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Roman aqueduct of Samos
Polycrates' extended reign and a recently discovered extension of the distribution sector of the aqueduct prompted this review of the design and tunnelling of the Eupalinos' aqueduct. Both aqueducts, the Archaic and Roman, cross an a uent area of the upper city, located less than 10 m below the level of the water source, a condition critical for the aqueduct's design. The tunnel's detour from its initial axis and the function of the tunnel as an integrated element of the city's defensive works are also discussed. A key consideration of this review is the ventilation of the lengthiest blind segments of the Eupalinos' tunnel, given that natural ventilation in a blind gallery is generally not e ective beyond about 50 m. Considering the historical evolution of ventilation in underground works, it is proposed here that a ventilation circuit was maintained along the tunnel through an auxiliary gallery dug simultaneously a few meters below the tunnel.
Colonia Iulia victrix Philippiensium was founded by Mark Antony after the battle of Philippi in 42 BC and was re-founded by Octavian as colonia Iulia Philippiensis, then Augusta, after the naval battle in Actium in 31 BC. Philippi was one of the most important stations along the Egnatia Road. During the Antonine period, in the second half of the 2nd c. AD, the city’s center was reconstructed in its most monumental form. The aqueduct for the water supply of the city has been dated to the same period. It is an open-channel aqueduct with a barrel vaulted cover that collected water from the Kefalari area (karstic springs of Voirani), about seven kilometers north-northwest of Philippi.
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