Article

How Cannabis Alters Sexual Experience: A Survey of Men and Women

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Abstract

Introduction: Cannabis is reported to enhance sexual function; yet, previous studies have shown that physiological and subjective indices of sexual arousal and motivation were associated with decreased availability of circulating endocannabinoid concentrations. Aim: To explain this contradiction, we evaluated which aspects of sexual experience were enhanced or diminished by cannabis use. Methods: We used an online questionnaire with a convenience sample of people who had experience with cannabis. We asked questions regarding various aspects of sexual experience and whether they are affected by cannabis. We also asked about sexual dysfunction. Main outcome measure: Aspects of participant sexual experience enhanced by cannabis. Results: We analyzed results from 216 questionnaires completed by people with experience using cannabis with sex. Of these, 112 (52.3%) said they used cannabis to alter their sexual experience. Eighty-two participants (38.7%) said sex was better, 34 (16.0%) said it was better in some ways and worse in others, 52 (24.5%) said it was sometimes better, and only 10 (4.7%) said it was worse. Of 202 participants, 119 (58.9%) said cannabis increased their desire for sex, 149 of the 202 participants (73.8%) reported increased sexual satisfaction, 144 of 199 participants (74.3%) reported an increased sensitivity to touch, and 132 of 201 participants (65.7%) reported an increased intensity of orgasms. Out of 199 participants, 139 (69.8%) said they could relax more during sex, and 100 of 198 participants (50.5%) said they were better able to focus. Of the 28 participants who reported difficulty reaching orgasm, 14 said it was easier to reach orgasm while using cannabis, but only 10 said that sex was better. Clinical implications: The information in this study helps clarify which aspects of sexual function can be improved or interfered with by cannabis use. Strengths & limitations: We asked about specific sexual effects of cannabis and were therefore able to understand the paradox of how cannabis can both improve and detract from sexual experience. Limitations of this study include bias that may have been introduced because the sample included only people who responded to the advertisements; it may not represent the general population of people who use cannabis. Moreover, over one-third of our sample said they use cannabis daily and so represent heavier than average users. Conclusion: Many participants in our study found that cannabis helped them relax, heightened their sensitivity to touch, and increased intensity of feelings, thus enhancing their sexual experience, while others found that cannabis interfered by making them sleepy and less focused or had no effect on their sexual experience. Wiebe E, Just A. How Cannabis Alters Sexual Experience: A Survey of Men and Women. J Sex Med 2019; 16:1758-1762.

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... El consumo de sustancias afecta a diferentes ámbitos de la vida, entre los que se encuentra el ámbito sexual. Las drogas, y concretamente el consumo de alcohol y cannabis, pueden favorecer comportamientos sexuales de riesgo [2][3][4][5] e influir en la función y experiencia sexual [6][7][8]. Por ejemplo, del Río et al. [9] hallaron en hombres con antecedentes de consumo de sustancias mayores puntuaciones en eyaculación precoz que en los no consumidores. Asimismo, del Río et al. [10] encontraron en mujeres con antecedentes de consumo de sustancias mayores puntuaciones en trastorno por dolor sexual que en mujeres no consumidoras. ...
... Por el contrario, el consumo de cannabis en comparación con el consumo de alcohol hace que tengamos una mayor sensibilidad y satisfacción sexual [7]. En el estudio de Wiebe y Just [8] el 52.3% afirmaron que el cannabis alteraba su experiencia sexual. De ese 52.3%, el 38.7% afirmaron que la mejoraba, el 24.5% que a veces la mejoraba y otras veces la empeoraba, el 16.0% que la mejoraba en algunos aspectos y la empeoraba en otros y el 4.7% que la empeoraba. ...
... Consumo de alcohol/cannabis y experiencia sexual. Se adaptaron algunas preguntas del estudio de Palamar et al. [7] y del estudio de Wiebe y Just [8] para el presente estudio (Tabla 1). ...
Article
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Substance use affects different areas of life, including the sexual sphere. Drugs and specifically the use of alcohol and cannabis, can influence sexual experience. However, there has been little research and to date none has been carried out in Spain that compares the effect of alcohol and cannabis consumption in the same people on their sexual experience. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze and compare the effect of alcohol and cannabis in the same people on their sexual experience. The sample consisted of 483 people who had ever consumed alcohol and cannabis. Participants answered an online questionnaire about alcohol and cannabis use and sexual experience. The results show that despite the fact that when people consume alcohol, they feel more attractive, they feel more attraction towards other people, they are more extroverted, their desire increases and they have longer sexual relations than when they consume cannabis, people who frequently consume when consume cannabis, they have more sensitivity and they are more sexually satisfied than when they consume alcohol. Regarding the sexual experience, although they prefer not to use drugs when they have sex, people who frequently consume prefer to consume more cannabis than alcohol. Therefore, it is concluded that, although alcohol facilitates the sexual encounter, with cannabis people feel more sexually satisfied.
... For nearly half a century, researchers have suggested the potential benefits of cannabis in treating female orgasmic dysfunction (FOD) and other sexual maladies. [1][2][3][4] Anecdotes and general sexuality research [4][5][6][7] suggest that cannabis could treat FOD. This formal investigation focuses on the influence of cannabis on FOD, including medical and recreational usage, regardless of chemical type, dosage, usage timing, and legal status. ...
... A paucity of treatments exists. 11,12 Many studies suggest that cannabis can have positive effects on female orgasm, 1,2,5-7 such as enhancing intensity, 1,7,[13][14][15][16] increasing frequency, 2,4,6,15,17 easing difficulty, 7,13 and improving quality. 2,6,13,15,17,18 Other studies reported possible cannabis inhibition on women's orgasms. ...
... A paucity of treatments exists. 11,12 Many studies suggest that cannabis can have positive effects on female orgasm, 1,2,5-7 such as enhancing intensity, 1,7,[13][14][15][16] increasing frequency, 2,4,6,15,17 easing difficulty, 7,13 and improving quality. 2,6,13,15,17,18 Other studies reported possible cannabis inhibition on women's orgasms. ...
Article
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Background Up to 41% of women face challenges achieving orgasm, a statistic unchanged for 50 years. Aim To evaluate the effect of cannabis use before partnered sex on women with and without difficulty achieving orgasm. Methods This observational study evaluated responses from female study participants relating to their demographics, sexual activities, mental well-being, cannabis usage, and orgasm-related questions from the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Outcomes Outcomes included orgasm frequency, difficulty, and satisfaction related to cannabis use or lack of use before partnered sex, largely based on the FSFI orgasm subscale. Results Of the 1037 survey responses, 410 were valid and complete. Twenty-three surveys (5.6% returned) were excluded due to failure to meet the study’s criteria. Of the valid surveys, most women (52%, n = 202) reported difficulty achieving orgasm during sexual activity with a partner. These women were primarily between 25 and 34 years of age (45%, n = 91); 75% identified their race as White (n = 152/202); 52% (n = 105) identified as LGBTQI+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, or other); and 82% (n = 165) were married or in a relationship. Among participants who experienced challenges in achieving orgasm, 72.8% (n = 147, P < .001) reported that cannabis use before partnered sex increased orgasm frequency, 67% stated that it improved orgasm satisfaction (n = 136, P < .001), and 71% indicated that cannabis use made orgasm easier (n = 143, P < .001). The frequency of cannabis use before partnered sex correlated with increased orgasm frequency for women who experienced difficulties achieving orgasm (n = 202, P < .001). The reasons for cannabis use before partnered sex resulted in a more positive orgasm response (n = 202, P = .22). Clinical Implications Cannabis may be a treatment for women with difficulty achieving orgasm during partnered sex. Strengths and Limitations The researchers examined the challenge of achieving orgasm and considered the covariates reported in the literature, including the FSFI orgasm subscale. The findings may not be generalizable to women who rarely or never use cannabis before sex, women who have never experienced an orgasm, or women who do not have female genitalia. Additionally, the specific type of cannabis used, its chemical composition, the quantity used, and whether or not the partner used cannabis were not assessed in this study. Conclusion Cannabis-related treatment appears to provide benefit to women who have female orgasm difficulties or dysfunction.
... Numerous studies suggest cannabis could be a treatment for FOD and other female sexual disorders (Dawley et al., 1979;Gorzalka et al., 2010;Moser, 2019), yet the literature review yielded no studies that evaluated cannabis as a treatment for FOD. Research is needed to develop an understanding of the effects of cannabis on female sexual function (Bloomfield et al., 2016;Lynn et al., 2019;Sun & Eisenberg, 2017), and existing research needs to be recognized for cannabis assisting women's orgasm, particularly for women who experience orgasm difficulty (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Kasman et al., 2020;Lewis, 1970;Lynn et al., 2019;Wiebe & Just, 2019). ...
... Cannabis increases women's ability to orgasm, specifically for women who have difficulty orgasming (Wiebe & Just, 2019), helps women orgasm (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Kasman et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2019), and enhances the quality, intensity, and frequency of female orgasm Weller & Halikas, 1984;Wiebe & Just, 2019). Anecdotal evidence suggests that cannabis helps women orgasm who have Lifelong FOD, meaning women who never orgasmed in their life (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Lewis, 1970;Zinko, 2018) and ...
... Cannabis increases women's ability to orgasm, specifically for women who have difficulty orgasming (Wiebe & Just, 2019), helps women orgasm (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Kasman et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2019), and enhances the quality, intensity, and frequency of female orgasm Weller & Halikas, 1984;Wiebe & Just, 2019). Anecdotal evidence suggests that cannabis helps women orgasm who have Lifelong FOD, meaning women who never orgasmed in their life (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Lewis, 1970;Zinko, 2018) and ...
Article
Introduction Up to 41% of women experience female orgasm disorder/difficulty (FOD), a statistic unchanged for 50 years. Despite this, there is a paucity of validated treatments. Research has suggested cannabis as a treatment for female sexual disorders for more than 50 years. Yet a literature review revealed no studies evaluating cannabis as a treatment specifically for FOD and no studies comparing women with and without FOD. This study is the first to evaluate cannabis as a treatment for FOD specifically in women with and without FOD. Objective Evaluate the effect of cannabis use before partnered sex on women with and without FOD. Methods This IRB-approved observational study conducted between March 24, 2022, and November 18, 2022, evaluated baseline demographics, sexual behavior, mental health, cannabis use, and the orgasm subscale questions of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), evaluating orgasm frequency, orgasm satisfaction, and orgasm ease, with and without cannabis before partnered sex. Results Of 1,037 survey responses, the researchers received 410 valid, completed surveys; failure to meet the study’s criteria required excluding 23 (5.6%) surveys. Among the 387 valid survey participants, the majority of women, 52% (n = 202) reported orgasm difficulty, were between the ages of 25–34 (45%, n = 91), reported their race as white (75%, n = 152), and were married or in a relationship (82%, n = 165). Among respondents reporting orgasm difficulty (n = 202), cannabis use before partnered sex increased orgasm frequency (72.8%, n = 147/202, p < .001), improved orgasm satisfaction (67%, n = 136/202, p < .001) or made orgasm easier (71%, n = 143/202, p < .001). Frequency of cannabis use before partnered sex correlated with increased orgasm frequency for women with FOD (n = 202, p< .001). Orgasm response to cannabis depended on the reasons for use (n = 202, p = .022). Women with FOD reported 24% more mental health issues, 52.6% more PTSD, 29% more depressive disorders, 13% more anxiety disorders, and 22% more prescription drug use than women without FOD. Women with FOD were more likely to report sexual abuse history than women without FOD (38.6%, n=74/202). Conclusions Fifty years of sexuality research support use of cannabis for sexual difficulties. This is the first study to look at FOD specifically, demonstrating significant benefit. Randomized controlled studies are needed to evaluate cannabis’ efficacy on FOD sub-types, mental health and physical health conditions and other clinical implications; evaluating dosage, strain, timing, and method of intake. References Laumann et al., 2005 Kontula & Miettinen, 2016 Keiman & Meston, 1997 Dawley et al., 1979 Gorzalka et al., 2010 Klein et al., 2012 Lewis, 1970 Moser et al., 2023. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: inhaleMD.
... For nearly half a century, researchers have suggested the potential benefits of cannabis in treating female orgasmic dysfunction (FOD) and other sexual maladies. [1][2][3][4] Anecdotes and general sexuality research [4][5][6][7] suggest that cannabis could treat FOD. This formal investigation focuses on the influence of cannabis on FOD, including medical and recreational usage, regardless of chemical type, dosage, usage timing, and legal status. ...
... A paucity of treatments exists. 11,12 Many studies suggest that cannabis can have positive effects on female orgasm, 1,2,5-7 such as enhancing intensity, 1,7,[13][14][15][16] increasing frequency, 2,4,6,15,17 easing difficulty, 7,13 and improving quality. 2,6,13,15,17,18 Other studies reported possible cannabis inhibition on women's orgasms. ...
... A paucity of treatments exists. 11,12 Many studies suggest that cannabis can have positive effects on female orgasm, 1,2,5-7 such as enhancing intensity, 1,7,[13][14][15][16] increasing frequency, 2,4,6,15,17 easing difficulty, 7,13 and improving quality. 2,6,13,15,17,18 Other studies reported possible cannabis inhibition on women's orgasms. ...
Thesis
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This mixed-methods observational study, conducted between March 24, 2022, and February 28, 2023, is the first to evaluate cannabis use and female orgasmic disorder (FOD). Up to 41% of women experience FOD, a statistic unchanged for 50 years. A paucity of validated treatments exists. Researchers have suggested cannabis as a treatment for FOD for decades. This study’s statistically significant results align with and expand upon 50 years of cannabis research, revealing that cannabis helps women orgasm and increases orgasm frequency, satisfaction, and ease for women with and without FOD. A survey collected data on demographics, sexual behavior, mental health, cannabis use, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) orgasm subscale questions with and without cannabis before partnered sex. The interviews evaluated cannabis-assisted orgasm, dosage, preferred strains, and timing of cannabis use before partnered sex. Of the 1,037 survey responses, 387 were suitable for analysis. Among respondents reporting orgasm difficulty, 45% were between the ages of 25-34, 75% reported their race as white, and 82% were married or in a relationship. Cannabis use before partnered sex increased orgasm frequency (72%), improved orgasm satisfaction (67%), or made orgasm easier (71%). Frequency of cannabis use before partnered sex correlated with increased orgasm frequency. The reasons for cannabis use by women with FOD before partnered sex that created the most positive orgasm response was to manage pain or enhance sexual pleasure. Not all women found cannabis helpful in orgasm. Moreover, the study’s findings may not be generalizable to women who rarely or do not use cannabis before sex or who have never experienced an orgasm. The researcher did not assess the cultivar of cannabis for effectiveness, nor were study participants asked about their cannabis chemotype of choice or the amount of cannabis used. The study suggests that treatment for women with orgasm difficulty should incorporate cannabis and that U.S. states and countries with medical marijuana programs should make it a condition for use. At the same time, the researcher emphasizes the need for prioritizing further randomized controlled studies to assess cannabis dosage, timing, and other clinical implications for women experiencing orgasm difficulty.
... Numerous studies suggest cannabis could be a treatment for FOD and other female sexual disorders (Dawley et al., 1979;Gorzalka et al., 2010;Moser, 2019), yet the literature review yielded no studies that evaluated cannabis as a treatment for FOD. Research is needed to develop an understanding of the effects of cannabis on female sexual function (Bloomfield et al., 2016;Lynn et al., 2019;Sun & Eisenberg, 2017), and existing research needs to be recognized for cannabis assisting women's orgasm, particularly for women who experience orgasm difficulty (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Kasman et al., 2020;Lewis, 1970;Lynn et al., 2019;Wiebe & Just, 2019). ...
... Cannabis increases women's ability to orgasm, specifically for women who have difficulty orgasming (Wiebe & Just, 2019), helps women orgasm (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Kasman et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2019), and enhances the quality, intensity, and frequency of female orgasm Weller & Halikas, 1984;Wiebe & Just, 2019). Anecdotal evidence suggests that cannabis helps women orgasm who have Lifelong FOD, meaning women who never orgasmed in their life (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Lewis, 1970;Zinko, 2018) and ...
... Cannabis increases women's ability to orgasm, specifically for women who have difficulty orgasming (Wiebe & Just, 2019), helps women orgasm (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Kasman et al., 2020;Lynn et al., 2019), and enhances the quality, intensity, and frequency of female orgasm Weller & Halikas, 1984;Wiebe & Just, 2019). Anecdotal evidence suggests that cannabis helps women orgasm who have Lifelong FOD, meaning women who never orgasmed in their life (Goode, 1969(Goode, , 1970(Goode, , 1972Lewis, 1970;Zinko, 2018) and ...
Article
Introduction Cannabis helps women orgasm who have difficulty orgasming and enhances the frequency and quality of women's orgasm. Studies have not yet shown if cannabis helps women orgasm who have female orgasmic disorder (FOD). Up to 41% of women worldwide suffer from FOD and the percentage of women suffering from FOD has not changed in 50 years. Objective The objective of this literature review is to present theories that support a hypothesis that cannabis may help women who have lifelong, acquired, or situational FOD. There is only one empirically validated treatment for lifelong FOD and no empirically validated treatments for acquired or situational FOD. Method Literature Review Results The dishabituation theory presents that Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), causes a dishabituating effect. Information processing of higher brain structures under the influence of THC reduces the routine represented by habits. Multiple studies have established the habits of cognitive distraction during sexual activity may distract a woman from her sensations and ability to orgasm. The theoretical rationale for the dishabituation theory proposes that THC could dishabituate the habit of being cognitively distracted and may explain why women who had never experienced an orgasm discovered they could orgasm when using cannabis before sex and why women who reported difficulty experiencing orgasm said it was easier to experience orgasm while using cannabis before sex. Neuroplasticity theory is a broad theory to describe how the human brain grows, changes, and rewires. Cannabis and endocannabinoids, the cannabinoids created by the human body, are increasingly recognized for their roles in neural development processes, including brain cell growth and neuroplasticity. The theoretical rationale for the neuroplasticity theory is that this theory may explain why some women learn to orgasm while using cannabis before sex and, once they learned to orgasm, found that they no longer required cannabis. The multi-modal treatment theory proposes that cannabis can treat multiple symptoms and conditions simultaneously. Multi-modal treatment is a broad area of study that involves combining two or more modalities targeting different aspects of a disease. The theoretical rationale for the multi-modal treatment theory is that this theory may explain why women who use cannabis for any reason may decrease their FOD. One researcher found that cannabis use decreased sexual dysfunction by up to 21% and that the reason women used cannabis had little to do with sexual functioning. The amygdala reduction theory proposes that cannabis can reduce the activity in the amygdala, a part of the brain associated with fear responses to threats. Hypervigilance, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are responses of the amygdala and commonly impair sexual response. The theoretical rationale for the amygdala reduction theory is that reduced amygdala activity can positively affect FOD. A reduction in anxiety associated with a sexual encounter could improve experiences and lead to improved orgasm and satisfaction. Conclusion Theories and anecdotal evidence from the existing body of cannabis, sex and women's orgasm research support that cannabis may be a treatment for FOD. Research needs to be conducted to evaluate cannabis as a treatment for FOD. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no. A consultant, employee (part time or full time) or shareholder is among the authors (Dr. Tishler is President and COO of inhaleMD, Inc. he is one of my dissertation advisors).
... However, given the nature of cannabis and empirical findings regarding its use and properties, there are reasons to suspect it might play an important role in sexual offending behavior. Cannabis has historically been considered an aphrodisiac, as its use has a strong effect on sexual functioning (Scimeca et al., 2017;Wiebe & Just, 2019). It is also associated with changes in mood and can have lasting effects on psychological functioning among some users (Mammen et al., 2018;Volkow et al., 2016). ...
... Increased sexual arousal, prolonged sexual performance, more intense orgasms and improved overall sexual satisfaction are often attributed to cannabis use (Halikas et al., 1982;Wiebe & Just, 2019). Many users also report an anxiolytic effect, leading to heightened tactile sensitivity and slowing of temporal perception aiding in sexual performance (Scimeca et al., 2017). ...
... Like all substances that produce a euphoric effect, cannabis intoxication reduces inhibitions and impairs judgment, which can lead to impulsive behavior and impaired assessment of risky behaviors. Indeed, users often report that the sexual enhancement they experience from cannabis results from its ability to induce relaxation and lower self-consciousness, permitting greater communal interaction and avoidance of social prohibitions (Scimeca et al., 2017;Wiebe & Just, 2019). The capacity of cannabis to impair self-control is of particular salience given that impulsivity is a notable risk factor for criminal behavior generally and is common among those convicted of sex offenses (Mann et al., 2010). ...
Article
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Substance abuse is an established risk factor for crime and violence, including sexual violence. Nevertheless, the link between cannabis use and sexual offenses remains poorly understood. Cannabis use has a broad effect on sexual functioning and can have both acute and lasting adverse effects on psychological functioning, which in turn can elevate the risk of sexual offending behavior. Yet there is a scarcity of studies that have examined the link between cannabis use and sexual offending. To help fill the gap, this perspective review investigates the link between substance use and crime with a particular emphasis on cannabis use and its effects on sexual and psychological functioning. It then explores how these mechanisms may contribute to sexual offenses and recidivism, with a final discussion on how cannabis use should be conceptualized as a risk factor for sexual violence.
... In 2019, Wiebe et al. evaluated which sexual experiences are affected by cannabis use [17]. This research was conducted by surveying participants using an online questionnaire. ...
... The majority found that cannabis helped them relax, heightened sensitivity to touch, and increased intensity of feelings, thus enhancing overall sexual experience. Others found that cannabis interfered by making them sleepy and less focused or had no effect on their sexual experience [17]. ...
Article
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Purpose of Review To evaluate the medical literature regarding the effects of cannabis use on female sexual function in order to provide healthcare professionals with a summary of the most recent data. Recent Findings Limited data has shown that there is a correlation between cannabis use and an improvement in female sexual function in some settings at moderate doses. Cannabis use at moderate doses may positively affect several domains of sexual function, such as orgasm, libido, and arousal, dissimilarly. Cannabis use at high doses may have negative effects on female sexual function. Summary Small studies of poor quality have determined that the use of moderate amounts of cannabis during the sexual experience may improve female sexual function. However, further research is needed, specifically randomized, placebo-controlled trials, to determine the effects of cannabis on different domains of sexual experiences as well as the sexual experience as a whole. Current data has shown that cannabis may have both positive and negative effects depending on the dosage, frequency of use, and domain of sexual experience in question. Nonetheless, with cannabis becoming legalized and used frequently in more states, it is imperative that we understand its effects on female sexuality.
... In this context, the findings of this study revealed a higher score in sexual function, as well as arousal and orgasm, in subjects at risk of having cannabis-related problems and risk of addiction associated with alcohol consumption. Several studies have indicated the beneficial effects of using cannabis or alcohol to lessen emotions of anxiety and shame during sexual interactions, attaining physiological and psychoactive effects [22][23][24]. ...
... These results are consistent with previous findings involving 216 people, both men and women, with an average age of 29.9 years, who used cannabis to improve their sexual experience. The effects of cannabis on heightened perceptions, time distortion, relaxation, and decreased inhibition were hypothesised as explanations for this improvement in sexual function [24]. In a similar line, another study [25] has found that women who reported more cannabis use showed higher sexual function scores, as well as desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction. ...
Article
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The consumption of cannabis and alcohol results in a variety of effects on the psychic functions of young users. Notwithstanding their widespread and prevalent use, the impact of these drugs on sexual health remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the influence of alcohol and cannabis consumption on sexual function in young people. An observational study was conducted in 274 participants aged 18-30 years. The following selection tools were used: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST), and Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire Short-Form. Participants who were at high risk of having cannabis-related problems performed better on the CAST concerning sexual function, arousal, and orgasm. Participants at high risk had higher arousal and orgasm scores than those who were not at risk for cannabis problems. Improvements in sexual function were found between people who were at high risk of having alcohol problems and those who were not at risk. Sexual function in young people who use cannabis and alcohol more frequently was shown to be better than in those who do not use either, highlighting the need for more information aimed at the young population.
... 6e8 In a recent report, most male and female cannabis users endorsed increased sexual satisfaction, sensitivity, and orgasm intensity, with only a small fraction reporting orgasmic difficulty and some even reporting increased ability to orgasm. 9 Simultaneously, a large survey of Australian men found that daily cannabis use was associated with an inability to orgasm as desired, with either rapid ejaculation or delayed ejaculation. 7 These contrasting reports of beneficial and detrimental sexual effects underscore the potential for cannabis to have either a positive or negative impact on sexuality, a bifurcation that may depend on the frequency of use, strain, and method of consumption. ...
... Despite this, our findings of increased intercourse satisfaction domain and overall satisfaction domain with increased cannabis use are consistent with subjective reports of increased sexual satisfaction, sensitivity, and orgasm strength among most cannabis users reported by some studies. 9,15 The largest survey of sexual health among male cannabis users was conducted by Smith et al in Australia and included over 4,000 men. 7 Although the authors did not use a validated measure of erectile function, they found that subjectively there was no association between the frequency of cannabis use and self-reported trouble keeping an erection. ...
Article
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Introduction: Cannabis is the most commonly used drug in the United States; however, the effects of cannabis use on male sexual function are poorly understood. Aim: To characterize the contemporary landscape of cannabis use and to assess the associations between male sexual function and the frequency of use, the primary method of consumption, or cannabis chemovar (tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabidiol) among current users. Methods: We surveyed adults who visited a single cannabis dispensary for baseline demographic information, medical history, cannabis use habits, and sexual function as assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). An IIEF-5 < 21 was considered erectile dysfunction. Main outcome measures: The main outcome measure of the study was male sexual function via the IIEF domain scores. Results: A total of 325 men completed the survey with a mean age of 46.7 years. 71.1% of the men were Caucasian and 52.6% were married. 13 men (4%) were never users; 29 men (8.9%) used 1-2 times/week; 51 men (15.7%) used 3-5 times/week, and 232 men (71.4%) used 6+ times/week. The average IIEF-5 score was 22.3 with 19.4% of the men having erectile dysfunction. In univariate analysis, men using cannabis more frequently had a higher overall IIEF (65.36 vs 60.52, P = .001), erectile domain (27.32 vs 25.74, P = .03), orgasm domain (9.08 vs 8.12, P < .001), intercourse satisfaction domain (12.42 vs 11.31, P = .006), and overall satisfaction domain (8.11 vs 7.05, P = .002). In multivariable analysis, compared to men who used cannabis 0 times/week, those who used 6 times/week had an increased overall IIEF (69.08 vs 64.64, P-value adjusted = 0.02), intercourse satisfaction domain (P-value adjusted = 0.04), and overall satisfaction domain (P-value adjusted = 0.02). The primary method of consumption (eg, smoking, edibles, etc.) and cannabinoid composition (eg, cannabidiol vs tetrahydrocannabinol dominant) were not associated with sexual function. Conclusion: We report an association between the increased frequency of cannabis use and increased male sexual function. However, while the increased frequency of use was statistically significant with regard to the IIEF scores, the clinical significance of this is likely low, and selection bias may limit the generalizability of these findings. The method of consumption and cannabis chemovar were not associated with sexual function. Bhambhvani HP, Kasman AM, Wilson-King G, et al. A Survey Exploring the Relationship Between Cannabis Use Characteristics and Sexual Function in Men. J Sex Med 2020;8:436-445.
... Casual sex is also associated with heavy alcohol or drug use (Armstrong et al., 2012;Bailey et al., 2000;Campbell, 2008;Coleman et al., 2008;Cooper, 2002;Fielder & Carey, 2010b). Drug use such as marijuana, amphetamines, and poppers, are directly associated with their perceived experiences regarding casual sex (Green & Halkitis, 2006;Schwartz et al., 2020;Wiebe & Just, 2019). Young adults report negative effects post-casual sex experiences due to alcohol or drug influence (Fisher et al., 2012;Lewis et al., 2012;Owen & Fincham, 2011a). ...
Article
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Casual sex is one sexual health behavior reported by college students. The present study examined the extent of past 30-day casual sex behavior and risk and protective factors for casual sex among college students. Students were requested to complete a survey in classrooms. Logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the research questions. Results indicated that 39.2% of students engaged in casual sex in the past 30 days. Univariate analyses revealed grade level, risky behaviors, emotional connectedness, and individual stressors were significantly associated with past 30-day casual sex. Final logistic regression modeling found having sex while drunk and reporting depression as an individual stressor were significantly associated with casual sex among college students. Supporting students engaging in casual sex with alcohol education and mental health resources may be needed on college campuses.
... The number and types of these studies indicate the importance of this issue among different societies. Studies on the nutrition [4], exercise [5], complementary medicine [6], and even stimulants [7] are among these studies. Contrary to old beliefs, sexual disorders are not exclusive to men, and the prevalence of these disorders in the women is high. ...
Article
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Background While some evidence suggests that l-arginine may improve sexual function and alleviate depression, it has not been investigated in women with depression to assess both its effects on the depression and sexual function concurrently. Methods Patients who had received a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, as determined by predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, were enrolled in this triple-blind clinical trial. Patients were divided into two groups: group A, received L-arginine 1 gram twice daily, and group B, received a placebo for four weeks. They were evaluated at baseline, after four and eight weeks with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Rosen’s questionnaire or Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Results A decrease in the severity of depression was observed in all patients, which was determined due to Hamilton’s questionnaire (P-value < 0.001). During the time in group A, FSFI increased. Based on the FSFI questionnaire, they had improvement in some domains, including the lubrication index and orgasm index, which significantly changed in the eighth week compared to the baseline (P-value < 0.05). However, these two indicators did not change statistically significantly compared to the placebo group. Conclusion L-arginine supplementation can improve sexual function, particularly lubrication and orgasm, and mood in women with depression, with minimal side effects observed. Additional research is necessary to validate these results by examining the effects of higher dosages, extended durations, and larger populations of depressed patients. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial: IRCT20100127003210N26.
... We consider this a relevant limitation given the previous data on this question. In an online survey conducted in Canada (21) to explore how people feel when combining cannabis and sexual activity, most of the respondents used cannabis regularly and reported that when using during sex they were able to increase the intensity of their sensations. Among the differences between men and women, 50% of the women found it easier to reach orgasm compared to 31.4% of the men. ...
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Sex-related drug consumption and its health-related consequences have gained relevance in the assessment of patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which pose a significant challenge to public health. We aim to assess the prevalence and characteristics of drug consumption and chemsex practices, describe the associated risk factors among general individuals attending an STI clinic, and evaluate the psychological impact associated with these behaviors. We conducted an online anonymous survey offered to patients with a diagnosis of STI in a tertiary hospital in Spain. Data included sociodemographic characteristics, sexual preferences and behavior, and assessment of drug use, chemsex, and psychological and mental health symptoms. Data from 145 subjects was collected, with a higher proportion of cis-gender men (71%), and a median age of 32 years. 64 participants (44%) reported drug use in the last year, with an observed 33.8% prevalence of chemsex consumption. Drug use and chemsex were more frequent among cis-gender men, Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), people living with HIV (PLHIV), and those reporting previous group sex. Poppers and cannabis were the most frequently reported drugs, with a prevalence close to 20% for cocaine, mephedrone, extasis, and GHB. Consequences related to drug use included unpleasant physical sensations, sexual dysfunction, and impaired sexual experience after reduction or drug discontinuation. The prevalence of drug use and chemsex practices are high among patients evaluated for STIs, especially between men, MSM, and subjects practicing group sex. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions on prevention and reduction of their impact on health and social well-being.
... For example, in an environment where cannabis use is now legal, nonusers may initiate use while previous users may increase their frequency of use. In turn, this may impact the likelihood of PrEP cessation through documented alterations in one's sex drive, either positive or negative [26,27]. This hypothesis could be tested in future studies by examining cannabis and PrEP use pre-and post-legalization to determine whether cannabis use increases post-legalization and if this results in an increased likelihood of PrEP cessation. ...
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To achieve stated targets in the United States of Ending the HIV Epidemic by 2030, it is necessary to decrease rates of pre-exposure prophylaxis use (PrEP) cessation. In particular, it is key to assess PrEP use and cannabis use frequency given the recent wave of cannabis decriminalization across the U.S., particularly among sexual minority men and gender diverse (SMMGD) individuals. We used data from the baseline visit of a national study of Black and Hispanic/Latino SMMGD. Among participants reporting any lifetime cannabis use, we further assessed the association between frequency of cannabis use in the past 3 months and: (1) self-reported PrEP use, (2) recency of last PrEP dose, and (3) HIV status using adjusted regression models. Compared to those who never used cannabis, odds of PrEP cessation were higher among those who used it once or twice (aOR 3.27; 95% CI 1.38, 7.78), those who used it monthly (aOR 3.41; 95% CI 1.06, 11.01), and those who used it weekly or more frequently (aOR 2.34; 95% CI 1.06, 5.16). Similarly, those reporting cannabis use 1–2 times in the past 3 months (aOR 0.11; 95% CI 0.02, 0.58) and those reporting weekly or more frequent use (aOR 0.14; 95% CI 0.03, 0.68) were each more likely to report more recent PrEP cessation. These results suggest that cannabis users in general may be a population at elevated risk of HIV diagnosis although more research regarding these findings is needed with nationally representative populations.
... In Table 2, some representative studies of this topic are summarized, with emphasis in the studies reporting on sexual motivation and arousal. It is important to mention that several of these studies either did not find any effects of Cannabis (Smith et al., 2010) or report a general positive sexual outcome (Halikas et al., 1982;Wiebe and Just, 2019;Bhambhvani et al., 2020;Shiff et al., 2021) on male sexual self-reported behavior, while only some of them report negative sexual effects of its consumption (Aldemir et al., 2017) that seemed to be related to high Cannabis doses consumption (Koff, 1974;Chopra and Jandu, 1976). The different outcomes in those papers might be related with the multifactorial nature of human sexual behavior in the interpretation of the self-perceived Cannabis sexual effects as discussed in the classic paper of Sydney Cohen (1982). ...
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The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a key neuromodulatory role in the brain. Main features of endocannabinoids (eCBs) are that they are produced on demand, in response to enhanced neuronal activity, act as retrograde messengers, and participate in the induction of brain plasticity processes. Sexual activity is a motivated behavior and therefore, the mesolimbic dopaminergic system (MSL) plays a central role in the control of its appetitive component (drive to engage in copulation). In turn, copulation activates mesolimbic dopamine neurons and repeated copulation produces the continuous activation of the MSL system. Sustained sexual activity leads to the achievement of sexual satiety, which main outcome is the transient transformation of sexually active male rats into sexually inhibited animals. Thus, 24 h after copulation to satiety, the sexually satiated males exhibit a decreased sexual motivation and do not respond to the presence of a sexually receptive female with sexual activity. Interestingly, blockade of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) during the copulation to satiety process, interferes with both the appearance of the long-lasting sexual inhibition and the decrease in sexual motivation in the sexually satiated males. This effect is reproduced when blocking CB1R at the ventral tegmental area evidencing the involvement of MSL eCBs in the induction of this sexual inhibitory state. Here we review the available evidence regarding the effects of cannabinoids, including exogenously administered eCBs, on male rodent sexual behavior of both sexually competent animals and rat sub populations spontaneously showing copulatory deficits, considered useful to model some human male sexual dysfunctions. We also include the effects of cannabis preparations on human male sexual activity. Finally, we review the role played by the ECS in the control of male sexual behavior expression with the aid of the sexual satiety phenomenon. Sexual satiety appears as a suitable model for the study of the relationship between eCB signaling, MSL synaptic plasticity and the modulation of male sexual motivation under physiological conditions that might be useful for the understanding of MSL functioning, eCB-mediated plasticity and their relationship with motivational processes.
... Although not specific to cannabis and sex-related expectancies, previous research has found that cannabis expectancies are predictive of cannabis use behaviours [18]. Use of cannabis prior to sex may have both negative (e.g., [19], reduced likelihood of condom use) and positive (e.g., [20], increased satisfaction, better able to relax and focus) outcomes. Next, we describe the relationships between the variables in our proposed model. ...
Article
Introduction: Cannabis messaging on digital media may include sexualised portrayals. We examined whether exposure to and perceptions of cannabis posts that included sexual objectification impacted two types of sex-related cannabis expectancies-sexual risk and sexual enhancement-and whether body appreciation moderated these relationships. Methods: We conducted an online experiment with college students in Washington state. Participants viewed three brand-generated cannabis Instagram posts that either included sexually objectified women or recreational appeals (e.g., sitting by a firepit). We conducted regressions, using the PROCESS macro, to examine the hypothesized model and potential mediation and moderation. Results: Exposure to sexualised advertisements was associated with increased perceptions of cannabis sex enhancement scripts (b = 0.34, p < 0.01), which was associated with increased cannabis sex enhancement expectancies (b = 0.34, p < 0.001) and decreased cannabis sexual risk expectancies (b = -0.16, p < 0.001); exposure to such advertisements were also associated with increased perceptions of cannabis sexual risk scripts (b = 0.61, p < 0.001), which was associated with increased cannabis sexual risk expectancies (b = 0.53, p < 0.001). Body appreciation was associated with increased cannabis sex enhancement expectancies (b = 0.13, p < 0.01) and moderated the relationship between exposure to sexualised ads and cannabis sex enhancement expectancies (b = -0.21, p < 0.01). Discussion and conclusions: Practitioners may want to consider how to increase critical consumption of cannabis content on digital media. Researchers should consider the possible role of body appreciation as it relates to cannabis and sex enhancement expectancies.
... This increase in alcohol use positively associated with social and supportive contexts of friends can be understood as sporadic pleasurable and relaxing moments adopted by the university community to cope with the difficult period of SD; however, increased alcohol consumption can be understood as a risk, especially among the most vulnerable population, such as those with previous mental health disorders and substance use disorder (Bendau et al., 2022;Bhattacharjee, & Acharya, 2020). The improvement in "sex life" associated with marijuana use has been reported by the literature (Lynn et al., 2019;Sun & Eisenberg, 2017) that shows a greater frequency of sexual activity and satisfaction among users than non-users, although more studies are needed to understand the influence of marijuana on sexual function (Wiebe & Just, 2019). ...
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The primary practice adopted to reduce Covid-19 contamination is social distancing (SD). SD had significant consequences on alcohol/drug use, quality of life, and psychosocial aspects. In the university community specifically, SD produces a collective traumatic event with changes in the work routine by the suspension of presence. This study aims to identify and analyze the associations of increased alcohol and marijuana consumption on the quality of life and psychosocial aspects of the university community (students, professors, and technical and administrative staff) at a Brazilian public university during SD due to Covid-19 pandemic. This descriptive and cross-sectional study used an online questionnaire to obtain information from 2790 university community participants. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. The analysis included descriptive associations performed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and p < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The participants’ majority was 62% female, 95.4% students, 73% were 17–25 years old, 33.4% had income between 1 and 3 minimum wage, and 48% of the university community “totally adhered to SD.” The increased alcohol consumption during SD was associated with a worsening in quality of life (p = 0.001), health satisfaction (p = 0.015), the meaning of life (p = 0.040), ability to concentrate (p = 0.001), satisfaction with yourself (p = 0.029), and frequency of negative feelings (p = 0.001); in contrast, increased alcohol use improved satisfaction with peer support (p = 0.042), as well as increased marijuana use improved satisfaction with sex life (p < 0.001). The increased alcohol use was higher in women (30.5%) than in men (26.7%) and was negatively associated with more quality of life and psychosocial aspects among women than men. Students were the segment that presented the highest frequency of associations with increased alcohol and/or marijuana use in the three domains analyzed. This study innovated by associating increased alcohol and/or marijuana use with worsening quality of life and psychosocial aspects rather than evaluating them apart. Future studies must identify whether this association between increased alcohol use, mainly, and the worsening quality of life and psychosocial aspects during the SD period is maintained or improved with the return to face-to-face activities at the university, with particular attention to women and students. Psychologists and other mental health professionals should be called upon to develop interventions to meet emerging mental health needs.
... In another area for obstetricians/gynecologists to be cognizant, the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) finds that there was documented increased use of cannabis both before and during the COVID pandemic, especially with people self-isolating, and this will likely have ramifications for all of us in the future. Twelve states classified cannabis dispensaries as an essential service and home delivery of this service is increasing access to cannabis as well as cannabis use [60,61]. Hence, all caregivers will need to become better educated on the risks and benefits of cannabis in our individual patient populations, as well as society as a whole. ...
... Forty percent of our patients reported improved mood, and 72% reported improvement in sleep. In the available literature, there are contradicting results about the influence of cannabis on sexual function, with some articles indicating improvement [45,46] and others highlighting hazardous effects like erectile dysfunction in men [47][48][49]. In our study, 39% of patients reported that cannabis contributed to improvement in sexual function (desire/libido, erection), which may be in part due to mood improvement. ...
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Objectives: Assessing the effectiveness and tolerability of medical cannabis (MC) treatment on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) patients. Methods: We report on an open-label, prospective study on the effect of MC on adult GTS patients. MC mode of use was decided by the treating neurologist and the patient. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) content within MC product and monthly dose were titrated during the study. Following treatment initiation, patients were assessed after 4 and 12 weeks for efficacy, tolerability, and side effects. Results: Eighteen patients entered the study. Baseline Yale Global Tic Severity Scale- (YGTSS) Total (range 0-100) was 60.3 ± 17.1. Three patients did not reach the end of follow-up period. The most common mode of administration was smoking (80%). Following twelve weeks of treatment, a significant 38% average reduction (p = 0.002) of YGTSS-Total and a 20% reduction (p = 0.043) of Premonitory Urge for Tic Scale (PUTS) were observed. Common side effects were dry mouth (66.7%), fatigue (53.3%), and dizziness (46.7%). Three patients suffered from psychiatric side effects including worsening of obsessive compulsive disorder (stopped treatment), panic attack, and anxiety (resolved with treatment modification). Six patients (40%) reported cognitive side effects regarding time perception, visuospatial disorientation, confusion, slow processing speed, and attention. Conclusions: MC treatment demonstrates good efficacy and tolerability in adult GTS patients. Predilection for smoking rather than using oil drops requires further comparative studies to evaluate the efficacy of each. Cognitive and psychiatric side effects have to be monitored and addressed.
... Respecto al uso del cannabis, aunque socialmente se promueven sus efectos "afrodisiacos" o de mejora en la experiencia sexual, se describen efectos negativos del uso crónico o en dosis elevadas (p. ej., pérdida de interés, inhibición de orgasmo, rechazo o desatención de las relaciones interpersonales), mientras que en dosis bajas y con un uso agudo puede llegar a mejorar la experiencia sexual, por ejemplo, mayor deseo sexual, mayor intimidad, cercanía emocional y capacidad de disfrute en algunas personas(24,25). En este sentido, en pacientes consumidoras habituales (vs. ...
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Objetivo: Realizar una reflexión sobre la relación etiológica recíproca entre la disfunción sexual femenina y la drogodependencia, y sus implicaciones prácticas e investigativas. Materiales y métodos: Se presenta una descripción de los efectos y las consecuencias a corto y a largo plazo del uso de drogas en mujeres y se analiza si el uso de drogas es la causa de la disfunción sexual o si, por el contrario, la disfunción sexual conduce al uso de drogas. Asimismo, se discute la necesidad de ahondar en la investigación que relaciona estas dos variables y sus implicaciones clínicas. Conclusión: El consumo de drogas afecta la función sexual femenina, por lo que es pertinente un diagnóstico inicial y la rehabilitación sexual tras el uso crónico de sustancias psicoactivas; asimismo, se hace indispensable implementar medidas profilácticas para disminuir el uso de drogas en la actividad sexual y sus consecuencias asociadas, y ampliar la investigación de esta área del conocimiento médico y psicológico.
... For example, we chose to focus on alcohol use in part due to its prevalence among college students. However, other substances like marijuana, amphetamines, and poppers (alkyl nitrite) are also used in sexual contexts because of their perceived enhancing effects on sexual experiences (Green & Halkitis, 2006;Schwartz, Fast, & Knight, 2020;Wiebe & Just, 2019). Emerging evidence suggests that the effects of substance use on perceived consequences of sexual experiences differ across substances (Fairlie, Garcia, Lee, & Lewis, 2018). ...
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Although sexual experiences are normative by young adulthood, individuals continue to explore and develop their sexual behaviors and cognitions across the college years. Thus, perceived consequences of sexual experiences may change. Similarly, characteristics of sexual experiences such as partner type, alcohol use, and sexual behavior type predict perceived consequences, and these associations may change over time. In this study, we addressed links between characteristics of sexual experiences (casual vs. committed partner, heavy alcohol use on sex days, and kissing/touching only vs. oral/penetrative sex) and short-term perceived consequences of sexual experiences (physical satisfaction, emotional intimacy, not satisfied, guilt, not ready), using daily data collected longitudinally across seven college semesters. We also examined whether perceived consequences of sex change across college and whether within-person daily associations between sexual experience characteristics and perceived consequences of sex change across college. An ethnically and racially diverse sample of traditionally aged first year university students (N = 566; 54% female; 98% heterosexual) completed online surveys, yielding 8,838 daily reports about sexual behaviors. Multilevel models indicated that partner type, heavy alcohol use, and sexual behavior type predicted within-person differences in perceived consequences of sex. Interactions between characteristics of sexual experiences and college semester indicated that differences in perceived consequences of sexual experiences with casual versus committed partners lessened over time. The likelihood of reporting physical satisfaction and guilt after only kissing/touching (but not oral/penetrative sex) decreased across college semesters. Findings inform understanding of normative sexual development by demonstrating that perceived consequences and their predictors change across time.
Article
Sex under the influence of substances is a common sexual practice. Although they could explain engagement in sex under the influence of substances, few studies have explored sexual motivations driving substance use. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study aims to investigate differences in sexual motivations across genders and substance categories, and the link between substance use severity and sexual motivations. In all, 188 adults (aged 18–74) took part in a comprehensive assessment interview addressing substance use ( Évaluation intégrée spécialisée en dépendance), including three sexual motivation items for three substance categories (alcohol, cannabis, other substances), and substance use severity (WMH-CIDI). Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and generalized estimating equations were used to compare sexual motivations among substance categories between men and women. A logistic regression assessed whether substance use severity could influence the presence of sexual motivations when considering gender and age. Results revealed an interaction between gender and substance categories on sexual motivations. Men were more likely to present sexual motivations and exhibited greater sex-related substance use motivations than women for substances other than alcohol and cannabis. Moreover, higher substance use severity scores were associated with the presence of sexual motivations for substance use. This study underscores the need to develop gender-sensitive interventions that consider sexual motivations underlying substance use. Consideration of sexual motivations could help identify the needs fulfilled by substance use and prevent triggers arising from sexual situations. Being among the first studies on the subject, continuing research in this area to further investigate sexual motivations underlying substance use remains essential.
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Rationale Sexuality is a central aspect of being human that encompasses many facets. Cannabis, a widely used psychoactive substance, has been associated with various effects on sexuality. The relationship between cannabis and sexuality is complex and multifaceted, involving physiological, psychological, and social factors. Objectives This review aims to provide an overview of the current literature on the effects of cannabis on several sexual functions, including sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction. It also discusses the potential mechanisms underlying these effects, as well as the impact of dose and frequency of use. Results This review has revealed a complex relationship between cannabis dosage and its influence on sexuality. It appears that the frequency of cannabis use in humans has been associated with the frequency of sexual activities. Individuals who use cannabis more frequently tend to report higher levels of sexual activity. Moreover, there is a notable gender difference in how cannabis affects sexuality. In addition, we found lower doses of cannabis to be linked to heightened sexual desire and enjoyment, whereas higher doses may lead to a decrease in sexual desire and performance. Conclusions Overall, the association between cannabis and sexuality is complex and warrants further research to better understand the psychological and neurological mechanisms that underlie the effect of cannabis on these sexuality functions and its implications for sexual health. To advance in this endeavor, a crucial step is establishing a precise measurement of dosage in human studies.
Article
The prevalence of substance use globally is rising and is highest among men of reproductive age. In Africa, and South and Central America, cannabis use disorder is most prevalent and in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Central America, Canada and the USA, opioid use disorder predominates. Substance use might be contributing to the ongoing global decline in male fertility, and emerging evidence has linked paternal substance use with short-term and long-term adverse effects on offspring development and outcomes. This trend is concerning given that substance use is increasing, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preclinical studies have shown that male preconception substance use can influence offspring brain development and neurobehaviour through epigenetic mechanisms. Additionally, human studies investigating paternal health behaviours during the prenatal period suggest that paternal tobacco, opioid, cannabis and alcohol use is associated with reduced offspring mental health, in particular hyperactivity and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The potential effects of paternal substance use are areas in which to focus public health efforts and health-care provider counselling of couples or individuals interested in conceiving.
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Objective There are contradicting reports regarding the relationship between cannabis use and male sexual functions with almost no data about synthetic cannabinoids (SC) and its effect on male sexual functions. This study investigates psychological concerns related to male sexual functions among cannabis and SC users. The research aims to assess different sexual functions and aspects of sexual psychopathology in cannabis and SCs dependent men compared to controls. Method Thirty male patients with cannabis dependence, thirty male patients with SCs dependence and thirty matched controls from the outpatient clinic of Kasr Al Ainy hospital, Egypt, were assessed using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV TR Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and Sexuality scale. Results The means of IIEF questionnaire in the cannabis and SC group were significant lower than the means of the control group ( P < .001) except the orgasmic function in cannabis group ( P = .052). In the SCs group, sexual depression was higher and preoccupation lower than the cannabis ( P < .020; P < .003, respectively) and control groups ( P < .001; P < .001, respectively). The duration and dose of intake of cannabis and SCs correlated significant with sexual esteem, sexual preoccupation and all domains of IIEF. Conclusion Cannabis and SC dependence were associated with lower erectile function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction and overall satisfaction, and lower orgasmic functions in the SC group than controls. Both groups showed higher sexual depression, lower sexual esteem and sexual preoccupation than controls. SC has a higher negative impact on male sexual functions and psychopathology than cannabis.
Article
The association between drugs of abuse and sexual function is thought to be prehistoric. In our era, science has shed some light on the roles of different neurotransmitters on sexual function. Objective This systematic review aims to summarize the role of drugs of abuse on human sexuality. Methods A systematic review was undertaken, according to PRISMA guidelines, for PubMed indexed English articles between 2008 and 2020. Results The use of addictive substances is associated with poorer relationship functioning. Additionally, they can be both a trigger and a maintaining factor for sexual dysfunction by affecting any or all phases of sexual response models. These substances include alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, and party drugs. Failure to address drug-induced sexual problems and dysfunctions or their treatment may induce relapses or represent the loss of a precious therapeutic opportunity. Conclusion Health care providers should be aware of the relationship between drugs of abuse and sexual function, and use the permission, limited information, specific suggestions, intensive therapy model. We believe addiction professionals should have skills on clinical sexology, and conversely, clinical sexologists should have training in addictions. L’association faite entre les drogues illicites et le fonctionnement sexuel est perçu comme étant archaïque. De nos jours, la science a apportée une certaine lumière sur les rôles des différents neurotransmetteurs dans le fonctionnement sexuel. Objectifs Cette revue systématique vise à résumer le rôle des drogues illicites sur la sexualité humaine. Méthodes Une revue systématique a été entreprise, conformément aux directives PRISMA, pour les articles en anglais indexés PubMed entre 2008 et 2020. Résultats La consommation de substances addictives est associée à un fonctionnement relationnel inférieur. De plus, ils peuvent être à la fois un déclencheur et un facteur de maintien de la dysfonction sexuelle en affectant une ou toutes les phases des modèles de réponse sexuelle. Ces substances comprennent l’alcool, le tabac, le cannabis, les opioïdes, la cocaïne, les amphétamines et les drogues festives (party drugs). Ne pas s’attaquer aux problèmes et dysfonctionnements sexuels induits par ces drogues ou à leur traitement peut provoquer des rechutes ou représenter la perte d’une précieuse opportunité thérapeutique. Conclusions Les pourvoyeurs de soins de santé devraient être conscients de la relation entre les drogues et le fonctionnement sexuel, et utiliser le modèle PLISSIT. Nous pensons que les professionnels de l’addiction devraient avoir des compétences en sexologie clinique et, à l’inverse, les sexologues cliniciens devraient avoir une formation en addiction.
Article
Patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are at increased risk of sexual dysfunction (SD) due to a combination of biomedical, psychological, social, and interpersonal factors. While most patients desire information on the impact of their GI disorder on sexual function, few providers initiate this conversation. GI providers should routinely assess their patients for SD, validate these concerns, and provide brief education and a referral for evaluation and/or treatment. Treatment of sexual concerns is often multidisciplinary and may involve a sexual medicine physician, pelvic floor physical therapists, and sex therapists.
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More than 600,000 incarcerated individuals are released annually in the United States; a large proportion are Black men incarcerated for drug-related offenses, including drug use and possession. Formerly incarcerated Black men report elevated rates of condomless sex and sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this study was to explore condom usage among Black men who were formerly incarcerated for drug-related offenses and living in New York City (NYC). Using a semi-structured interview guide, in-depth interviews were conducted with 26 formerly incarcerated Black men. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and entered into NVivo, then manually coded utilizing thematic analysis methods. The following four themes were identified: partner type and length of the relationship affected condom use; diminished pleasure was a barrier for condom use; challenges with ill-fitting and poor-quality condoms; and the withdrawal method was used as an HIV prevention technique. Our findings suggest that formerly incarcerated Black men are engaging in condomless sex post-incarceration. Greater exposure to prevention messages and targeted interventions with content that includes interpersonal and condom use skill-building, methods to increase pleasurable condom use, information on HIV and STI transmission modes, and access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be beneficial for this population.
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Introduction The link between cannabis use and erectile dysfunction remains unclear. Moreover, the effect of cannabis in tandem with current Western dietary habits is an area in male sexual health that has yet to be explored. This study seeks to investigate the impact of diet and cannabis on penile health in an animal model. Aim To determine the effects of diet and oral cannabis extract on fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice. Methods This is a pilot animal study in which groups of 2-month old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a normal chow diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) daily and treated with or without either MJ or THC extract for 2 months. After euthanization, mouse penises were isolated and processed for immunohistochemical studies to determine: (i) smooth muscle cell to collagen content, (ii) myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) anti-oxidative activity. Main Outcome Measures Quantitative assessment of immunohistochemical markers of fibrosis and oxidative stress within the corpora cavernosa of mice fed a high-fat diet in combination with either oral marijuana (MJ) or Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol extract (THC). Results The combination of HFD with MJ resulted in: (i) a decrease in the smooth/collagen ratio in the corpora cavernosa, (ii) an increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in the tunica albuginea compatible with myofibroblast proliferation, and (iii) a decrease in heme oxygenase 1 expression indicating an increase in oxidative stress. Significant histological changes were not observed in the HFD + THC group. Conclusions HFD combined with oral MJ extract led to structural alterations in erectile tissue that are associated with accelerated corporal fibrosis. However, the addition of THC to the diet did not exacerbate histological changes within the corpora. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the discrepant effects between MJ and THC in order to optimize the therapeutic potential of cannabis and minimize its adverse effects on penile health. S Nguyen, M Mangubat, S Eleswarapu, et al. The Combination of High-Fat Diet and Oral Marijuana Promotes the Development of Fibrosis in the Mouse Corpora Cavernosa. Sex Med 2021;XX:XXX–XXX
Article
Background: Several national guidelines consider illicit drug use as an indication for testing and/or counseling for some sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The legal and social landscape of marijuana use is changing, and its relevance with STI risk is unclear. Methods: Sex-specific prevalence of T. vaginalis and/or C. trachomatis infection was examined by past-year marijuana use (no vs yes) among 2958 sexually experienced, 20- to 39-year-old participants of the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals [CIs] were estimated by Poisson regression. Adjusted PRs (aPR) were estimated following propensity score covariate-adjustment accounting for sociodemographics, alcohol use, injection drug use, depression, and age at sexual debut. Results: Past-year marijuana use was reported by 27.3% and 36.3% of females and males, respectively. Male and female past-year marijuana users were more likely to have new and multiple sexual partners in the past year (P < 0.05). Past-year marijuana use was associated with prevalent C. trachomatis and/or T. vaginalis infection among females (7.4% vs. 2.9%; PR, 2.57 [95% CI, 1.62-4.07]) and males (4.0% vs. 1.1%; PR, 3.59 [95% CI, 1.96-6.58]), but this association was attenuated after propensity score covariate adjustment among females (aPR, 1.15 [95% CI, 0.72-1.83]) and males (aPR, 2.10 [95% CI, 0.88-5.02]). Additional adjustment for new or multiple sexual partners further attenuated the associations (aPRs, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.65-1.51] and 1.91 [95% CI, 0.82-4.47] for females and males, respectively). Conclusions: Sexually transmitted infection prevalence was higher among persons with a past-year history of marijuana use; however, this association was not significant after accounting for measured confounders. Additional work is needed to characterize STI prevalence by the mode, duration, and frequency of marijuana use.
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Hello everyone. The publishers have given me permission to upload chapter four and the contents pages. Unfortunately, I am unable to share any other chapters for copyright reasons. There is however a large amount of material on my YouTube channel marksaundersonresearchmethods. Mark
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Conventional, dominant logic research methods include collecting and analyzing data to test hypotheses in a deductive theory using empirical positivistic methods. In contrast, grounded theory (i.e., building and revising propositional statements of relationships from questioning and observing informants in specific use contexts) constructs theory from data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). This article demonstrates the application of McCracken's (1988) long interview method to collect data for grounded theory construction. Both emic (self) and etic (researcher) interpretations of international visitor experiences focus on making sense of leisure travel thinking processes (including unconscious/conscious beliefs, attitudes, and choices) and tourist behavior. In this article, long interviews of Japanese tourists visiting Hawaii's Big Island enable mapping and comparing visitors' plans, motivations, choices, and consequences. The results demonstrate nuanced complexities of visitors' travel-related unconscious/ conscious thinking and behavior. Also, the findings uncover the emergence of a possible segment of visitors—the kyooiku tsuaa (education touring) segment for the State of Hawaii's largest island (i.e., Hawaii, also known as the Big Island). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Marijuana and many of its constituent cannabinoids influence the central nervous system (CNS), probably through the cannabinoid receptor, which has recently been cloned in rat and human. While numerous reports have also described effects of cannabinoids on the immune system, the observation of both mRNA and cannabinoid receptor has hitherto been exclusively confined to the brain, a reported detection in the testis being the sole example of its presence at the periphery. Here we report the expression of the cannabinoid receptor on human immune tissues using a highly sensitive polymerase-chain-reaction-based method for mRNA quantification. We show that, although present in a much lower abundance than in brain, cannabinoid receptor transcripts are found in human spleen, tonsils and peripheral blood leukocytes. The distribution pattern displays important variations of the mRNA level for the cannabinoid receptor among the main human blood cell subpopulations. The rank order of mRNA levels in these cells is B cells > natural killer cells > or = polymorphonuclear neutrophils > or = T8 cells > monocytes > T4 cells. Cannabinoid-receptor mRNA, which is also found in monocytic, as well as T and B leukemia cell lines but not in Jurkat cells, presents a great diversity of expression on these cells as well, B-cell lines expressing a much higher level than T-cell lines. The cannabinoid receptor PCR products from leukocytes and brain are identical both in size and sequence suggesting a strong similarity between central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors. The expression of this receptor was demonstrated on membranes of the myelomonocytic U937 cells using the synthetic cannabinoid [3H]CP-55940 as ligand. The Kd determined from Scatchard analysis was 0.1 nM and the Bmax for membranes was 525 fmol/mg protein. The demonstration of cannabinoid-receptor expression at both mRNA and protein levels on human leukocytes provides a molecular basis for cannabinoid action on these cells.
Article
Abduction, deduction and induction describe forms of reasoning. Deduction and induction are discussed in the nursing literature. However, abduction has been largely neglected by nurse scholars. In this paper it is proposed that abduction may play a part in qualitative data analysis - specifically, in the identification of themes, codes, and categories. Abduction is not, in research, restricted to or associated with any particular methodology. Nevertheless, situating abduction in qualitative research facilitates the identification of three interlinked issues. First, it is suggested that abductively derived claims require support from deductive and inductively sourced evidence if they are to 'hold' and, yet, in qualitative research this is clearly problematic. Second, difficulties in choosing between alternative plausible hypotheses (i.e. concerning theme, code, and category description) are explored through an examination of the 'generality problem'. Third, the role of background and auxiliary theories in adjudicating between hypothesis options is discussed. It is argued that if qualitative researchers utilize abductive inference in the manner suggested, then the peculiarly fallible nature of abduction must be acknowledged and, in consequence, the action guiding potential of qualitative research findings is compromised.
Article
Introduction: Several lines of evidence point to the potential role of the endocannabinoid system in female sexual functioning. These include results from studies describing the subjective effects of exogenous cannabinoids on sexual functioning in humans and the observable effects of exogenous cannabinoids on sexual functioning in other species, as well as results from studies investigating the location of cannabinoid receptors in the brain and periphery, and the effects of cannabinoid receptor activation on neurotransmitters implicated in sexual functioning. While these lines of research suggest a role for the endocannabinoid system in female sexual functioning, no studies investigating the relationship between concentrations of endogenous cannabinoids (i.e., arachidonoylethanolamide [AEA] and 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG]) and sexual functioning have been conducted in any species. Aim: To measure circulating endocannabinoid concentrations in relation to subjective and physiological indices of sexual arousal in women (N = 21). Methods: Serum endocannabinoid (AEA and 2-AG) concentrations were measured immediately prior to, and immediately following, viewing of neutral (control) and erotic (experimental) film stimuli in a repeated measures design. Physiological sexual arousal was measured via vaginal photoplethysmography. Subjective sexual arousal was measured both continuously and noncontinuously. Pearson's correlations were used to investigate the relationships between endocannabinoid concentrations and sexual arousal. Main outcome measures: Changes in AEA and 2-AG concentrations from pre- to post-film and in relation to physiological and subjective indices of sexual arousal. Results: Results revealed a significant relationship between endocannabinoid concentrations and female sexual arousal, whereby increases in both physiological and subjective indices of sexual arousal were significantly associated with decreases in AEA, and increases in subjective indices of sexual arousal were significantly associated with decreases in 2-AG. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that the endocannabinoid system is involved in female sexual functioning, with implications for furthering understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying female sexual functioning.
Article
The current experiments examined whether treatment with a CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist (AM251) affects sexual motivation, proceptivity, and receptivity in female rats. In experiment #1, 92 Long–Evans rats were tested for their socio-sexual motivation via a runway methodology. Motivation to approach and maintain close proximity to an empty goalbox, a female, and a male target was assessed following hormonal and drug treatment. Hormone treatments were: oil vehicle, 10 μg estradiol, and 10 μg estradiol + 500 μg progesterone. Drug doses were 0, 2, and 4 mg/kg AM251 (IP, 60 min prior to testing). In experiment #2, 32 female subjects were tested for receptivity and proceptivity in a paced mating chamber. Subjects were given either a high (10 μg estradiol + 500 μg progesterone) or low dose of hormones (2 μg estradiol + 250 μg progesterone), and either vehicle or 2 mg/kg AM251. AM251 significantly increased sexual motivation for a male target in the runway in females primed with both estradiol and progesterone. AM251 also enhanced lordosis (in low hormone females) and increased hop-darts. These findings suggest that endocannabinoids tonically inhibit estrous behaviors. Cannabinoid antagonists could serve as new treatment option for women suffering from abnormally low libido.
Article
Endocannabinoids may normally inhibit the generation and expression of female estrous behaviors. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that acute administration of a CB1 receptor antagonist (AM251) increased sexual incentive motivation in estrous female rats. The current experiment examined the effect of CP55,940, a synthetic cannabinoid agonist, on sexual motivation. Seventy-two ovariectomized female Long–Evans rats were tested for their socio-sexual motivation via a runway methodology. Baseline motivation to approach and maintain close proximity to an empty goalbox, a female conspecific, and a male conspecific was assessed over six trials. Subjects were then grouped into nine experimental conditions and re-tested for their socio-sexual motivation after one of three possible hormonal treatments and three drug doses. Hormone treatments were: oil (nonestrous), 10 μg estradiol benzoate (partially estrous), and 10 μg estradiol + 500 μg progesterone (fully estrous). Drug doses were: 0, 20, or 40 μg/kg CP55,940 (IP, 30 min prior to testing). As expected, hormonal priming with both estradiol and progesterone significantly increased sexual motivation in females that did not receive drug treatment. This occurred even though females were kept sexually-naïve throughout the experiment. CP55,940 dose-dependently attenuated sexual motivation for a male target in estrous females; the 40 μg/kg dose completely blocked sexual motivation. However, this same dose also significantly reduced social motivation for another female. Cannabinoid agonists reduce female sexual motivation, either directly by inhibiting estrus or indirectly by increasing social anxiety.
Article
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance worldwide. Despite this, its impact on sexual health is largely unknown. The aim of this article is to examine the association between cannabis use and a range of sexual health outcomes. The main outcome measures include the number of sexual partners in the past year, condom use at most recent vaginal or anal intercourse, diagnosis with a sexually transmissible infection in the previous year, and the occurrence of sexual problems. Method used in this article includes a computer-assisted telephone survey of 8,656 Australians aged 16-64 years resident in Australian households with a fixed telephone line. Of the 8,650 who answered the questions about cannabis use, 754 (8.7%) reported cannabis use in the previous year with 126 (1.5%) reporting daily use, 126 reported (1.5%) weekly use, and 502 (5.8%) reported use less often than weekly. After adjusting for demographic factors, daily cannabis use compared with no use was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting two or more sexual partners in the previous year in both men (adjusted odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.89; P = 0.02) and women (2.58, 1.08-6.18; P = 0.03). Daily cannabis use was associated with reporting a diagnosis of a sexually transmissible infection in women but not men (7.19, 1.28-40.31; P = 0.02 and 1.45, 0.17-12.42; P = 0.74, respectively). Frequency of cannabis use was unrelated to sexual problems in women but daily use vs. no use was associated with increased reporting among men of an inability to reach orgasm (3.94, 1.71-9.07; P < 0.01), reaching orgasm too quickly (2.68, 1.41-5.08; P < 0.01), and too slowly (2.05, 1.02-4.12; P = 0.04). Frequent cannabis use is associated with higher numbers of sexual partners for both men and women, and difficulties in men's ability to orgasm as desired.
Article
Determined attitudes on the effects of marijuana on sexual enjoyment by self-report for a group of 84 graduate students of health sciences. The students were grouped in three categories: those who had sexual experience while under the influence of marijuana (experienced smokers), those who have smoked marijuana but who have not had such experience (non-experienced smokers), and non-smokers. Results are again inconclusive despite the fact that a majority in each category responded in a positive manner to the initial question concerning the effect of marijuana on the enjoyment of sexual intercourse. There is sufficient support to indicate that at least some experienced smokers have derived an enhancement of sexual pleasure while they were using marijuana. The implication is that there may be value in researching the use of marijuana in treatment of sexual disorders.
Article
This research was intended to discern any correlations between marijuana and human sexual activity. I was specifically interested in exploring the concept that the drug might produce different effects on males and females in regard to their sexual activity. Finally, I was concerned with the dosage of the drug which would produce the most pronounced effect on the majority of the users in regard to their sexual activity.
Article
As a guide to future experiments, the chief experiential effects of marijuana have been elucidated with the help of a detailed questionnaire given to seasoned marijuana users whose experiences, it seems, are almost entirely pleasant.
Article
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cannabinoid receptors in human uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy and to evaluate the effects of endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids on myometrial contractility in vitro. Human myometrial biopsy specimens were obtained at elective cesarean delivery and snap frozen or mounted for isometric recording under physiologic conditions. Cumulative doses of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide or the exogenous cannabinoid Delta(9) (indicates a double bond between carbons 9 and 10) tetrahydrocannabinol were added in the range 1 nmol/L to 100 micromol/L. Selectivity of the cannabinoid receptor agonists was investigated with specific antagonists for the CB(1) and the CB(2) receptors. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers for the CB(1) and CB(2) receptors was performed on messenger RNA that was isolated from human pregnant myometrium. Both anandamide and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol exerted a direct relaxant effect on human pregnant myometrium in vitro, which was of equal potency for both compounds. This relaxant effect was antagonized by the specific CB(1) receptor antagonist, SR 141716, but not by the specific CB(2) receptor antagonist, SR 144528 (n=6 specimens, P<.01). Both the CB(1) and CB(2) receptors are expressed in human myometrium. Both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids exert a potent and direct relaxant effect on human pregnant myometrium, which is mediated through the CB(1) receptor. This highlights a possible role for endogenous cannabinoids during human parturition and pregnancy. These results also support the view that the use of exogenous cannabinoids during pregnancy is not linked independently with preterm labor.
Article
The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) and products thereof (such as marijuana, hashish and hash oil) have a long history of use both as a medicinal agent and intoxicant. Over the last few years there have been an active debate regarding the medicinal aspects of cannabis. Currently cannabis products are classified as Schedule I drugs under the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Controlled Substances act, which means that the drug is only available for human use as an investigational drug. In addition to the social aspects of the use of the drug and its abuse potential, the issue of approving it as a medicine is further complicated by the complexity of the chemical make up of the plant. This manuscript discusses the chemical constituents of the plant with particular emphasis on the cannabinoids as the class of compounds responsible for the drug's psychological properties.
Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: detailed tables
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
The Cannabis Act: the facts
  • Health Canada
Health Canada. The Cannabis Act: the facts. Available at: https:// www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/06/backgrounderthe-cannabis-act-the-facts.html. Accessed June 18, 2019.
State medical marijuana laws
  • National Conference of State Legislatures