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عوامل شکست سیاست بهره‌وری انرژی در ایران

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فصلنامه سیاستگذاری عمومی بهره‌وری انرژی از جمله مهمترین موضوعات اقتصادی است که می‌تواند امنیت انرژی، محیط زیست سالم، کیفیت زندگی و رشد اقتصادی را به همراه داشته باشد. این موضوع در کشور ایران همانند بسیاری از کشور‌ها مورد توجه بوده است. خصوصا در سال‌های ۹۰-۱۳۸۹ که تلاش‌های جدی در سطح سیاستگذاری این حوزه صورت گرفت و سیاست‌ها و قوانین این حوزه تدوین، تصویب و ابلاغ گردید؛ اما متاسفانه این سیاست‌ها در عمل با موفقیت چندانی همراه نبوده است. وضعیت شاخص‌هایی همچون شدت مصرف انرژی، شکست این سیاست‌ها با توجه به اهداف پیش بینی شده را نشان می‌دهد. هدف این مقاله، شناسایی، تبیین و اولویت بندی عوامل موثر در شکست سیاستی در قالب چارچوب تحلیل شکست سیاست ارائه شده توسط مک کانل در بخش بهره‌وری انرژی ایران می‌باشد. تمرکز مقاله بر روی «سیاست های کلان اصلاح الگوی مصرف» و «قانون اصلاح الگوی مصرف» و در بازه سال‌های ۱۳۸۹ تا ۱۳۹۳ بوده است. متدلوژی مقاله مطالعه موردی بوده و از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، ۵ مصاحبه و یک گروه کانونی ۱۲ نفره استفاده شده و سپس با استفاده از تحلیل مضامین، ۲۷ عوامل زمینه ساز شکست سیاست های بهینه‌سازی انرژی شناسایی شدند. در گام نهایی پرسشنامه‌ای به منظور احصا عوامل با اهمیت بیشتر توزیع و با استفاده از روش تاپسیس داده‌های آن مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد عوامل «قیمت‌گذاری نامناسب حامل‌های انرژی»، «عدم پاسخگویی مناسب متولیان» و «مشخص نبودن دقیق متولیان اجرا در برخی حوزه‌ها» و «ساخت سیاسی کوتاه نگر» از اهمیت بیشتر برخوردارند.
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1- :
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
(Nakićenović,
Grübler, & McDonald, 1998)،



(EC,
2005)
(EC, 2006b)
(EC,
2006a)
(EC, 2008)

CO2(IEA, 2008)


(Osborn, Cutter, & Ullah, 2015)



(Van Soest & Bulte, 2001)

(WEC, 2008)






1
energy efficiency
2
Doing More with Less
3
A European strategy for reliable, competitive and sustainable energy supply
4
Action plan for energy efficiency
5
Climate action programme
6
By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
7
Energy Intensity

   
















2- 




(Golove & Eto, 1996)
(Lovins, 1976)(IEA,
2007a, 2007b)(Cagno,
Worrell, Trianni, & Pugliese, 2013)
1




(EC, 2009)
(IEA,
2014)



 
(United Nations Environment Programme, 2007)
Gleneagles


(Jollands et al., 2010).

(UN, 2015)
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
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
     

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

)(

1
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2
Using less energy to provide the same service
3
Necessary conditions

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






(Pritchett, Woolcock, &
Andrews, 2010)

 (Grant, 2009)   


(Davidson, 2005)              
(Deborah, 2002; Fischer, 2003)


(Hall, 2011)

1

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Foundationalism & scientific
(McConnell, 2010b)

(Pawson, 2006; Taylor & Balloch, 2005)








(Bovens, t’Hart, & Peters, 2001)

(Marsh & McConnell, 2010)



(Gastil, 2008)(Schneider & Ingram, 1997)(Schon & Rein, 1994)
(Bardach & Patashnik, 2009)(Althaus, Bridgman, & Davis, 2012)
(Marsh &
McConnell, 2010)



(Brändström & Kuipers, 2003)
""(Rose, 1984)

(Howlett, 2010)

(McConnell, 2010a)
1
Programed
2
Political
3
Process
4
Policy process


(McConnell, 2013)

(Davidson, 2005)

(Howlett, 2012)








1
IEA



 
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 
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 
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
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







EU







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EU
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1
International Energy Agency
2
Total primary energy supply(TPES)



(“IEA - International Energy Agency,” 2017)
















3- 






(Dubois & Gibbert, 2010)

(Saei, 2007)
(Bennett & Elman, 2006)















1
Focus Group
2
Thematic analysis


4- 










A
2
PA



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
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


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
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
A
4
PA

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
A
6
PA

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
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
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
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

(Islamic Parliament Research Center Of IRAN, 2013)






















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
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
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
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INTRODUCTION GOVERNMENT IN THE 1980S Identifying the Questions The Strategy of Analysis Chapter One Taking the Measure of Government Disaggregating Government How Big is Big? Patterns of Change CHAPTER TWO CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF BIG GOVERNMENT Economic and Social Influences upon the Size of Government Political Influences upon the Size of Government Consequences of Big Government CHAPTER THREE THE USE OF LAWS AS A POLICY RESOURCE The Inertia Accumulation of Laws Causes of Change in the Statute Book Consequences of Legislation CHAPTER FOUR RAISING TAX REVENUES The Variety of Taxes How and Why Taxes Grow Intentions and Consequences of Increasing Taxes CHAPTER FIVE THE WORK OF PUBLIC EMPLOYEES The Scale of Public Employment The Causes of Public Employment The Benefits of Public Employment CHAPTER SIX THE ORGANIZATIONS OF GOVERNMENT Identifying Government Organizations Causes of Organizational Change Do Organizations Matter? CHAPTER SEVEN COMBINING RESOURCES INTO PROGRAMMES The Manifold of Government Programmes Programme Growth and Change Declining Effectiveness and Continuing Consent? CHAPTER EIGHT THE LIMITS OF BIG GOVERNMENT The Big Problem Balancing Fiscal Loads Effectiveness A Choice Between Priorities Consent The First Priority of Government The First Priorities of People References Index
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