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Nowoczesne technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne jako determinanta rozwoju MSP
... The hitherto studies concerning SMEs management and development in Poland mainly concentrate on the statistical dimension of data about enterprises, their size, employment and activity profile (GUS, 2019b;PARP, 2019), as well as their legal forms (Jagodziński, 2015;Kosmal, 2019). Some of the reports and publications dealing with SMEs concern their innovativeness (Okoń-Horodyńska and Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, 2008;MPiT and Siemens, 2018;Ribau et al., 2017), macro-economic surroundings (Wach, 2016;Zygmunt and Zygmunt, 2016), legal surroundings (Kabut and Malesa, 2015;ZPiP, 2017), institutional support (Lachiewicz, 2016;Wójcik-Karpacz and Rudawska, 2016), labour costsy (Chłąd, 2016;Papaj, 2016), access to technology (Kaliszczak and Pawłowska-Mielech, 2019;Nowak and Wieteska, 2020) and to financing (Korzeniewska, 2016;Steinerowska-Streb, 2015). The subject of management succession appears in literature mainly in the context of family companies, where property and firm management are transmitted between generations (KPMG, 2020;IBR, 2019), whereas the issue of succession "from an entrepreneur to a professional manager" (Ballini, 2020;Blikle, 2013) is referred to extremely rarely, though it is crucial for the Polish economy, in which the first generation of entrepreneurs is just approaching the age of retirement. ...
The Statistics Poland defines Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as “a family of technologies that are processing, collecting and sending information in an electronic format.” The wide access to the ICT, their ceaseless expansion and extending possibilities of applicability constitute the core for the contemporary society development in Poland, Europe and all over the world. Monitoring and analyzing the changes of and in the ICT area are of great importance in both economic and social dimensions. The ICT expansion is considered to be a stimulant for various processes taking place in the modern economy, significantly affecting the innovation growth in many sectors, as well as increasing competitiveness on both micro- and macroeconomic scales. The study presents and discusses the assessment of the ICT development level in Poland against other European Union countries in the individual users and households perspective. Also, the reasons of the Internet absence at households and types of online activities were investigated. The attention was focused on the identification of subgroups of countries similar in the context of the ICT access and development in the studied societies through the considered years. The analysis was based on the Eurostat and the ITU data for years 2008–2017. The exploratory data analysis methods dealing with three-way data structures (the between and within-class principal component analysis) were applied. Factorial maps (scatterplots and biplots) were presented to summarize the results. The Hellwig method for linear ordering was used to rank the EU-28 countries due to the ICT development level.
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