
Assessment Report and action plan for the
Implementation of post-Rio Conventions (2007) mentioned
challenges in attaining Rio convections goals of sustainable
development as inadequate capacity at all levels (individual,
institutional and systemic), weak integrated natural resource
management among relevant sectors, and inadequate gender
main-streaming in implementation. In addition to those
different studies have mentioned inadequate researches in
the green economy initiatives. Tanzania has to take action
into these challenges and weaknesses to accomplish the
2025 vision, and so transition into the green economy
country.
It is well known that through the green economy, any
country can improve economically, socially, and maintain
nature. Therefore, if Tanzania has chosen to go green, the
country has to take green economy serious by establishing a
given national strategy that will guide in achieving it, instead
of identifying other programs, plans that have the elements.

J Appl Adv Res 2019: 4(4)
https://www.phoenixpub.org/journals/index.php/jaar
117
With the strategy, it will be easy to set goals to achieve that
will be of green economy and not related to it, also setting
the way forward in achieving them accordingly.
References
Agrawal, A., Nepstad, D., and Chhatre, A. (2011). Reducing
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, 373-
396.
Angelsen, A., Brown, S., and Loisel, C. (2009). Reducing
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
(REDD): an options assessment report.
Angelsen, A., and Hofstad, O. (2008). Inputs to the
development of a national REDD strategy in Tanzania.
Norway: Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
Babeiya, E., Mateng’e, F. J., and Kihamba, J. (2014). National
Planning and the Quest for Transforming Rural
Livelihood in Tanzania. Journal of Education,
Humanities and Sciences (JEHS), 3(1 & 2).
Bayrak, M., and Marafa, L. (2016). Ten years of REDD+: A
critical review of the impact of REDD+ on forest-
dependent communities. Sustainability, 8(7), 620.
Bergius, M. (2014). Expanding the corporate food regime -
The Southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania -
Current and Potential Implication for Rural Households
(Masters), Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
Retrieved from: https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/
bitstream/id/236810/Bergius
Bergius, M., Benjaminsen, T.A., and Widgren, M. (2018).
Green economy, Scandinavian investments and
agricultural modernization in Tanzania. The Journal of
Peasant Studies, 45(4), 825-852.
Bersaglio, B., and Cleaver, F. (2018). Artisanal mining in
Southern Tanzania: Preliminary reflections on a ‘Green
squeeze’. The Extractive Industries and Society, 5(3),
274-277.
Burgess, N.D., Bahane, B., Clairs, T., Danielsen, F.,
Dalsgaard, S., Funder, M., Kabalimu, K. (2010). Getting
ready for REDD+ in Tanzania: a case study of progress
and challenges. Oryx, 44(3), 339-351.
Buseth, J.T. (2017). The green economy in Tanzania: From
global discourses to institutionalization. Geoforum, 86,
42-52.
Byiers, B., and Rampa, F. (2013). Corridors of power or
plenty? Lessons from Tanzania and Mozambique and
implications for CAADP.
Cavanagh, C.J., Vedeld, P.O., and Trædal, L.T. (2015).
Securitizing REDD+? Problematizing the emerging
illegal timber trade and forest carbon interface in East
Africa. Geoforum, 60, 72-82.
Cooksey, B. (2012). Politics, patronage and projects: The
political economy of agricultural policy in Tanzania.
Danielsen, F., Skutsch, M., Burgess, N.D., Jensen, P. M.,
Andrianandrasana, H., Karky, B., and Ngaga, Y. (2011).
At the heart of REDD+: a role for local people in
monitoring forests? Conservation Letters, 4(2), 158-167.
DHS. (2015). Service Provision Assessment Survey (TSPA)
2014-15 Key Findings Retrieved from Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania, and Rockville, Maryland, USA:
Geist, H.J., and Lambin, E.F. (2002). Proximate Causes and
Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation.
BioScience, 52(2), 143-150.
Georgeson, L., Maslin, M., and Poessinouw, M. (2017). The
global green economy: a review of concepts, definitions,
measurement methodologies and their interactions. Geo:
Geography and Environment, 4(1), e00036.
IPCC. (2014). Mitigation of climate change. Retrieved from
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:
Jenkins, B. (2012). Mobilizing the Southern Agricultural
Growth Corridor of Tanzania: A CASE STUDY. (MA),
Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge. Retrieved from:
Mobilizing%20the%20Southern%20Agricultural%20Gro
wth%20Corridor%20of%20Tanzania.pdf
Kabubu, J. (2012) Tanzania embarks on road to green
economy. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
Retrieved from: https://wwf.panda.org/?205327/
Tanzania-Embarks-on-Road-to-Green-Economy.
Kikwete, J. (2014). Tanzania’s transformation and vision
2025: governing economic growth for social gain.
Koch, S. (2017). International influence on forest governance
in Tanzania: Analysing the role of aid experts in the
REDD+ process. Forest Policy and Economics, 83, 181-
190.
Kweka, D., Carmenta, R., Hyle, M., Mustalahti, I., Dokken,
T., & Brockhaus, M. (2015). The context of REDD+ in
Tanzania: Drivers, agents and institutions (Vol. 133):
CIFOR.
Mallya, E.T. (2000). A Critical Look at Tanzania’s
Development Vision 2025.
McKeon, N. (2014). The New Alliance for Food Security and
Nutrition A Coup for Corporate Capital'. Agrarian Justice
Programme Policy Paper. Amsterdam: Transnational
Institute and Terra Nuova.
Nissen-Petersen, E. (2006). Water from Small Dams: A
Handbook for Technicians, Farmers, and Others on Site
Investigations, Designs, Costs Estimates, Construction
and Maintenance of Small Earth Dams: ASAL
Consultants Limited for the Danish International
Development Assistance.
OECD. (2012). Green Growth and Developing Countries: A
Summary for Policy Makers. Retrieved from
https://www.oecd.org/dac/50526354.pdf
Ojija, F. (2015). Assessment of current state and impact of
REDD+ on livelihood of local people in Rungwe District,
Tanzania. International Journal of Scientific &
Technology Research, 4(11), 288-293.
Olwig, M.F., Noe, C., Kangalawe, R., and Luoga, E. (2015).
Inverting the moral economy: the case of land
acquisitions for forest plantations in Tanzania. Third
World Quarterly, 36(12), 2316-2336.
Rwanda, R.O. (2011). Green Growth and Climate Resilience:
National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon
Development. Retrieved from https://cdkn.org/wp-

J Appl Adv Res 2019: 4(4)
https://www.phoenixpub.org/journals/index.php/jaar
118
content/uploads/2010/12/Rwanda-Green-Growth-
Strategy-FINAL1.pdf
SAGCOT. (2011). Investment Blueprint. Retrieved from
Invest-Blueprint-SAGCOT_High.pdf
SAGCOT. (2016). Encouraging Green Agricultural
Development in the SAGCOT Region of Tanzania.
Research Findings and Related Decision Support Tools.
Retrieved from
https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/files/snap/SAGCOT_Final_
Report.pdf
SAGCOT. (2018). The journey of the SAGCOT
initiative2013-2018. Retrieved from Tanzania:
ile:///C:/Users/asus/Downloads/SAGCOT_Journey_2013
-2018.pdf
Secretariat, G. A. (2013). Investing in the future of African
agriculture: First annual report on private-sector
investment in support of country-led transformations in
African agriculture.
Shoo, R. S., Mboera, L. E., Ndeki, S., & Munishi, G. (2017).
Stagnating maternal mortality in Tanzania: What went
wrong and what can be done. Tanzania Journal of Health
Research, 19(2).
Sulle, E., and Nelson, F. (2009). Biofuels, land access and
rural livelihoods in Tanzania: IIED.
Tandari, M.C. (2004). The Tanzania development vision
2025. Dear Partners, Friends & Interested Readers, 63.
Ten Brink, P., Mazza, L., Badura, T., Kettunen M. and
Withana, S. (2012). Nature and its Role in the Transition
to a Green Economy: A contribution to Rio +20.
Retrieved from https://ieep.eu/uploads/articles/
attachments/28e9e60d-c56b-479b-8024-3ef927e934e6/
TEEB_Nature_the_green_economy_Executive_Summar
y.pdf?v=63664509780
TNRF. (2012). Working Together for Learning and Action:
Shared Experiences of the Tanzania REDD+ Pilot
Projects. Retrieved from http://www.tfcg.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/05/Joint-Learning-on-REDD-in-
Tanzania.pdf
UNCED. (1992). Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development. Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992. Retrieved
from Rio de Janeiro:
http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-
1annex1.htm
UNECA. (2016). Country profile: United Republic of
Tanzania. Retrieved from Ethiopia:
www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/images/ORIA/CP/tanza
nia.pdf
UNEMG. (Producer). (2011, 08/09/2018). Working towards a
Balanced and Inclusive Green Economy.
UNEP. (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to
Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.
Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/financial/doc/
green_economyreport2011.pdf
UNFCCC. (2014). Key decisions relevant for reducing
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in
developing countries (REDD+).
URT, (2004). The Environmental Management ACT, 2004.
URT. (2010). National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty II (NSGRP II). Retrieved from
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/Resources/T
anzania-PRSP-Dec2010.pdf
URT. (2011a). Integrated Industrial Development Strategy
2025. Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
Retrieved from: http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/fileadmin
/_migrated/content_uploads/IIDS_Main_Report.pdf
URT. (2011b). The Tanzania Five Year Development Plan
201112012-2015/16: Unleashing Tanzania's latent
growth potentials. Retrieved from
http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan151051.pdf
URT. (2012a). National Report for the United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20
Retrieved from Dar es Salaam:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents
/980tanzania.pdf
URT. (2012b). National strategy for reduced emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). Dar es
Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
URT. (2013). NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION
PLAN (NEAP) 2013-2018. Retrieved from Dar es
Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
URT. (2016a). MKUKUTA II assessment report (2010 -
2015). Retrieved from Dar es Salaam:
http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/budget/reports/MKUKUT
A%20II.pdf
URT. (2016b). National Five Year Development Plan
2016/17-2020/21. Retrieved from the United Republic of
Tanzania: https://extranet.who.int/nutrition /gina/sites
/default/files/ FYDP2_II__April%201.pdf
Vision, C. (2011). Ethiopia’s vision for a climate resilient
green economy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28.