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Smart Cities: Definitions, Evolution of the Concept and Examples of Initiatives

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... A smart city will include smart citizens, governments, buildings, transportation, technology, healthcare, and energy. A smart city has six necessary fields: citizens, environment, economy, society, mobility, and governance (Moura & Silva, 2019;Mohanty et al., 2016). Smart citizens refer to connected citizens, workers, visitors, e-learning, and ehealth. ...
... The smart mobility field refers to intelligent transportation and parking systems, traffic management, and mobility as a service. The governance field implies that the city is good in its ability to manage policies, open data, and digital automatization of processes (Moura & Silva, 2019;Mohanty et al., 2016). The level of smartness of each field is the result of effectiveness (a smart city offers value to its citizens), innovation, and environmental considerations. ...
Conference Paper
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected urban communities, generating the need for various strategies offered by the governments. This paper aims to explore the situation of smart cities in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, focusing on COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions and COVID-19 impact on smart city development. The research is based on an exploratory study and analysis without setting a systematic literature review. The suggested findings are based on expertise in collecting, processing, and analyzing data from different sources. They emphasize the importance of advanced technology, innovation, and collaboration between citizens, public and private entities. Some smart cities adapted their advanced technology and non-pharmaceutical interventions for an efficient response against the COVID-19 pandemic, while others presented a slow response. Smart city projects involve collective learning processes and innovation for a long-term horizon for urban growth. The critical factors in the development of the smart cities market include the growth of urbanization to generate the adoption of various solutions referring to efficient management, demand for fast transport, public safety, a healthy environment, and efficient energy consumption. The paper represents a good source of information for governments, scholars, and researchers. By reviewing the paper, solutions to improve citizens’ quality of life could be taken.
... Smart cities represent a forward-thinking approach to urban administration, using modern technology to improve citizens' quality of life. This concept integrates information and communication technology (ICT) with urban infrastructure to maximize resource utilization, enhance service delivery, and promote sustainable development [7]. Incorporating AI in intelligent cities significantly advances this progression, enabling extensive data analysis, predictive modeling, and automation. ...
... In France, the push for smart cities is motivated by the urgent need to solve issues such as increasing urbanization, environmental sustainability, and public [27]. The idea of smart cities emerged as a response to the challenges faced by rapidly growing urban areas, including issues related to infrastructure, resource management, environmental impact, and quality of life [7]. The initial attempts concentrated on basic automation and data collection for traffic, utilities, and public services. ...
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This integrative literature review critically explores the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in developing smart cities across France, focusing on urban efficiency, sustainability, and safety. This study examines the multiple challenges that French towns face when integrating AI technology to become smart cities, concentrating on technological integration, economic limits, data privacy and security, the digital divide, legal and ethical considerations, and public acceptance. This problem impacts urban residents, as it influences their quality of life, access to services, and environmental sustainability, necessitating a balanced approach to technology implementation that considers both benefits and potential social disparities. This study also examines how France's smart city development can use artificial intelligence (AI) to improve sustainability, urban planning, public safety, technological integration, and economic constraints. The guiding conceptual framework of the ILR is based on a combination of Sociotechnical Systems Theory and Diffusion of Innovations Theory, providing a comprehensive perspective on the interplay between technological advancements and social dynamics within urban environments. The research method, design, procedures, and analysis involve an extensive review of existing literature, qualitative analysis of case studies, and interviews with key stakeholders involved in AI-driven urban projects in France. The results of the research question reveal that while AI has the potential to enhance urban living significantly, its success is heavily dependent on addressing integration challenges and ensuring inclusive access to technology. The potential implications of the results and the recommendations for future research and practice emphasize the need for robust policy frameworks, enhanced public-private partnerships, and continuous monitoring of technological impacts to ensure that AI integration supports sustainable and equitable urban development.
... These "smart cities" are supported by the combination of human capital and infrastructural capital with high-tech communication facilities, social capital invested by intensive and open network links, and entrepreneurial capital. Urban areas of smart cities have a physical representation that uses electronic data collection mainly located in diverse infrastructures (vehicles, buildings, open spaces, etc.); to supply real-time information, which would help city governance to operate those systems and improve the quality of decision making [9]. In this domain, connectivity serves as a catalyst for development using network infrastructure to boost governmental and economic effectiveness and promote social, cultural, and urban growth [10]. ...
... Neubert [11] argued that technology must provide inhabitants with a concrete benefit; technology alone does not constitute a city as "smart." Moura and Silva [9] also mentioned the role of smart cities in enhancing the communication between the various stakeholders, which relates to the assumptions of promoting participatory governance. Smart cities should increase the collaboration among different stakeholders, acting as a matchmaker and encouraging the private and public sectors to partner and grow creatively for more sustainable development and a creative environment. ...
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As cities face the challenge of conceiving new and more competitive and sustainable development models, there has been an emergence of introducing technology to cities to enhance the quality of life it provides to the citizens. The "Smart City" was proposed as a new prototype of technology-based urban development. These smart cities witness the emergence of the metaverse and platform societies, machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI), big data, the Internet of Things (IoT) systems, and many other innovative and advanced technologies. However, the idea of the Smart City has developed in such a form that cities have started to encounter the risks of losing social inclusiveness and connection with the human dimension. This research tries to tackle one of the main challenges of urbanism, which is shifting smart city development to be more humanized and people-centered. It also maps the broader approaches and perspectives while reviewing smart cities and addressing their challenges, contributing to the conceptualization of the Smart City notion. This research also aims to introduce an integrated conceptual framework shifting the experience of smart cities through humanizing the technology to be more human-compatible smart cities. This study tends to help decision-makers and urban planners build upon the outcome of this research through further exploration of implementation processes toward humanizing future smart cities.
... A smart city is described as "the effective integration of physical, digital, and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive future for its citizens" in PAS 181, released in 2014. A smart city is an urban region that employs IoT devices and sensors to collect electronic data from infrastructure such buildings, vehicles, government buildings / institutes, and building infrastructure in order to provide information in real time [3]. ...
... A smart city is further defined by [3] as an urban region (which includes streets, squares, neighborhoods, and even whole cities) that uses sensors for electronic data collecting deployed in infrastructure, buildings, vehicles, institutions, and devices like IoT to generate information in real-time. ...
Conference Paper
A variety of issues are brought on by the development of the growing number of automobiles each year. Transportation effects include pollution and traffic congestion. It is possible to combat the effects of traffic and pollution by utilizing a variety of smart mobility technology. The most recent advancements in smart mobility, including intelligent transportation systems, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, demand-responsive transportation, shared transportation, and mobility as a service (MaaS), have established a dominant impact on the economic, social, and environmental sectors, as well as on traffic congestion, people with social welfare problems (PMKS), traffic accidents, and air pollution. Researchers attempt to identify and categorize MaaS problems in the literature analysis, then turn those concerns into research questions. Four research questions were derived from the literature review results, namely: 1) What does modern MaaS architectural design entail? 2) Who are the MaaS Offenders Right Now? 3) What is the MaaS Platform's current layout? 4) What does the MaaS business model look like today? The research has opened up several options, including the following: 1) Development of MaaS infrastructure design; 2) Development of MaaS platform; 3) Development of MaaS business model; and 4) Development of algorithms for selecting the appropriate mode of transportation based on route parameters.
... A lot of research has been conducted to develop models of smart cities [11,[15][16][17][18] or smart tourism [3][4][5][19][20][21][22][23], while research on smart islands is still limited [24,25], especially those that focus on managing the blue economy as islands' valuable resource [25]. Moreover, empirical research on the use of BT to create the model fits for smart islands' development is still very rare. ...
... As most cities are also tourist destinations, scholars then proposed smart applications in tourism and destination management in order to improve citizen and tourist experience, especially in utilizing infrastructure and facilities [16]. Smart tourism destinations serve as innovative tourist places of interest that offer conveniences, services, facilities, and tourist activities [27]. ...
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Smart destinations require a management system that provides convenient real-time use of digital technology in creating, communicating, and delivering value to visitors. Research related to smart island destinations is still limited, let alone those that utilize blockchain technology to create the smartness of the destination. This research is an empirical study that captures the perceptions of stakeholders in the blue economy on smart islands and the use of blockchain technology in order to build smart islands, a destination that consists of many islands that lack connectedness, such as the Seribu Islands in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected using qualitative and quantitative approaches (mixed methods). Qualitative data were collected from scientific journal publications and followed up with VOS viewer analysis, and quantitative data with the questionnaire survey responses from 150 blue economy industry players in the Seribu Islands and structural equation modeling showed that good digital literacy and blue economy management have significant influence on blockchain technology and impact smart islands. This study indicates that, for islands that have challenges in accessibility and connectivity, the presence of blockchain and smart technology is needed to integrate various resources from each stakeholder so that the blue economy in the islands can be developed more effectively and efficiently, while at the same time ensuring the achievement of sustainability.
... It is indicated that such functions can encourage citizens and authorities for better adoption, conformity, and utilization. Term smart city comes from the application of information technology accessories in managing big data and offering operations in the service sector, architecture, industrial, and business programming to decrease the cost and waste in urban life [14,15]. ...
... where ξ i (i = 1,2,..,m) represents the weighted sequence obtained by applying the Hamacher function (15). The Hamacher function is presented in the next section. ...
Article
Circular economy (CE) is recognized as one of the most popular theories of the decade. Its domain spreads to disciplines like production, environmental sciences, and transport/mobility sectors. This research corresponds to one of the essential questions in CE which look for effective solutions in smart mobility systems regarding eco-innovation indicators. We conducted a deep survey on CE and smart mobility literature and sorted out potential solutions (alternatives) and fundamental indicators based on the Quintuple Helix model. Then, a rough-based multiple criteria decision analysis model was adopted by the incorporation of LMAW (logarithm methodology of additive weights) and MARCOS (measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to the COmpromise Solution) methods. To analyse the potential solutions, ten experts from relevant sectors assisted us in composing an assessment platform through qualitative comparison. Initial results showed that public transport (good practices) and shared mobility services are amongst the best solutions for establishing a smart mobility plan. Our decision-making model was tested and showed that our ranking scores are highly confidential and stable. The outcome of this study can be benchmarked in urban planning, where policymakers should rethink the transport and mobility sectors, structuring, development, and economic remodelling which are top decision-making problems nowadays.
... The latter include energy, transportation, water supply, sewage, waste, law enforcement, and information and communication. All sensorized data is integrated into information and communication technology (ICT) platforms to allow city managers and decision-makers to optimize the efficiency and resilience of city operations and services by connecting and commanding those systems remotely, but also to connect to and communicate with stakeholders (citizens, companies, institutions, and civic organizations), (Moura & Silva, 2019). ...
... IoT is a set of electronic and photonic devices which can communicate with each other without human intervention. For example, IoT can collect transportation-related data (flows, traffic jam, road conditions, among others) and use cloud computing services to optimize transportation services (Moura & Silva, 2019 According to Deloitte (2015) the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the massive use of advanced sensors and wireless communication in all kinds of physical objects. The wide scale use of sensor technology creates massive volumes of data providing a fine grained digital view on the physical world. ...
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The purpose of this chapter is threefold: a) To provide a comprehensive literature review of research related to smart cities, the internet of things (IoT), and the smart tourism and hospitality (hotels); b) To investigate the as-is situation of-smartness‖ in Greece and more specifically: the percentage of the population with internet access; the digital maturity of the tourism enterprises as well as the use of online tools to attract business; the smart cities; and the smart hotels; c) To propose key suggestions aiming to accelerate the tourism industry's digital transformation towards achieving competitiveness and attracting new guests. Aiming to find answers to the research issue content analysis was carried out, along with the presentation of various case studies. Resources searched mainly included journal articles, web pages and recent statistics and reports. The results show that mobile technologies, especially the use of smartphones and their applications, have a significant influence on smart tourism development. In hospitality, the so-called-experience-enhancement smart technologies‖ such as smart check-in/check-out; IoT facilitated electronic bill for check-out; smart concierge; smart in-room services; room service delivered by robots; and e-housekeeping apps, are directly associated with tourists' hotel stay experience and their satisfaction in hotel services. Furthermore, for the digital transformation of tourism all travel and hospitality organizations should develop smart digital strategies focusing on personalized customer experiences and excellent customer service. On the other hand, the state should establish the context and carry out substantial funding and tax relief plans. It should also provide tourism businesses with financial incentives to encourage them to investigate and adopt digital solutions in their operations. The presentation of various case studies, a content analysis and key suggestions for the digitalization in tourism and hospitality are among the main contributions of this chapter.
... The use of big data and ICT technology to plan and connect cities and people is directly related to the concept of smart cities ( Moura & De Abreu E Silva, 2019 ). Albino, Berardi and Dangelico (2015) discuss how smart cities are defined in the literature from 2010 to 2014. ...
... However, the concept tends to shift from a technological perspective to focus mainly on people and community needs. A city that is only connected does not necessarily mean that it is smart if the technology is the end in itself ( Albino et al., 2015 ;Kummitha & Crutzen, 2017 ;Moura & De Abreu E Silva, 2019 ). Some authors claim that the private sector will manage the urban space in smart cities ( Hogan, Bunnell, Pow, Permanasari & Morshidi, 2012 ). ...
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Urban planning has focused on reallocating road space from automobile to more sustainable transport modes in many cities worldwide. Mostly in urban areas, road space (from façade to façade) is highly disputed by different urban activities and functions. Nonetheless, there are varying demand periods during the day in which road space is underutilized due to its static design. Underutilized spaces could be used for other mobility or access purposes to improve efficiency. Sensing road space, using big data and transport demand management tools, may characterize different demand patterns, adapt the road space dynamically and, ultimately, promote efficiency in using a scarce resource, such as urban road space. This approach also reinforces short-term flexibility in urban planning, allowing for better responses to unpredictable events. This paper defines the concept of dynamic road space allocation by discussing the previous literature on dynamic allocation of space. We propose a methodological framework and discuss the technological solutions as well as the many challenges of implementing dynamic road space allocation.
... Kawasan Tanpa Rokok ini sejalan dengan upaya pemerintah dalam penyelesaian masalah yang terjadi pada beberapa daerah, terutama perkotaan yang berwujud Smart City. Smart City menggabungkan unsur teknologi dengan sumber daya yang ada untuk mencari solusi dari masalah-masalah yang ada demi mencapai sebuah efisiensi [15]. ...
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Cigarettes are an addictive substance that kills around 8 million people every year, as of 2022 there will be around 8,67 million deaths in the world caused by cigarettes and other tobacco products with resulting economic losses of around 2 trillion USD. Efforts to reduce losses due to smoking in Indonesia have been implemented through various regulations and rules that have been established, such as Law Number 36 of 2009 Article 115 concerning non-smoking areas. The target for non-smoking areas (NSA) regulations in Indonesia will reach 100% by 2023. However, currently, only 86% of regions have NSA regulations and must continue to monitor and evaluate through regulations set by the government. One solution to emphasize non-smoking areas with the latest technology connections to support Smart City is a smoke detection system using IoT. DesMoCam (Detection Smoking Camera) applies the latest machine learning model, InceptionResNet2, which has high accuracy and has the ability to detect smokers precisely in a Non-Smoking Area (NSA). DesMoCam uses a Raspberry Pi with ESP32-CAM to capture situations in a smoking-free room and warnings through the speaker. Machine learning modeling includes data acquisition with smoking and non-smoking images, data preprocessing, two-way modeling with and without a freeze layer, and analysis of model results. The InceptionResnet2 model used for image identification and classification, achieved an accuracy of 92.75%.
... The smart grid is mandatory for integrating the reliable functioning of smart homes, industrial plants, wind turbines, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, photovoltaic systems, hydropower plants, and offices in cities. A smart city has many dimensions like a smart environment, smart people, smart economy, smart living, and smart governance [7]. The smart grid integration with multiple parts is illustrated in Figure 3. ...
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Solar power forecasting is important in smart cities to balance the energy demand with the energy supply. As solar energy is an inexhaustible clean energy source, it can provide sustainability and bulk energy generation economically. The rapid transition of urban cities into smart cities is increasing power demand in many countries. Solar power is a dominant renewable energy source for the success of smart cities. Solar power generation is purely depends on the photovoltaic (PV) panels and sunlight. Hence, the solar panels can also be installed easily on the rooftop. The reliable power is guaranteed by installing solar panels on rooftop in smart cities. The dependability of smart city functions relies on a steady power supply, making accurate solar power forecasting essential. The paper focuses on exploring the research work done in solar power forecasting. It discusses the functioning of smart cities, describes the importance of solar power for the efficient functioning of smart cities, addresses the challenges of solar power forecasting, and presents the applications of deep learning methodologies such as recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU) and hybrid models in solar power forecasting.
... A smart city is also described as an urban region that makes use of information and communication technology (ICT) to support a range of services and domains offered by the city, including mobility, which offers individualized and on-demand mobility, and governance, which fosters collaborative procedures for city management. services, and environment to address the issue of pollution [3]. ...
Conference Paper
Digital payments are becoming essential to the transformation of cities into smart cities in this age of fast urban expansion. This journal looks into the many advancements in digital payments that are essential to the growth of smart cities, as well as the difficulties and possibilities that come with integrating this technology. We determine key elements impacting the successful deployment of digital payment systems, such as government regulations, public acceptance, and technology infrastructure, through a thorough examination of case studies in multiple global metropolises. This study also looks at how digital payments affect social inclusion, environmental sustainability, and public service efficiency. We also talk about typical challenges including data privacy, cybersecurity, and the digital divide. In order to solve these issues and take use of current opportunities to promote inclusive and sustainable smart city development, the journal makes policy recommendations. This research employs a multidisciplinary methodology to offer significant perspectives to policymakers, technology developers, and other relevant parties about the development of a safe and effective digital payment system for urban environments.
... This rapid development can make it so that previous research can become outdated before it has the opportunity to be implemented. Additionally, implementing a smart city is a complex process, made more difficult by the need to integrate the disparate systems and their infrastructure across all dimensions of a smart city, as well as having to take into account the needs and wants of the various stakeholders and needing to make these advances available to all the population of the city [298]. Conversely, by having many definitions, it is possible to explore diverse approaches, techniques, and technologies in diverse environments. ...
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Smart cities and information and communications technology is a rapidly growing field in both research and real-world implementation, but it is one that is still new and with many different ideas. Unfortunately, there is less cooperation and knowledge sharing across the field, and research often fails to move into real-world applications, which holds it back from becoming fully realized. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current state of smart cities, its definitions, technologies, and technical dimensions, from architectural design to standards and data handling, and how they are handled in the real world and its impact on society. Additionally, it examines important smart city projects, their applications, and ranking systems. This text aims to forecast the future of the field, its impact, the challenges it faces, and what should be addressed to help it reach its full potential.
... Smart City systems include transportation, multiple buildings (schools, hospitals, libraries, etc.), utilities, and supply/waste networks [31]. According to Ref. [32], a Smart City integrates physical, digital, and human systems into the constructed environment to provide its residents with a sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive future [33]. Also, a Smart City is a location where traditional networks and services are improved for the advantage of residents and businesses by using digital and telecommunication technologies. ...
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To transform urban areas into smart cities, various technologies—including software, user interfaces, communication networks, and the Internet of Things (IoT)—must tackle complex sustainability and resilience issues. This study aims to investigate the challenges of rapid urban population growth and explore how Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can be utilized to foster the development of smart cities. Specifically, it seeks to understand how the integration of ICT can contribute to enhancing urban resilience, promoting urban sustainability, and improving citizens' quality of life. The study relied on a literature review, appraisals of fifteen (15) different Smart City software applications and their characteristics (spanning various domains, including data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), urban mobility, energy management, and citizen engagement platforms, all related to sustainability and resilience), and thirty (30) case studies cutting across sustainability and resilience. Furthermore, thematic analysis from the case studies was used to evaluate the benefits of smart city applications mapped to the six (6) action areas of Smart City. Based on the findings from case studies and smart city software analysis, rapid urbanisation presents multifaceted challenges like traffic congestion, disaster management, environmental degradation, community engagement, economic disparities, and so on. However, adopting Smart City software applications and aligning with various domains, including data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), urban mobility, energy management, and citizen engagement platforms, play pivotal roles in addressing these challenges. Further findings reveal that the benefits of smart city software align with the action areas of smart cities, including Governance, Mobility, Economy, Environment, Living, and People. The research offers practical application of smart city software for Urban designs and planners. It highlights the influence of contextual factors across countries on Smart City effectiveness. The study advances ICT-driven urban transformation, enhancing the quality of life in fast-growing cities.
... 87). This step fosters a decentralized independence of supply and is particularly important for rural areas [53] (pp. 1, 6, 7) [54] (p. 14). ...
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The increasing use of solar energy is an integral step toward carbon neutrality. At the same time, outdoor solar farms are significantly altering existing cultural landscapes. This work examines the possibilities of integrating the use of solar energy into these landscapes in such a way that the unique, regional character of places is preserved and enhanced. The research project that was carried out developed a conceptual design approach that takes as its starting point landscape architectural and aesthetic analyses of existing sites in Styria, Austria, the spatial characteristics of the cultural landscapes in which they are embedded, and their suitability for generating solar energy. The comparison of a site’s characteristics with the technical possibilities evaluated from a literature review enables a responsive design practice using solar modules. The result is a method of landscape architectural design that integrates solar energy on the basis of an adaptive site-specific approach as well as a catalogue of sample cases that illustrate how designing with solar modules can honor and add value to existing places while enhancing their ecological, economic, and social functions.
... People prefer to use private vehicles compared to public transportation, partly because the travel time required by public transportation is longer (Elsonbaty, 2020), the condition of public transportation is crowded and crowded, schedules are out of control such as buses that get stuck so passengers don't know for sure the time to arrive at the destination, the operating time of public transportation is limited and not 24 hours, and the costs required are greater (Hasibuan & Sulaiman, 2019). Another reason for using private vehicles is that the available public transportation does not reach residential areas so residents still have difficulty moving around because public vehicles are only available on major roads (Moura, 2021). ...
Article
Based on the results of the observations above, it is known that the best achievement was in June 2023, namely reaching 91.67%, this was because it coincided with the 2023 Eid holiday and was connected with school children's holidays. While in January-May the achievement still fluctuated between 75% to 83.33%. The achievement of the occupancy rate at Kokomo Resort has not been maximized, so it is necessary to carry out further research on this matter. The author plans to use a green marketing strategy to increase the achievement of occupancy rates at Kokomo Resort. The location of this research was conducted at Kokomo Resort which is located in Gili Indah Village, Gili Trawangan, Lombok. This research was conducted for 6 months, from January 2023 to June 2023. The object of this research is a green marketing strategy to increase occupancy rates at Kokomo Resort. The population in this study were the Kokomo Resort managers and their staff, totaling 5 people. The sampling technique in this study used a total sampling technique, meaning that all members of the population were sampled. The green marketing strategy at Kokomo Resort is in the good category, with an average achievement of 84%. The most dominant indicator, namely the provision of discounted room rates according to the season and the intensity of promotions through travel agents, received the highest achievement score, which was 90%. While the lowest achievement indicator is the adjustment of room rates according to certain conditions and the ease of getting public transportation by 78%.
... A smart city is a concept of urban management using digital technologies to create an integrated self-regulating urban environment [12]. At the same time, adaptability is the main characteristic of management processes and contributes to the creation of public value, ensuring the digital transformation of urban space and social practices. ...
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The object of research is the concept of a smart city. The study considered the problem of interaction between local authorities and citizens in a smart city based on a platform approach. It was determined that the human-centric concept of a smart city involves representing the functions of the city government in the form of specific public services, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs of citizens. Public participation and active citizenship are recognized as a key component of smart city development. The mechanisms of public participation in the smart city include information, consultations, discussions, public control of finances and joint funds. Multiple digital communication channels, including social networks, instant messengers, websites, e-mail, and various platforms for citizen appeals, could be used simultaneously to communicate through these mechanisms. This leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of interaction. As a result, information related to active public participation on official city websites is fragmented and often out of date. The scalable digital platform serves as a single environment for the exchange of information and resources between citizens and authorities and helps reduce the time and resources spent on organizing such communications. An example of the development of a digital service on the blockchain is given, implemented in the Bitbon decentralized information platform of Ukrainian origin. The practical application consists in ensuring broad citizen participation in filling funds and monitoring their financial transparency. The results of the implementation of platforms for the development of smart cities are organizing open data, encouraging stakeholders to participate in city management, developing innovative creativity and open dialog
... UGSD is a sustainable development mode, considering the constraint of resource and environmental capacity, which includes economic, energy, and other elements (Hao and Zhu, 2019;Moura and Silva, 2019;Jiang et al., 2021;Liao and Li, 2022). As such, many comprehensive evaluation indexes from multi-dimensional and multilevel perspectives were conducted to analyze the level and evolution characteristics of UGSD, and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) was primarily adopted to measure UGSD (Hao and Zhu, 2019;Du et al., 2020). ...
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Introduction: Economic development is not simply the accumulation of elements, but the improvement of efficiency, which is supported by infrastructure construction. In particular, the urban green and smart development (UGSD) in recent years has put forward higher requirements for infrastructure, and domestic trade as well as opening-up are of great significance during the process. Methods: Based on the panel data of 221 prefecture-level cities in China from the year of 2005 to 2019, this paper adopts the undesirable SBM model and GML index to measure the level of UGSD. Then the spatial Durbin model is conducted to explore the direct spatial spillover effects and the spatial decomposition effects of energy, transportation, and information infrastructure on UGSD. Considering the context of dual cycle, the indirect effects of domestic trade and opening-up between infrastructures and UGSD are further analyzed. Results: Results show that UGSD demonstrates strong spatial agglomeration and maintains a stable spatial positive correlation with different spatial matrices. In general, energy and transportation infrastructure show positive spatial spillover effects on UGSD. By contrast, information infrastructure presents positive spatial spillover effect on UGSD on the whole, while shows insignificant and negative spatial spillover effect with geographical distance matrix. Furthermore, the mediation effect indicates that both transportation and information infrastructure mainly promote local and adjacent cities’ UGSD through domestic trade with economic distance matrix. By contrast, energy infrastructure exerts positive spatial spillover effect on UGSD through weakening the negative impact of opening-up. Discussion: The conclusions of the research show that it is necessary to construct infrastructure in a reasonable way, strengthen the positive spillover effect of intercity factors, and promote the two-wheel driving effect of domestic trade and opening-up on the relationship between infrastructure and UGSD.
... As a result, the term "smart cities" has surfaced. Otherwise, these cities are referred to as "digital cities", "electronic cities", or "information cities" [6]. ...
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With the growing implementation of smart city projects and the significance of the research problem related to effective design thinking, the opinion of the ordinary citizens have become very relevant and contemporary. The current paper presents a quantitative empirical study focused on the attitudes towards and the readiness to accept smart cities in the specific context of Qatar. The study employs a survey questionnaire as a data collection tool. The survey is distributed online among a sample of 40 respondents from Qatar, including both residents and non-residents of smart cities in the country. Even though the sample is not representative of the Qatari population, the present study provides preliminary findings and fundamental insights into this novel topic in a specific socio-economic context. The major findings of the study uncovered that the respondents show quite positive attitudes toward diverse aspects related to smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart living, as well as significant readiness to accept this lifestyle. However, the respondents demonstrate concerns related to the privacy and security of the people living in smart cities. The superiority of fundamental aspects of life like housing and healthcare in smart cities compared to conventional ones are also questioned by the respondents.
... A prominent feature of smart cities is the ability to control civil infrastructures in order to fulfil the demanded operating conditions of facilities and avoid the occurrence of their malfunction [1]. This inevitably requires a continuous in-service monitoring of facilities, which is a demanding sensing and communicating task. ...
Article
The in-service monitoring of civil infrastructures is an important task required to achieve their smart operation. This task requires the installation of sensors to continuously check and control the structures’ status in order to fulfil the demanded operating conditions and avoid the occurrence of malfunctions. This work presents an investigation of the use of multimode optical fiber sensors in detecting strain and vibration of infrastructures. The multimode fiber sensor is composed of a single mode – multimode – single mode concatenated fiber structure. To explore its practical application for strain monitoring, the sensor is used to measure the strain on a pressurized pipe and its performance compared with the well-developed fiber Bragg grating sensor. The detuning of spectral features of the multimode sensor transmission with increasing pipe pressure is found to have a good linearity (R2 ∼ 0.95) and is more sensitive to strain compared to that of the fiber Bragg grating.
... Governments and policy makers are planning for effective adoption of the national or global programmes to technology and its implementation to the required parts of society. Technology transfer is derived from the application of information technology (IT) facilities in directing data and offering operations in the industry and service sector to decrease the cost and waste in urban life and enhance the citizens life quality [61]. ...
Article
The role of new technologies in industrial and service sector is inevitable. Various sectors like transport / mobility have decided to remodel and redesign their infrastructures by implementing innovative devices and strategies. Transport / mobility sector is one of the most fast-growing industries which demands innovative solutions, however, it will be complex to derive optimal decision while one confront uncertain conditions and variables. In this paper, we develop a decision support system for technology adoption in transport / mobility division within the context of Industry 4.0 considering a case study in Spain. To find the adopted technology in this sector, several alternatives (options) and variables (criteria) should be assumed. We propose an integrated decision-making system including quality function deployment (QFD) and best-worst method (BWM) to find the importance weight of each criterion. After we apply the stratified Combined compromise solution (S-CoCoSo) to rate the alternatives and rank them under a multi-scenario perspective. The results will be analyzed through some sensitivity analysis actions. The novelty of our proposed decision support model contributes to the mobility sector and releases guidelines to managers and policy makers.
... • smart life and • smart governance (Moura et al., 2019). A smart economy means joining the private and public sectors, a flexible market, adapting to change and international cooperation. ...
... There are numerous definitions associated with the smart city concept, with 'smart' often being replaced by terms such as 'digital' or 'intelligent' (Kourtit et al., 2012;Moura & de Abreu e Silva, 2019). However, a common thread among these different definitions of a smart city is: The use of technologies to solve quality of life-related problems and the centrality of information and communication technologies (ICT), resulting from its evolution from the concept of information city (Galati, 2018;Giffinger et al., 2007;Lee et al., 2013). ...
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The sociopolitical impacts of smart cities have been delineated by extensive scholarship over the years, prioritizing the role of citizens, whilst minimizing that of the state and private entities. However, when the layer of the COVID-19 pandemic is superimposed on the smart city, initial findings reveal a tendency to reinstate priorly censured risks, such as technocratic forms of governance, threatening the notion of citizenship and democracy. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the role of digital platforms to mitigate these risks and promote citizen participation and sovereignty in the pandemic smart city. Situating the debate in the city of Barcelona, the digital platform, Decidim – an initiative by the Barcelona City Council – has been analyzed as the case study. The research draws on data collected from policy documents, municipal websites, recorded municipal meetings and an interview with the cofounder and coordinator of Decidim. Additionally, secondary literature sources have been used to formulate the framework for the assessment of initiatives implemented on Decidim during the pandemic. The conclusions drawn from this study indicate that initiatives on the platform, when developed in a democratic and participatory manner, can assist in mitigating the dangers ascribed to the smart city when confronted with the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: Citizen sovereignty; smart city; COVID-19; digital platforms; technopolitics
... Interactions between technology and a human are of dual nature -society is a dimension of technology and technology is a dimension of society (a double helix of human-technology interaction). The number and diversity of stakeholders, companies, organizations, and institutions involved, together with the requirements of infrastructure deployment in all the dimensions of the city smartness, and the need for integration of all these systems and agents, while making these systems accessible for all (inclusive), are probably the main challenges that the vision of smart cities will face in the forthcoming years (Moura & Abreu e Silva, 2019). Based on creativity capital of its participants they become a kind of continuum of their existence (creative city where creativity is a key to create a smart city and a humane city -using human capital to build social infrastructure) (Nam & Pardo, 2011). ...
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Along this article we share our research in the field of urban creativity, in particular on how smart cities are becoming more and more independent and developing a spirit of sustainable autonomy that somehow creates creative opportunities in terms of memory and cultural identity. Our current article raises the issue of how can smart cities affect the creative process? We believe that creativity becomes a process linked into a digital world and becomes much more interactive. That is why new ways of artistic and digital expression can be welcomed by those who are used to new technologies, which daily influence human activity in the space of the city. In other words, with the use of the existing technology inside the cities and their interconnections with other cities we can conceive creative strategies that will contribute to preserve the memory as well as the cultural and creative identity of a people. Video-mapping is precisely one of those creative strategies, once it will directly interact between the real dimension and the virtual dimension. The use of video-mapping, as an element of covering the facades of buildings, can somehow help to make the streets more dynamic and transform them into other atmospheres. The city becomes part of the third dimension and people are interacting between the real and the virtual. The management of the urban space has been gradually changing and following the technological advance. Mobility and sustainability is one of the key factors in which a smart city has invested the most. Now is the time to invest in a relationship between the city and the people, making it more humane and giving space for creativity. Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje skelbiame tyrimus, susijusius su miesto kūrybiškumo sritimi, daugiausia dėmesio skirdami tam, kaip išmanieji miestai vis labiau ir labiau tampa savarankiškesni ir kuria tvaraus autonomiškumo dvasią, kuri tam tikru būdu lemia kūrybinių galimybių atsiradimą atminties ir kultūrinio tapatumo prasme. Šiame straipsnyje keliamas klausimas – kaip išmanieji miestai gali paveikti kūrybinį procesą? Manome, kad kūrybiškumas tampa procesu, susijusiu su skaitmeniniu pasauliu, ir darosi kur kas interaktyvesnis. Štai kodėl naujus meninės ir skaitmeninės išraiškos būdus palankiai priima tie, kurie yra įpratę prie naujųjų technologijų, o šios kasdien daro įtaką žmogaus aktyvumui miesto erdvėje. Kitaip tariant, naudojantis turimomis technologijomis miestuose ir pajungiant jų tarpusavio ryšius su kitais miestais, kūrybines strategijas galima suvokti kaip tai, kas padės išsaugoti žmonių atmintį, taip pat jų kultūrinį ir kūrybinį tapatumą. Vaizdo žemėlapių sudarymas yra viena iš tų kūrybinių strategijų, kuri sukurs tiesioginę realumo ir virtualumo dimensijų sąveiką. Vaizdo žemėlapiai kaip elementas, paslepiantis pastatų fasadus, tam tikru būdu gali padėti gatvėms tapti dinamiškesnėms ir paversti jas kita aplinka. Miestas tampa trečiosios dimesnsijos dalimi, o žmonės sąveikauja tarp to, kas yra realu, ir to, kas virtualu. Miesto erdvės valdymas pamažu kinta, atsižvelgiant į technologinę pažangą. Mobilumas ir tvarumas – vieni pagrindinių veiksnių, į kuriuos išmanusis miestas investavo daugiausia. Dabar yra metas investuoti į miesto ir žmonių santykį, paverčiant jį žmogiškesniu ir suteikiant erdvės kūrybiškumui. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kūrybinis miestas, skaitmeninės technologijos, žmogus, informacijos ir komunikacijos technologijos, valdymas, išmanusis miestas.
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Citation: Bolesnikov, M.; Silić, M.; Silić, D.; Dumnić, B.;Ćulibrk, J.; Petrović, M.; Gajić, T. Innovative Transitions: Exploring Demand for Smart City Development in Novi Sad as a European Capital of Culture. Information 2024, 15, 730. https:// Abstract: This study investigates the factors influencing the acceptance and implementation of smart city solutions, with a particular focus on smart mobility and digital services in Novi Sad, one of the leading urban centers in Serbia. Employing a quantitative methodology, the research encompasses citizens' perceptions of the benefits of smart technologies, their level of awareness regarding smart solutions, the degree of engagement in using digital services, and their interest in smart mobility. The results indicate that these factors are crucial for the successful integration of smart technologies. Notably, awareness of smart city initiatives and the perceived benefits, such as improved mobility, reduced traffic congestion, increased energy efficiency, and enhanced quality of life, are highlighted as key prerequisites for the adoption of these solutions. Novi Sad, as the European Capital of Culture in 2022, presents a unique opportunity for the implementation of these technologies. Our findings point to the need for strategic campaigns aimed at educating and raising public awareness. The practical implications of this study could contribute to shaping policies that encourage the development of smart cities, not only in Novi Sad but also in other urban areas across Serbia and the region. This study confirms the importance of citizen engagement and technological literacy in the transformation of urban environments through smart solutions, underscoring the potential of these technologies to improve everyday life and achieve sustainable urban development.
Chapter
The smart cities concept comprises all the aspects, ranging from the environment to the residents, their housing and transport, governance, and smart economy. Whatever the case maybe, smart cities are focusing on different aspects of research, reaching from sensors networks to social operation quality improvements. Smart cities make use of electronic sensors in order to collect data and advance the management of assets and services, with the end in view of the improvement of the quality of residents’ life. The smart city development is supported largely by the geospatial technology, which offers the infrastructure management, city planning, and spatial data analysis tools. The chapter explores spatial technologies integration into smart city projects, underscoring their relevance in ensuring sustainability and strength objectives. The use cases as evidence demonstrate the different application of geospatial technologies in smart city projects through remote sensing, GIS analysis, real-time monitoring, and visualization. Cities can utilize geospatial technologies to optimize resource allocation, make proof-based decisions, and develop urban settings of low carbon footprint and liveability.
Conference Paper
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This paper explores how smart city is defined by citizens in the context of a port city, and which aspects are prominent due to the significant role of a ferry port in such cities. Through a case study of a port city comprising a survey of its citizens, this research investigates citizens’ perceptions of a smart city, contextualised in the actual use of the area close to the port and expectations towards the development of this area. Utilizing thematic analysis of survey data, key themes identified include traffic, environmental sustainability, technology and digitalization, and the importance of focusing on people, their wellbeing and quality of life. The findings emphasise the citizens’ wish for prioritising environmental sustainability and wellbeing in the development of the smart city in a context of a port city and show that improvements in traffic around the port area and urban planning are seen as most topical.
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Smart City conceptual development is as an approach to solve urbanization issues and improve the quality of life. Among others, the needs of Smart City are focused to enhanced the users of smart mobility. Taking action to reduce and control pollution levels is a major priority because Urban mobility accounts for 40% of all CO2 emissions of road transport and up to 70% of other pollutants from transportation record. The study was performed by reviewing and highlighting existing published studies on Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) application for smart parking monitoring system and performing gap analysis. This paper reviewed recent research towards smart parking monitoring system highlighting its implementation stage, factors and impacts.
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An analysis is presented on the implications that the introduction of the concept of governmental marketing and its specialization for the construction of place branding or city branding has had. It is defined that a greater participation of local governments is demanded by the United Nations' sustainable development goals, therefore the way in which the government will be involved with organized sectors of society will be through the exercise of governance.
Book
We are delighted to jointly introduce the proceedings of the 4th edition of the European Alliance for Innovation (EAI) International Conference on Smart Governance for Sustainable Smart Cities (SmartGov 2022) and the 3rd edition of the EAI International Conference on Intelligent Edge Processing in the IoT Era (Edge-IoT 2022). These conferences brought together researchers, developers, and practitioners around the world who are leveraging and developing smart technologies for smarter and more resilient systems. The theme of SmartGov 2022 was “to promote the development of secure and sustainable smart cities with smart governance”, while the theme of Edge-IoT 2022 was “to address the decentralization of contemporary processing paradigms, notably Edge processing, focusing on the increasing demand for intelligent processing at the edge of the network, which is paving the way to the Intelligent IoT Era”. Both the EAI SmartGov 2022 and EAI Edge-IoT 2022 conferences were co-located with the EAI SmartCity360 international convention; this 8th EAI International Convention on Science and Technologies for Smart Cities brought a holistic approach covering all aspects of science and technologies for Smart Cities. The convention presented an excellent platform to meet, connect, and engage with some of the brightest minds that are shaping the future of the cities we live in.
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The progress achieved in the field of ICT has caused a major change in the paradigm of urban development, and research directed towards the development of smart cities is characterized as a central interest of modern society. Smart cities are designed as a kind of panacea for the accumulated problems of urban development. Although this idea is rooted in the achievements of ICT, the contemporary understanding of the concept implies that the smart city goes beyond the mere application of technology. Moreover, the holistic perspective emphasizes the primacy of human and social capital as the supporting pillars of a smart city. Considering the above, the aim of this paper is to achieve a systematic insight into the evolution of the smart city concept, that is, to see the peculiarities of its conceptualization, key dimensions and indicators, as well as the relationship to similar concepts.
Thesis
In the context of smart cities, this doctoral thesis addresses the energy challenge linked to existing building stocks, by proposing methods and tools for estimating and analysing their energy consumption on the territorial scale, in combination with multi-scale and dynamic energy mapping. The methodologies and tools developed and validated are applied to the entire stock of buildings in Wallonia (Belgium), which includes more than 1.7 million buildings. The results should help implement smart energy management in large building stocks. Firstly, the annual heat consumption (HC), heat demand (HD), and electricity consumption (EC) of the regional building stock are assessed, statistically analysed and mapped on different scales. Based on mean values at the neighbourhood scale, the HD is lower than the HC of 16.44%, 15.78% and 9.26% for the residential, tertiary industrial buildings respectively. Statistical analysis tests were performed to analyse to what extent different types of variables explain the annual EC. Moreover, the impact of climate change on the existing building stock's HC and cooling EC evolution until 2050 is performed using artificial intelligence models. The HC reduction of the entire building stock until 2050, calculated at the regional scale, reaches -8.82% for residential, -10.00% for tertiary, and -11.26% for industrial buildings. The projected increase in EC for cooling in existing tertiary buildings is +11.94% in 2050. Further, the land use mix (LUM) of residential, tertiary and industrial buildings on a statistical sector scale is assessed based on entropy (E) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). On the 12 generated LUM classes, 3 prospective scenarios based on demography, climate change and buildings renovation rates are applied. Energy consumption reduction tendencies are different in classes. Finally, the dynamic hourly HC and EC profiles per m² of different building archetypes are modelled, using sigmoid functions and programming in Python, based on previously assessed annual HC and EC and the temperature data. The simulated dynamic hourly profiles of HC and EC of 4 building archetypes are calibrated and validated using monitoring data and indices proposed by ASHRAE.
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We propose a systematic literature review using text mining. The methodology has two main directions: (i) analyzing the evolution of concepts and topics explored throughout time by using word frequency counts in abstracts, and (ii) Detecting the main topics expressed in literature by using topic modeling and bigrams in full papers. Additionally, using text mining in reviews can help summarize, detect patterns, and better explore papers. The proposed methodology (and code) is reproducible and can be applied to different research fields. As a case study, we systematically review smart road space allocation literature and the role of big data and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in promoting emerging urban solutions. Even though, recently there has been a significant rise in studies related to smart cities and big data, few papers consider these approaches in road space allocation. On the one hand, temporary solutions are mainly held in local access streets to achieve place-making and reclaim vacant public spaces. On the other hand, intermittent and dynamic solutions are mainly studied in arterials and highways and focused on traffic performance. Ultimately, new road space allocation proposals are not sufficiently studied where there is a high dispute and limited space to allocate space. Big data and smart technologies have the potential to collect real-time data and adapt the infrastructure according to fluctuations of demand and also in case of an unpredictable event.
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The chapter examines the concept of intellectual property right protection in the emerging blockchain era. Libraries may not keep all forms of intellectual property in their custody, but keep information about them. It is therefore important to examine the implication of the emergence of DLT, blockchain, Web 3.0, the Metaverse, and other related technologies to the library and information industry. The progress and well-being of humanity depend on our capacity to come up with new ideas and creations. The importance of information and information technology in the global marketplace is so strong that companies that possess the appropriate knowledge are often more profitable than their competitors. Intellectual property is widely acknowledged today as a key component of economic development.
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The objective of this paper is to address the smart innovation ecosystem characteristics that elucidate the assembly of all smart city notions into green, interconnected, instrumented, open, integrated, intelligent, and innovating layers composing a planning framework called, Smart City Reference Model. Since cities come in different shapes and sizes, the model could be adopted and utilized in a range of smart policy paradigms that embrace the green, broadband, and urban economies. These paradigms address global sustainability challenges at a local context. Smart city planners could use the reference model to define the conceptual layout of a smart city and describe the smart innovation characteristics in each one of the six layers. Cases of smart cities, such as Barcelona, Edinburgh, and Amsterdam are examined to evaluate their entirety in relation to the Smart City Reference Model.
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This chapter shows some examples of smart cities. In the chapter, case studies have been divided into geographical categories (Middle East cities; North-European cities; Mediterranean cities and the Asian ones) which, macroscopically, refer to three different types of city and communities especially in relation to different levels of technological innovation and type of human capital, which are key factors in the achievement of a smart development. The chapter is divided into four main paragraphs. The newly built cities, in the Middle East paragraph, are cities where everything has been planned from scratch on white paper to limit emissions and increase the quality of life of citizens. In the paragraphs about the North-European cities and the Mediterranean cities, the cities with strong historic value are described. In this section, many European cities, which have specific features like limited possibility to apply technology, but still an adequate level of development to understand and correctly implement the ICT driven choices are described with reference to the smart city concept. The last paragraph shows some example of “developing city” that often are cities with low awareness about sustainable settlement issues, but with a great economic and social growth. These are, in most cases, eastern cities; they show a great potential and are gradually, within the world community, trying to create the basis to become leaders of smart cities development.
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During the latest years, smart city projects have been more and more popular and widespread all over the world. The continuous increasing of city‟s population and the complexity of city management drive local governments towards the strong use of technologies to support a higher quality of urban spaces and a better offering of public services. The fascination of smart cities, able to link high technology, green environment and well-being for citizens, interests all the municipalities, independently on their dimensions, geographical area or culture. However, the concept of smart city is far from to be unambiguous. Several experiences all over the world show that cities define themselves as smart, but the meaning attributed to this word is different each time. Smart city concept has been growing from empirical experience, therefore a systemic theoretical study about this phenomenon still lacks. In this paper, the author aims to propose a comprehensive and verified definition of smart city, based on both a deep literature investigation about smart city studies and a large survey of smart city projects in the international panorama. The goal of this work is not only to provide a clear framework about this interesting and current topic, but also to support local governments and public administrations in effective smart city implementation, able to create public value and well being for citizens and environmental sustainability in the urban space.
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The objective of this paper is to address the smart innovation ecosystem characteristics that elucidate the assembly of all smart city notions into green, interconnected, instrumented, open, integrated, intelligent, and innovating layers composing a planning framework called, Smart City Reference Model. Since cities come in different shapes and sizes, the model could be adopted and utilized in a range of smart policy paradigms that embrace the green, broadband, and urban economies. These paradigms address global sustainability challenges at a local context. Smart city planners could use the reference model to define the conceptual layout of a smart city and describe the smart innovation characteristics in each one of the six layers. Cases of smart cities, such as Barcelona, Edinburgh, and Amsterdam are examined to evaluate their entirety in relation to the Smart City Reference Model.
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Information and communication technology is changing the way in which cities organise policymaking and urban growth. Smart Cities base their strategy on the use of information and communication technologies in several fields such as economy, environment, mobility and governance to transform the city infrastructure and services. This paper draws on the city of Barcelona and intends to analyse its transformation from a traditional agglomeration to a twenty-first century metropolis. The case of Barcelona is of special interest due to its apparent desire, reflected by its current policies regarding urban planning, to be considered as a leading metropolis in Europe. Hence, an assessment of the Smart City initiative will cast light on the current status of Barcelona’s urban policy and its urban policy of Barcelona and its future directions. This article analyses Barcelona’s transformation in the areas of Smart City management; drivers, bottlenecks, conditions and assets. First, it presents the existing literature on Barcelona’s Smart City initiative. Then, the case study analysis is presented with the Barcelona Smart City model. After describing this model, we further explore the main components of the Smart City strategy of Barcelona in terms of Smart districts, living labs, initiatives, e-Services, infrastructures and Open Data. This paper also reveals certain benefits and challenges related to this initiative and its future directions. The results of the case study analysis indicate that Barcelona has been effectively implementing the Smart City strategy with an aim to be a Smart City model for the world.
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The vision of ''Smart Cities'' is the urban center of the future, made safe, secure environmentally green, and efficient because all structures--whether for power, water, transportation, etc. are designed, constructed, and maintained making use of advanced, integrated materials, sensors, electronics, and networks which are interfaced with computerized systems comprised of databases, tracking, and decision-making algorithms. This paper discusses a current initiative being led by the Brookhaven National Laboratory to create a research, development and deployment agenda that advances this vision. This is anchored in the application of new technology to current urban center issues while looking 20 years into the future and conceptualizing a city framework that may exist.
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This paper looks at creative or smart city experiments around the world that are aimed at nurturing a creative economy through investment in quality of life which in turn attracts knowledge workers to live and work in smart cities. It highlights the need for and broad nature of human resource/talent development initiatives at the intermediate level, that is regional and city level, as opposed to organizational and national level. Using the literature on economic geography, it provides a useful theoretical framework to cross organizational boundaries and look for factors that influence the decision of knowledge workers in choosing a location to live and work. The implications of urban planning on the theory and practice of human resource development are explored.
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This article discusses the spatial intelligence of cities, the use of information communication technologies (ICTs) and institutional frameworks that support innovation ecosystems of cities and increase the problem-solving capability of communities and cities. It is based on three case studies on Bletchley Park, Cyberport Hong Kong and Smart Amsterdam, which highlight different architectures of spatial intelligence: (1) orchestration intelligence that stems from collaboration within a community and integration of people's skills, know-how, and collective and machine intelligence, (2) amplification intelligence based on learning, up-skilling and talent cultivation using open technology platforms and ICT infrastructure offered by the city, and (3) instrumentation intelligence based on streams of information generated from the functioning of cities, which enable more informed decisions to be taken by citizens and organizations. The article contributes to understanding different processes that make communities more intelligent, and how collective intelligence, people-driven innovation and use of smart devices advance the efficiency, operation and governance of cities.
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This conceptual paper discusses how we can consider a particular city as a smart one, drawing on recent practices to make cities smart. A set of the common multidimensional components underlying the smart city concept and the core factors for a successful smart city initiative is identified by exploring current working definitions of smart city and a diversity of various conceptual relatives similar to smart city. The paper offers strategic principles aligning to the three main dimensions (technology, people, and institutions) of smart city: integration of infrastructures and technology-mediated services, social learning for strengthening human infrastructure, and governance for institutional improvement and citizen engagement.
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The choice of an appropriate social rate of discount is critical in the decision-making process on public investments. In this paper we review the literature on social discounting, and address in particular a recently growing field of related research, that is, individual time preferences. We argue that an explicit consideration and analysis of the behaviour of individuals regarding the concept and the use of an appropriate social discount rate are essential for balanced decision making in the public sector, especially, though not exclusively, in the field of resource or environmental policy.
Chapter
This chapter discusses the origins and structure of “the Cloud” as well as its role in the emerging “smart city” phenomenon. The “Cloud” existed from the moment the Internet was created. The pervasive, global presence of data and computing resources “somewhere out there” in an Internet-based datacenter is the foundation of cloud computing. The worldwide expansion of wireless Internet access now provides immediate storage, retrieval, and processing of information from arbitrary sources. As cities implement “smart” technologies and processes, access to “the Cloud” will enable the creation of distributed, personal, and autonomous services with ramifications far beyond today’s Internet.
Chapter
When “Smart City” is heard, it is most often interpreted as meaning a city that uses sensors, beacons, data, screens, mobile, and other technology tools. Sometimes it is interpreted to include city use of social media, search engines, browsing, and way-finding. It is usually intended as connoting communities that are prosperous, energy efficient, automated, environmentally friendly, and fun. The phrase is, perhaps, most often spoken by those who imagine, design, build, sell, and delight in digital and similar technologies. When some hear “smart cities,” however, they interpret it also—or instead—to mean equitable, just, safe, rich in work, education, and cultural opportunities, as well as clean, open, and inclusive of traditional and still relevant characterizations of a desirable city. This chapter discusses some of the challenges Austin, Texas believes it faces in retaining and improving its desirability. It is a sample of what Austin’s government, residents, universities, and private sector partners are exploring in design, experimentation, and use of technologies so that Austin will be the kind of cutting-edge Smart City that includes the best of the traditional desirable city.
Chapter
The power grid is one of the most critical technological achievements of human kind. It delivers energy to the end users and creates a fertile foundation for new services to blossom. In recent years, the grid has undergone tremendous evolution toward the “smart grid.” One of the most important characteristics of the smart grid is the active nature of the consumers. This characteristic parallels the active nature of citizens in a Smart City environment. This chapter presents the smart grid architecture and customer-centric applications that disrupt the existing paradigms of business models and electric services in a Smart City environment.
Chapter
Envisioning a Smart City involves creativity and planning; however, the singular most important question in any Smart City design is: “How will it be funded?” Without project capital and secured funding, a Smart City vision will remain exactly that: just a vision. This chapter examines the complex process of identifying, pursuing, and securing funding for a Smart City program, and offers tools and considerations to help advance Smart City concepts to actuality.
Chapter
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an important functional component of the Smart City. IoT generally refers to a collection of embedded computing, networking, and communications technologies that collectively comprise an autonomous machine-to-machine or device-to-device network. This chapter discusses several aspects of IoT design, including unique challenges, requirements, test methodologies, and standards which affect Smart City deployments.
Chapter
Conventional surface transportation resources, such as vehicles, roads, terminals, and other transportation infrastructure, are aging. Many countries are falling behind in installing new transportation infrastructure in their cities. Thanks to the recent developments in technology and the global connectivity enabled by The Internet, transportation systems are undergoing a profound transformation that will change the way humans and products move around cities. That is, smarter, more autonomous, and safer vehicles that communicate with other vehicles and with the city buildings, traffic signs, and other infrastructure will be the golden standard. It is expected that those cities which use such technology will increase their mobility, boost their economic productivity and reduce their levels of pollution. This new approach to transportation is called Intelligent Transportation Systems, and is the topic of this chapter.
Book
In a series of essays, this book describes and analyzes the concept and theory of the recent smart city phenomenon from a global perspective, with a focus on its implementation around the world. After defining the concept it then elaborates on the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as an enabler for smart cities, and the role of ICT in the interplay with smart mobility. A separate chapter develops the concept of an urban smart dashboard for stakeholders to measure performance as well as the economic and public value. It offers examples of smart cities around the globe, and two detailed case studies on Genoa and Amsterdam exemplify the book’s theoretical and empirical findings, helping readers understand and evaluate the effectiveness and capability of new smart city programs.
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The concept of smart city is getting more and more relevant for both academics and policy makers. Despite this, there is still confusion about what a smart city is, as several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims at clarifying the meaning of the word “smart” in the context of cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a smart city, which are its features, and how it performs in comparison to traditional cities. Furthermore, performance measures and initiatives in a few smart cities are identified.
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This paper aims to offer a profound analysis of the interrelations between smart city components connecting the cornerstones of the triple helix. The triple helix model has emerged as a reference framework for the analysis of knowledge-based innovation systems, and relates the multiple and reciprocal relationships between the three main agencies in the process of knowledge creation and capitalization: university, industry and government. This analysis of the triple helix will be augmented using the Analytic Network Process to model, cluster and begin measuring the performance of smart cities. The model obtained allows interactions and feedbacks within and between clusters, providing a process to derive ratio scales priorities from elements. This offers a more truthful and realistic representation for supporting policy-making. The application of this model is still to be developed, but a full list of indicators, available at urban level, has been identified and selected from literature review.
Conference Paper
Based on the "digital city", "smart city" is widely used in daily livelihood, environmental protection, public security, city services and other fields. In this paper, we mainly focus on recent research and the concept of "smart city", summarizing the relationship between "smart city" and "digital city", putting forward the main content of application systems as well as the importance and difficulty of the construction of "smart city", and making a brief statement of the influence of developing smart city in China.
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In this paper we put forward two ideas for monitoring the Smart Cities initiative in a better way. In developing the first idea, we study past and on-going initiatives in the field of sustainable cities and livable cities and their respective monitoring indicators to demonstrate that not only is a set of indicators needed for efficient monitoring, but also a final synthetic or aggregative index to visualize the initiative's achievements. Specifically, we propose the construction of synthetic indices using principal component analysis (PCA). The second idea attempts to anticipate the changes needed, especially with regard to data collection, to be introduced in current monitoring practices to assess a city's “smartness” accurately. We propose the use of real-time data instead of historical statistics as the basic information with which to construct a set of indicators to explain the initiative. A final index summarizing Smart Cities' real-time set of indicators is suggested in the conclusion.
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Nowadays, the large and small districts are proposing a new city model, called “the smart city”, which represents a community of average technology size, interconnected and sustainable, comfortable, attractive and secure. The landscape requirements and the solutions to local problems are the critical factors. The cities consume 75% of worldwide energy production and generate 80% of CO2 emissions. Thus, a sustainable urban model, “the smart city”, is sustained by the European Commission. In this paper, a model for computing “the smart city” indices is proposed. The chosen indicators are not homogeneous, and contain high amount of information. The paper deals with the computation of assigned weights for the considered indicators. The proposed approach uses a procedure based on fuzzy logic and defines a model that allows us to estimate “the smart city”, in order to access European funding. The proposed innovative system results in a more extended comprehension and simple use. Thus, the model could help in policy making process as starting point of discussion between stakeholders, as well as citizens in final decision of adoption measures and best evaluated options.
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Firms and other organizations use Technology Roadmapping (TRM) extensively as a framework for supporting research and development of future technologies and products that could sustain a competitive advantage. While the importance of technology strategy has received more attention in recent years, few research studies have examined how roadmapping processes are used to explore the potential convergence of products and services that may be developed in the future. The aim of this paper is to introduce an integrated roadmapping process for services, devices and technologies capable of implementing a smart city development R&D project in Korea. The paper applies a QFD (Quality Function Deployment) method to establish interconnections between services and devices, and between devices and technologies. The method is illustrated by a detailed case study, which shows how different types of roadmap can be coordinated with each other to produce a clear representation of the technological changes and uncertainties associated with the strategic planning of complex innovations.
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Cities form the heart of a dynamic society. In an open space-economy cities have to mobilize all of their resources to remain attractive and competitive. Smart cities depend on creative and knowledge resources to maximize their innovation potential. This study offers a comparative analysis of nine European smart cities on the basis of an extensive database covering two time periods. After conducting a principal component analysis, a new approach, based on a self-organizing map analysis, is adopted to position the various cities under consideration according to their selected “smartness” performance indicators.
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This paper describes the information technology (IT) foundation and principles for Smarter Cities™. Smarter Cities are urban areas that exploit operational data, such as that arising from traffic congestion, power consumption statistics, and public safety events, to optimize the operation of city services. The foundational concepts are instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent. Instrumented refers to sources of near-real-time real-world data from both physical and virtual sensors. Interconnected means the integration of those data into an enterprise computing platform and the communication of such information among the various city services. Intelligent refers to the inclusion of complex analytics, modeling, optimization, and visualization in the operational business processes to make better operational decisions. This approach enables the adaptation of city services to the behavior of the inhabitants, which permits the optimal use of the available physical infrastructure and resources, for example, in sensing and controlling consumption of energy and water, managing waste processing and transportation systems, and applying optimization to achieve new efficiencies among these resources. Additional roles exist in intelligent interaction between the city and its inhabitants and further contribute to operational efficiency while maintaining or enhancing quality of life.
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Near the end of October 2009, U.S. President Obama announced 3.4billioninfederalstimulusgrantsfor100projectsrelatedtothesmartgrid,aspartoftheAmericanReinvestmentandRecoveryAct,withanother3.4 billion in federal stimulus grants for 100 projects related to the smart grid, as part of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act, with another 4.7 billion expected to be matched by companies. The smart grid refers to a modernization of the existing power grid, which is characterized by unidirectional energy distribution, centralized energy generation, fixed consumer tariffs, and relatively simple meters. Most electricity meters are not capable of communications and must be read manually. Some meters are more advanced with communications capability, but the vast majority of them can only transmit data for remote reading and cannot receive data.
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