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Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen und technische Umsetzung von E-Government in Österreich
Abstract
Das Zusammenspiel von Recht und Technik ist essenziell für die Umsetzung nachhaltiger E-Government Services. Dieses Kapitel beleuchtet ausgewählte rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen des E-Government in Österreich und fokussiert dabei elektronische Identifizierung und Vertrauensdienste besonders. Ziel dieses Kapitels ist es, Kernelemente des österreichischen E-Government-Rechts überblicksartig darzustellen, auf Erfolgsbeispiele hinzuweisen und Schlaglichter auf die dahinterliegende Technologie zu werfen. Rechtliche und technische Grundlagen sind für die Weiterentwicklung von E-Government zwar notwendige Faktoren, aber keineswegs die einzigen Voraussetzungen. Vielmehr ist gebietskörperschaftsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit entscheidend, um Prozessdesign im Hinblick auf den dahinterliegenden Zweck, das Angebot möglichst reduzierter Behördenkontakte bis hin zur Ermöglichung von antragslosen Verfahren und die Weiterentwicklung interoperabler Systeme zu voranzutreiben.
... However, implementing these types of projects is not an easy endeavour. They require different interactions between law and technology [7], bring together different kinds of expertise and often deploy artefacts that deliver real impact on public administrations. The design of activities and artefacts often occurs after complex negotiations and compromises between different views, interests, strategies, values, and regulations. ...
The evaluation and assessment of project results and their impact are still a recurring challenge in the digital government discipline. Many technologically driven projects or products have faced challenges, where the technology is advanced, but the market adoption and user acceptance are still lacking. To counter these challenges, this paper presents a transdisciplinary evaluation framework and how it could be applied. The foundation for the evaluation framework was a literature review on the most recent and relevant academic publications on transdisciplinary evaluations, which was narrowed down by using selected relevant search terms. This theoretical background was enhanced by a series of practical workshops to validate the findings. By using a transdisciplinary approach, this paper presents a transdisciplinary evaluation framework that enhances the evaluation process of project results in the digital government discipline with six pillars to reflect (1) the real word context, (2) interdisciplinary research, (3) going beyond science, (4) interaction (5) integration, and (6) relevance. Alongside these pillars, dimensions of measurement for the evaluation are also presented and elaborated on. While this evaluation framework could be adopted for many types of projects or products, this paper showcases how it is applied for an international digital government pilot research project throughout its development process. It presents the methodology and process used in establishing the evaluation framework, the evaluation framework itself, and a short discussion.KeywordsTransdisciplinary researchEvaluationAssessmentResearch evaluation frameworkDigital single marketCross-borderDigital governmentSustainability
This paper presents a large-scale project aiming at the implementation of the once-only principle in Europe. The project aims to explore and demonstrate the once-only principle in practice through multiple sustainable pilots. For this purpose, a federated architecture will be developed on a cross-border European scale to connect sixty information systems across all involved countries. Drivers and barriers, such as data protection and data-sharing requirements, implementation costs, public sector silo issues, legal barriers and/or gaps, will be identified along with the relevant benefits and impacts, both tangible and intangible. It is expected that the foreseen generic approach will result in significant reduction in the cost of future once-only based e-services globally.
Purpose
– This paper aims at providing an overview of different approaches toward identity management pertaining to citizen to government (C2G) eGovernment applications.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper adopts a comparative law methodology. It asks how different legal systems deal with the same problem. The different legal frameworks of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and the Swiss Canton of Zug are analyzed and compared pertaining to identification and authentication. The process of comparison involves three phases: the descriptive phase (describing and analyzing the legislation to be compared), the identification phase (identifying the differences and similarities between the systems compared) and the explanatory phase (attempting to explain the resemblances and similarities between the systems).
Findings
– Each of the four countries adopted different legal solutions. This is due to the different legal culture and the existing legal framework in which the legislator, in most cases, seeks to fit in the respective eGovernment solution, rather than adopting a completely new solution.
Originality/value
– This study reveals different possibilities for legislatures to regulate electronic C2G procedures, ranging from a combination of electronic identity (eID) and electronic signature to pragmatic eID models in combination with further electronic authentication functionalities. The focus of the study is the legal framework and not the technical solution.
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is considered one of the best frameworks to understand technology-related adoptions that can be extended and adapted to the different features of many diverse situations. This work analyzes the adoption of e-government services and proposes that trust and personal values contribute to better understand such adoption. Specifically, this study proposes an integration of trust into the TAM, due to the online context characteristics (i.e., uncertainty). In addition, since these services are provided to the whole citizenry, two personal values very much related to e-government advantages (citizens' time consciousness and environmental concern) are proposed as moderators of the aforementioned relationships. Results reveal the mediating role of trust into the TAM framework which is confirmed by a rival models analysis. Besides, citizens' personal values moderate the influence of some antecedents of the intention to use e-government services, which suggests some interesting implications for public administration strategic marketing.
E-Government in Österreich ist seit Jahren von den Bemühungen gekennzeichnet, in Europa eine Spitzenposition einzunehmen. Das ist in vielen Bereichen durchaus gelungen, allerdings besteht noch ein einiges an Potenzial für Weiterentwicklung.
E-Government implementation and adoption is influenced by several factors having either an enhancing or an aggravating effect on e-government implementation and use. This paper aims at shedding light on obstacles hindering mainly e-government implementation from two perspectives: the supply- and the demand-side of e-government services. The contribution to research is seen in summarized insights into what obstacles in e-government were identified in prior research and the suggestion of a classification of obstacles into the two categories of formal and informal obstacles. Literature was reviewed following a conceptual model encompassing a merger and extension of existing approaches. A process of identifying obstacles and improving services in the form of a loop is discussed before possible future research lines will be pointed to.
The paper compares three different approaches to a fundamental legal issue in e-government: the definition of the exact time when a communication is received by an agency. The three approaches, which are all found in existing legislation, are termed spatial analogies, availability, and retrieval. These approaches are shown to fail to provide sufficient guidance to systems designers. Ultimately they put fundamental governmental principles at risk, and may unintentionally change the power relationship between citizens and government. The author offers an alternative avenue of approach, based on the concept of functional equivalence, and arrives at general recommendations for design of government information systems and for regulation of such systems.
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