No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Can winter camelina, crambe, and brown mustard reduce soybean cyst nematode populations?
Abstract
Industrial oilseeds have a great potential in the northern Great Plains both as oilseeds and as cover crops sown following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest and before soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sowing in the following spring. One of the most important biotic stresses in soybean production is soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, SCN), a serious pest that affects 90% of the soybean producing areas in the U.S. The objective of this study was to evaluate the host status of and the SCN population reduction by, winter camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, cv. Joelle], crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst. Ex R.E.Fr., cv. BelAnn), and brown mustard (Brassica juncea L. cv. Kodiak). The experiments were performed in a growth chamber at 27°C for 35 days by planting the crops in soil naturally infested with SCN and autoclaved sandy soil artificially inoculated with two SCN populations from two fields in North Dakota. Soybean cyst nematode did not reproduce on brown mustard or camelina with a female index (FI) of 0, suggesting these are non-hosts, while it reproduced on crambe. The numbers of white females on crambe ranged from 1 to 13 per plant with FI of 0.2 to 1.1 in naturally infested soils, and 1 to 4 per plant with FI of 1.2 to 2.5 in artificially infested soils, thus crambe would be classified as a poor-host (FI < 10). Brown mustard and winter camelina reduced the SCN populations by an average of 51% and 48%, respectively, while crambe only reduced the populations by an average of 24%, across all the experiments with naturally infested soils when compared with the initial population levels. Both brown mustard and camelina consistently reduced the SCN populations but crambe did not steadily reduce the SCN populations when compared with the non-planted control (fallow). Further understanding the effects of these crops on SCN populations under natural field conditions is needed to determine if cover crops can be used for sustainable SCN management in SCN-infested soybean fields.
... This decrease resulted from progress in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) breeding and the expansion of these crops in agricultural regions (high profitability). At present, crambe is being effectively incorporated into common cropping systems in the USA which are dominated by monocultures (small grain cereals, maize, soybean) (Acharya et al., 2019). ...
... This is because all rapeseed cultivars (HEAR/LEAR/canola, etc.) have higher agricultural and energy requirements (fertilizers, plant protection agents) than crambe (Jankowski and Budzyński, 2003;Krzyżaniak et al., 2014). Crambe has favorable agronomic traits such as: (i) a short growing cycle (90-110 days) (Righini et al., 2016;Zanetti et al., 2016), (ii) tolerance to marginal soils (Ionov et al., 2013;Von Cossel et al., 2019), (iii) high resistance to soil salinity and heavy metal pollution (Hu et al., 2015), (iv) natural resistance to pests (Zhu, 2016), and (v) easy positioning in crop rotation (main crop, cover crop, double-and relay-cropping) (Bassegio et al., 2015;Janegitz et al., 2017;Acharya et al., 2019;Samarappuli et al., 2020). Crops with lower agronomic requirements, such as crambe, are less damaging to the environment because agricultural operations and inputs are responsible for 70-80% of greenhouse gas emissions in crop production (Maia et al., 2016). ...
Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fries) is an annual oilseed plant belonging to the family of Brassi-caceae. It is mostly cultivated for its high level of erucic acid. Crambe was field tested in Bałcyny in northeastern (NE) Poland in 2017-2019 to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization on the energy efficiency in the production of hulled seeds and total biomass (hulled seeds and straw). The N fertilizer rate (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha − 1) and the S fertilizer rate (0, 15, and 30 kg ha − 1) were the experimental variables. The energy input in the production technology without N and S fertilization was determined at 5.52 GJ ha − 1. The highest N (120 kg ha − 1) and S (30 kg ha − 1) rates caused a 2.7-fold increase in energy inputs. In NE Poland, crambe yields ranged from 1.14 to 1.78 (hulled seeds) and from 1.70 to 2.53 Mg ha − 1 DM (straw). The energy output in crambe production was 26.13-40.56 (seeds only) and 56.06-77.64 GJ ha − 1 (seeds and straw). The highest energy gain was noted after the application of 60 kg N ha − 1 and 30 kg S ha − 1 (25.57 GJ ha − 1 in seeds) or 90 kg N ha − 1 and 30 kg S ha − 1 (50.25 GJ ha − 1 in total biomass). The energy efficiency ratio of seeds (4.74-4.96) and total biomass (9.54-9.85) was highest in the production technology without N fertilization. Nitrogen (120 kg ha − 1) induced a nearly 2-fold decrease in the energy efficiency ratio of seeds and total biomass. Sulfur had a positive influence on the energy output (increase of 3-20%), energy gain (increase of 3-31%) and the energy efficiency ratio (increase of 3-17%) of crambe. The incorporation of S into the N fertilization regime alleviated the decrease in the energy efficiency ratio of crambe production induced by increasing N fertilizer rates.
... inhibited hatch of SCN (Wen et al., 2019). The density of SCN in soil was decreased by growing winter camelina (Camelina sativa L. Cranz) for 35 days in a growth chamber (Acharya et al., 2019), or growing cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for several months in fields and their subsequent incorporation into the soil (Wen et al., 2017). ...
... In this method, mung bean was sown in soil, grown for 2-4 weeks, and then incorporated into the soil. The benefit of mung bean growth and its incorporation requires only a short-term growth period, while other green manures require more than 1 month (Kushida et al., 2002(Kushida et al., , 2003Wen et al., 2017;Acharya et al., 2019). By this process, hatch of J2 was stimulated and SCN density was decreased (Chikamatsu et al., 2017). ...
Our previous study using pots reported that short-term growth of mung bean ( Vigna radiata ) may be useful to decrease the density of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines , in soil. The objective of this study was to determine whether short-term growth of mung bean and its incorporation by ploughing decreased SCN density in infested fields. Firstly, we did pot experiments to evaluate the optimum temperature and moisture for hatching in soil. SCN hatching was stimulated at 25 and 30°C and not at 20°C; however, it was stimulated at alternating temperature conditions between 20 and 25°C. Soil moisture levels with pF 2.76 or less were required to stimulate SCN hatch in soil. Field experiments were done in Saitama, Kanagawa and Nara Prefectures, Japan. SCN density was reduced by nearly half even in control plots, in which mung bean was not cultivated and ploughed, in Saitama and Nara Prefectures. However, SCN density was reduced by nearly 80% or more in the three Prefectures, except for one plot in Kanagawa, and the soil temperature and moisture conditions were kept at around 20-30°C and at <pF 2.8. Increase in yield of green soybean by SCN control was estimated at 350 kg (1000 m) ⁻² . Overall, the present study revealed that short-term field cultivation of mung bean and ploughing was a profitable method to decrease SCN density in infested fields and thereby to increase yield of green soybean.
... To this end, our robotic instrument was developed to simplify the extraction of nematode cysts and eggs from soil samples, which typically requires considerable time, labor, and patience of trained personnel when conventional extraction methods are used. Information gathered about the SCN population densities in their fields can reveal to soybean farmers if SCN levels are being kept consistently low (egg population density < 2000 per 100 cc. of soil) through use of standard management strategies of growing SCN-resistant soybean varieties in rotation with non-host crops [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] . Efforts also are underway by the agricultural industry to develop new resistant soybean varieties, nematode-protectant seed treatments, beneficial microbes, and transgenic resistance [43][44][45][46] . ...
Soybeans are an important crop for global food security. Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous soybean diseases, particularly the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). It is difficult to visually identify the presence of SCN in the field, let alone its population densities or numbers, as there are no obvious aboveground disease symptoms. The only definitive way to assess SCN population densities is to directly extract the SCN cysts from soil and then extract the eggs from cysts and count them. Extraction is typically conducted in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and involves repeated steps of sieving, washing, collecting, grinding, and cleaning. Here we present a robotic instrument to reproduce and automate the functions of the conventional methods to extract nematode cysts from soil and subsequently extract eggs from the recovered nematode cysts. We incorporated mechanisms to actuate the stage system, manipulate positions of individual sieves using the gripper, recover cysts and cyst-sized objects from soil suspended in water, and grind the cysts to release their eggs. All system functions are controlled and operated by a touchscreen interface software. The performance of the robotic instrument is evaluated using soil samples infested with SCN from two farms at different locations and results were comparable to the conventional technique. Our new technology brings the benefits of automation to SCN soil diagnostics, a step towards long-term integrated pest management of this serious soybean pest.
... Crop rotation and planting resistant varieties alone are not independently effective against SCN. Commercially, seed treatments with biological agents are available to protect against yield loss from SCN. e rotation of soybean with brown mustard or camelina reduced the number of soybeans than Crambe [102]. e sowing of soybean varieties with genomic resistance to the cyst nematode by sowing in rotations is effective in reducing this pest. ...
Soybean is a leguminous crop that originated from Southeast Asia, and it was domesticated in the northeastern parts of China. Recently, it has been highly produced in the United States of America, Brazil, and Argentina for cooking oil, protein, fiber and for the manufacturing of plastics, lubricants, candles, varnishes, soaps, and biodiesel. Nevertheless, in warm, moist, sandy soil conditions, its production is highly challenged by soybean cyst nematodes (Heterodera glycines). It caused more than 30% of soybean yield loss either alone or associated with other soybean pests under suitable environmental conditions. The second-stage juvenile (J2) of this pest inserted its stylet and penetrated into the cells to get its nourishment, shelter, and reproduction site on the soybean roots. Economically, the damage it caused was highly important because it had a wide host range and lacked adequate management methods. Hence, the reason behind the writing of this chapter is to explore the different published scientific papers related to soybean cyst nematode’s economic importance, distribution, symptoms, biology, life cycle, interaction with other pathogens, different management approaches, and its prospects. This chapter shall also embrace the advanced biotechnological innovations that help in achieving effective soybean cyst nematode management that will mitigate its infections in soybean production and will also serve as an asset for the researchers. This review chapter, in addition, plays a vital role in exploring necessary information concerning soybean cyst nematode management.
... In Brazil, recent studies identified crambe as a suitable break crop in rotation with soybean or as a summer cover crop (Bordin et al., 2020;Secco et al., 2021). Furthermore, in a controlled environment study, Acharya et al. (2019) showed that crambe is a poor host for soybean cyst nematodes. Taken together, these characteristics make crambe cultivation possible even in marginal land, avoiding the competition for arable land currently used for food production (Von Cossel et al., 2019). ...
Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst R.E. Fries) has recently attracted a renewed interest by the bio-based industry due to its high seed oil content (up to 57%), particularly erucic acid (up to 65% of total fatty acids), short growing cycle, and high drought tolerance. A field trial was conducted during four consecutive growing seasons (2016−19) in Greece, Poland, and Italy. The commercial crambe variety (Galactica) was sown in early, intermediate, and late sowing dates in spring at two seeding rates (LD: 100 seeds m⁻², and HD: 200 seeds m⁻²) in a factorial design at each test location. Mean crambe seed yields exceeded 1.5 Mg DM ha⁻¹ across all years and locations. Italy and Greece were the most productive sites, with average seed yields of 2.11 Mg DM ha⁻¹ and 1.97 Mg DM ha⁻¹, respectively. Oil yield, which was only determined in Italy and Poland, was about 30% greater in the southern environment (Italy). Nevertheless, 1000-seed weight was greater in Poland (6.49 g) than Italy (6.12 g), revealing that lower temperatures during seed filling resulted in heavier seeds. In conclusion, sowing date played a key role in crambe productivity, with the earliest sowing resulting in highest yields across all locations.
... To this end, our robotic instrument was developed to simplify the extraction of nematode cysts and eggs from soil samples, which typically requires considerable time, labor, and patience of trained personnel when conventional extraction methods are used. Information gathered about the SCN population densities in their fields can reveal to soybean farmers if SCN levels are being kept consistently low (egg population density < 2000 per 100 cc. of soil) through use of standard management strategies of growing SCN-resistant soybean varieties in rotation with non-host crops [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] . Efforts also are underway by the agricultural industry to develop new resistant soybean varieties, nematode-protectant seed treatments, beneficial microbes, and transgenic resistance [43][44][45][46] . ...
Soybeans are an important crop for global food security. Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous soybean diseases, particularly the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). It is difficult to visually identify the presence of SCN in the field, let alone its population densities or numbers, as there are no obvious aboveground disease symptoms. The only definitive way to assess SCN population densities is to directly extract the SCN cysts from soil and then extract the eggs from cysts and count them. Extraction is typically conducted in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and involves repeated steps of sieving, washing, collecting, grinding, and cleaning. Here we present a robotic instrument to reproduce and automate the functions of the conventional methods to extract nematode cysts from soil and subsequently extract eggs from the recovered nematode cysts. We incorporated mechanisms to actuate the stage system, manipulate positions of individual sieves using the gripper, recover cysts and cyst-sized objects from soil suspended in water, and grind the cysts to release their eggs. All system functions are controlled and operated by a touchscreen interface software. The performance of the robotic instrument is evaluated using soil samples infested with SCN from two farms at different locations and results were comparable to the conventional technique. Our new technology brings the benefits of automation to SCN soil diagnostics, a step towards long-term integrated pest management of this serious soybean pest.
... One of the main advantages of camelina toward other competing crops, also belonging to the Brassicaceae family (i.e., Crambe abyssinica, B. napus), is the shorter cycle, allowing the sowing of a second crop and likely aiding in reducing nematodes. Camelina has been reported to reduce soybean cyst nematodes (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) (Acharya et al. 2019). ...
Promoting crop diversification in European agriculture is a key pillar of the agroecological transition. Diversifying crops generally enhances crop productivity, quality, soil health and fertility, and resilience to pests and diseases and reduces environmental stresses. Moreover, crop diversification provides an alternative means of enhancing farmers’ income. Camelina ( Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) reemerged in the background of European agriculture approximately three decades ago, when the first studies on this ancient native oilseed species were published. Since then, a considerable number of studies on this species has been carried out in Europe. The main interest in camelina is related to its (1) broad environmental adaptability, (2) low-input requirements, (3) resistance to multiple pests and diseases, and (4) multiple uses in food, feed, and biobased applications. The present article is a comprehensive and critical review of research carried out in Europe (compared with the rest of the world) on camelina in the last three decades, including genetics and breeding, agronomy and cropping systems, and end-uses, with the aim of making camelina an attractive new candidate crop for European farming systems. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of what is still missing to scale camelina up from a promising oilseed to a commonly cultivated crop in Europe is also provided (1) to motivate scientists to promote their studies and (2) to show farmers and end-users the real potential of this interesting species.
... Camelina is highly resistant to flea beetles, fungi of the genus Alternaria, and fungal pathogens that cause blackleg, sclerotinia stem rot, brown girdling root rot, and downy mildew [14,15]. When grown as a cover crop or rotational crop, camelina effectively reduces populations of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) in soil, and it contributes to sustainable SCN management, in particular in regions where soybeans are grown extensively in simplified crop rotation systems, such as the Great Plains in the USA [16]. In recent years, camelina has been grown a cover crop in maize-soybean rotations [11], and it has been used to replace the predominant fallow-wheat cropping systems in the Great Plains [12]. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha⁻¹) and sulfur (0, 15, 30 kg ha⁻¹) fertilization on the energy efficiency ratio of spring camelina produced in north-eastern Poland. The energy inputs in the production of camelina ranged from 5.1 (without nitrogen and sulfur fertilization) to 17.7 GJ ha⁻¹ (160 kg N ha⁻¹ and 30 kg S ha⁻¹). The energy output of camelina produced without nitrogen or sulfur fertilizers was determined at 28.38 (seeds) and 61.53 GJ ha⁻¹ (seeds and straw). High rates of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization increased the energy output of camelina seeds and biomass by up to 186% and 155%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer applied at 120 kg ha⁻¹ decreased the energy efficiency ratio by 49% in seeds and by 55% in total biomass. The application of sulfur increased the energy efficiency ratio of seeds by 1-8%, and the energy efficiency ratio of total biomass by 1-5%. Sulfur enhanced the energy efficiency ratio of camelina in production technologies with high rates of nitrogen fertilization.
... [55]. Crambe was not effective in reducing the population of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) in soils, which suggests that this crop species is not suitable for sustainable management of pathogens in large-area soybean farms in SCN-infested regions [56]. However, due to its short growing cycle, the species could be a highly suitable preceding crop for winter cereals in Europe [46]. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg ha−1) and sulfur (0, 15, and 30 kg ha−1) fertilization on the morphometric parameters of plants, seed yield components, seed and straw yield, N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE), and quality of crambe seeds. The experiment had a randomized complete block design, and it was carried out in Bałcyny (northeastern Poland) in 2017–2019. In northeastern Poland, the average seed yields ranged from 0.96 to 1.64–1.82 Mg ha−1 (hulled seeds). Seed yield increased significantly in response to 120 kg N ha−1 and 15 kg S ha−1. The NFUE of crambe decreased by 28% with a rise in N rate. Hulled crambe seeds accumulated 324–394 g kg−1 DM of crude fat, 208–238 g kg−1 DM of total protein, and 118–137 g kg−1 DM of crude fiber. Nitrogen fertilization decreased the crude fat content (by 6%), and it increased the total protein content (by 11%) and the crude fiber content (by 14%) of crambe seeds. Sulfur fertilization increased crude fat content (by 4–5%) without inducing significant differences in the total protein content and the crude fat content of seeds.
... After the incorporation of crambe residues, nematicidal activity continued to the subsequent season. Acharya et al. [121], reported crambe as a poor host to SCN, and the evaluated crambe cultivar could in fact support SCN reproduction, but in a very low level. This emphasizes the need for further research to identify crambe cultivars with nematicidal activity towards different SCN populations. ...
Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) is an oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family. Crambe's ability to survive in diverse environmental conditions, its unique oil composition, the high oil content, suitability for the production of slip agents for plasticizers, the capacity to be easily included in common crop rotations, and its adaptability to equipment used for small grain cultivation has renewed the interest in this emerging crop. Crambe is considered one of the main sources of erucic acid, which can be up to 60% of its seed oil content. Erucic acid (C22:1) is a fatty acid with industrial importance since it is used to produce erucamide, key ingredient in the plastic industry. Inclusion of crambe into crop rotations can be beneficial because of its short life cycle, low fertility requirements, resistance to pest and diseases, and relative drought tolerance. Currently high erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (HEAR) is the principal source for erucic acid. However, the risk of contaminating food quality rapeseed (i.e., canola) by cross-pollination and the negative impact on climate, due to high inputs, are potential limitations to expand HEAR cultivation. Crambe has thus great potential to, at least, partially replace HEAR as a source of erucic acid, if the current knowledge-gap in agronomic management and crop improvement (seed yield and quality) can be addressed. Seed yield needs to be increased to be able to compete with HEAR. In addition, reducing glucosinolates and fiber in crambe meal may increase its inclusion in monogastrics rations. The objective of this review was to compile and summarize new and existing information on agricultural practices in crambe production and management to identify gaps in knowledge and areas for future research to increase the cultivation of crambe.
... The grains are small and round, approximately 0.3 cm in diameter. The plant is cited as a good host of M. javanica and M. incognita race 3, and poor host of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) (Acharya et al., 2019;Souza et al., 2019). Crambe cake is a residue from oil extraction for the production of biofuel and it is characterized by high concentrations (up to 50 mg g −1 ) of glucosinolates (Wallig et al., 2002). ...
... Camelina can reduce the population size of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in soil, which suggests that it could be used as a cover crop or a rotational crop for sustainable SCN management in SCN-infested regions where soybeans are grown over large areas (e.g. Northern Great Plains, USA) (Acharya et al., 2019). Another potential use of camelina is as a cover crop in maize-soybean rotations in the US Midwest (Berti et al., 2017). ...
Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] is an ancient and underutilized crop species with various potential applications
in the food and feed industries due to the high nutritional quality of its oil and high protein content.
Camelina has a short life cycle, therefore it can be included in rotation systems to promote more sustainable crop
production. The effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization on the morphometric parameters of spring
camelina plants (cv. Omega), seed yield components, biomass yield, N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) and the
processing suitability of seeds (crude fat content, total protein content, crude fiber content, fatty acid content
and composition) were evaluated in a field experiment in Bałcyny (north-eastern Poland) in 2016–2018. The
experiment had a randomized complete block design with factorial treatments, including five rates of N fertilizer
(0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha−1) and three rates of S fertilizer (0, 15, and 30 kg ha−1). Spring camelina plants
fertilized with N produced taller, thicker and more branched shoots. The average seed yield ranged from 1.60 to
2.51 Mg ha−1. In treatments fertilized with N rates up to 120 kg ha−1, seed yield increased by approximately
61% (by 0.89 Mg ha−1), mainly due to a higher number of silicles plant−1. Seed yield increased by 4–5% (by
0.09 Mg ha−1) in response to S rates up to 30 kg ha−1. After the application of 15–30 kg S ha−1, the NFUE of N
fertilizer rates higher than 40 kg ha−1 increased by 4–10% (80 kg N ha−1), 9–13% (120 kg N ha−1) and 32%
(160 kg N ha−1), respectively. The proportion of camelina seeds in biomass yield (harvest index) ranged from 36
to 48%, and increased with a rise in N rate. Nitrogen decreased the crude fat content of camelina seeds by 5%
and increased total fat content and crude fiber content by 9% and 36%, respectively. High N rates (160 kg ha−1)
increased the protein content of seeds only in treatments fertilized with S (15 or 30 kg ha−1). Sulfur increased
the crude fiber content of seeds only in treatments fertilized with N. In treatments without N fertilization, S
decreased the crude fiber content of seeds. Nitrogen fertilization induced a significant increase in the proportion
of PUFAs and a decrease in the proportion of MUFAs. Sulfur significantly increased the concentration of eicosanoid
acid, but it had no significant effect on the proportions of the remaining fatty acids or the total content of
SFAs, PUFAs and MUFAs.
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines ) is a major yield-reducing pathogen of soybean worldwide. Microplot experiments were conducted to evaluate ten cover crops for their effects on two SCN populations (SCN103 and SCN2W) collected from North Dakota, USA, soybean fields in 2019 and 2020. Experiments were conducted in a randomised complete block design using naturally infested field soil. A susceptible soybean ‘Barnes’ and non-planted natural soil (fallow) were used as controls. Plants were grown in outdoor conditions for 75 days before soil samples were collected. SCN eggs and juveniles were extracted from the soil samples to determine final population, population reduction and suppression. Soybean had significantly greater final population densities than all the cover crops and fallow. All cover crops and fallow reduced the initial densities of both SCN populations. All the cover crops, except chickling vetch ‘Pulse’, had lower final population densities than fallow and suppressed the SCN populations throughout the experiments. Sunnhemp (cultivar not stated; CNS), oilseed radish ‘Concorde’ and ‘Control’, and daikon radish ‘Eco-Till’ significantly reduced the SCN103 population compared to fallow. Sunnhemp, alfalfa ‘Bullseye’, and daikon radish had significant population reductions of SCN2W than fallow. Sunnhemp was found to have the greatest reductions in SCN populations ranging from 55 to 86% compared to the initial densities. This study demonstrated cover crop species/cultivars with the ability to reduce SCN populations in outdoor conditions, and the findings indicate that they could be utilised in infested fields to manage SCN.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if cover crops directly decrease population densities of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, and/or have residual effects on reproduction of the nematode on soybean (Glycine max). Population densities of SCN were not significantly decreased by nine cover crop plants or three cover crop mixes compared to a non-planted soil control in a repeated 60-day-long greenhouse experiment. When susceptible soybeans were grown in the soils after cover crop growth, fewer SCN females formed following three annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars (Bounty, King, and RootMax), the Daikon radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) cultivar CCS779, Kodiak mustard (Brassica juncea), and a mix containing cereal rye, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), plus Daikon radish (cultivars not stated) compared to following the non-planted control. In another repeated experiment, cover crops were grown for 56 days in SCN-infested soil in the greenhouse then exposed to Iowa winter conditions for 28 days to simulate winter termination of the plants. One treatment, a cover crop mix containing Bounty annual ryegrass plus Enricher Daikon radish, had a decrease in SCN population density greater than the non-planted control at the end of the experiment. Significantly fewer SCN females formed on soybeans grown following several cover crops, including the three annual ryegrass cultivars that had the suppressive residual effects in the first experiment. In summary, there were no cover crop treatments that consistently decreased SCN population densities across experiments, and only one cover crop treatment in one experiment significantly reduced SCN population densities more than a non-planted soil control. However, there was a somewhat consistent, adverse, residual effect of cover crops on reproduction of SCN on susceptible soybeans following growth of multiple cover crops.
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cover crop interseeding time and species effect on sugarbeet production during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. Cover crops were first interseeded in June and second interseeding was done in late June or early July. Four cover crops species, Austrian pea (Pisum sativum L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), winter camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], and brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.), were examined. First interseeding resulted in significantly higher cover crop biomass than second interseeding. In 2018, the highest recoverable sugar yield was observed with pea (13.9 Mg ha-1) and camelina (6.6 Mg ha-1) first-interseeded, at Ada and Downer, MN, respectively. In 2019, camelina (11.2 Mg ha-1) at Ada, MN, and pea (12.4 Mg ha-1) at Prosper, ND both second-interseeded, had the highest recoverable sugar yield. Cover crops had no negative impacts on sugarbeet, but the selection of species and planting time are critical.
Microplot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of cover crops on population reduction of a major soybean pest, soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in 2016 and 2017. Ten crop species, including annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. arvense), carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun), faba bean (Vicia faba Roth), foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L) P. Beauvois], daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.), turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa L.), and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) were planted along with susceptible soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Barnes] in soil naturally infested with each of two SCN populations (SCN103 and SCN2W) from two North Dakota soybean fields. Crops were grown in large plastic pots for 75 days in an outdoor environment (Microplot). Soil samples were collected from each pot for nematode extraction and SCN eggs were counted to determine the final SCN egg density. The population reduction was determined for each crop, and non-planted natural soil (fallow). All the tested crops and non-planted natural soil had significantly (P < 0.0001) lower final population densities compared to susceptible soybean (Barnes). Also, a significant difference (P < 0.0001) was observed between the SCN population suppressions caused by cover crops versus the fallow treatment. All cover crops except Austrian winter pea, carinata, faba bean, and foxtail millet had consistently lower SCN egg numbers than in fallow in both years of the experiments. The average population reductions of SCN by the cover crops ranged from 44 to 67% in comparison with the initial population density, while the fallow had natural reductions from 4 to 24%. Annual ryegrass and daikon radish reduced SCN egg numbers to a greater extent than the other cover crops, with an average of 65 and 67% reduction of initial population density, respectively from two years. The results suggested that cover crops reduced the SCN populations in external microplot conditions, and their use has great potential for improving SCN management in infested fields.
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is one of the most important pathogens of soybean. Periodic monitoring of SCN population densities and virulence phenotypes is necessary for developing management strategies utilizing resistant cultivars, the primary strategy used to combat this pest. Therefore, we conducted a statewide survey of Missouri to determine SCN population densities and virulence phenotypes during 2015-2016 and compared these results with a similar survey conducted in 2005. SCN population densities were determined for 393 soil samples representing 74 soybean-producing counties across eight geographical regions of Missouri. Eighty-eight percent of samples tested positive for SCN, up from 50% in 2005, and population densities ranged from 125 to 99,000 eggs per 250 cm3 of soil. The virulence phenotypes of 48 SCN populations also were determined. For this, female indices (FI) were calculated by dividing the mean number of females that develop on the roots of a set of resistant soybean indicator lines by the mean number of females that develop on the roots of susceptible cultivar Lee74 after 30 days in the greenhouse then multiplying by 100 to obtain a percentage. Notably, all SCN populations evaluated during 2015-2016 had a FI > 10 on PI 88788, the most widely used source of resistance in Missouri, in contrast to 78% in 2005. Moreover, 50% of these populations had a FI > 50 on PI 88788, up from 16% in 2005. Forty-three percent of populations tested also had a FI > 10 on Peking, the second most common source of resistance by farmers. Our results show that over the last decade, SCN has become more prevalent in Missouri fields. Additionally, the percentage of individuals within SCN field populations that are virulent on PI 88788 and Peking has markedly increased. The results stress the importance of rotating cultivars with different types of resistance when using resistant cultivars to manage SCN.
Field trials were conducted from 2010 to 2013 at four locations in Illinois to evaluate the impact of cover crops (cereal rye [Secale cereal], brown mustard [Brassica juncea], winter canola [B. napus], and winter rapeseed [B. napus]) on soybean [Glycine max] stands and yield, diseases, pathogen populations, and soil microbial communities. Cover crops were established in the fall each year and terminated the following spring either by using an herbicide (no-till farms), by incorporation (organic farm), or by an herbicide followed by incorporation (research farm). Although shifts in soilborne pathogen populations and microbial community structure were not detected, cover crops were found to induce general soil suppressiveness in some circumstances. Cereal rye and rapeseed improved soybean stands in plots inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and decreased levels of soybean cyst nematode in the soil. Cereal rye increased soil suppressiveness to R. solani and Fusarium virguliforme, as measured in greenhouse bioassays. Cereal rye significantly improved yield when Rhizoctonia root rot was a problem.
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the most important yield-limiting pathogen of soybean in the United States. In South Dakota, SCN has been found in 29 counties, as of 2016, and continues to spread. Determining the virulence phenotypes (HG types) of the SCN populations can reveal the diversity of the SCN populations and the sources of resistance that would be most effective for SCN management. To determine the HG types prevalent in South Dakota, 250 soil samples were collected from at least three arbitrarily selected fields in each of the 28 counties with fields previously found to be infested with SCN. SCN was detected in 82 fields (33%), and combined egg and juvenile counts ranged from 200 to 65,200 per 100 cm3 of soil. Eggs and juveniles were extracted from each soil sample and were used to infest seven SCN HG type test indicator soybean lines and ‘Williams 82’ as the susceptible check. A female index (FI) was calculated based on the number of females found on each indicator line relative to those on the susceptible check. A FI equal to or greater than 10% in any line was assigned as that HG type. Out of 73 SCN populations for which HG type tests were done, 63% had FI ≥10% on PI 548316 (indicator line #7), 25% on PI 88788 (#2), 19% on PI 209332 (#5), 7% on PI 548402 (#1), 4% on PI 90736 (#3), and 4% on PI 89722 (#6). None of the SCN populations had FI ≥10% on PI 437654 (indicator line #4). The most prevalent HG types were 0, 2.5.7, and 7. These accounted for 81% of all the HG types determined for the samples tested. HG types with ≥10% reproduction on indicator lines PI 88788, PI 209332, and PI 548317 were most prevalent in the soil samples tested, suggesting that the use of these sources of resistance for developing SCN resistant cultivars should be avoided. For sustainable SCN management, use of resistant cultivars should be rotated with nonhost crops and cultivars with different sources of resistance.
Social, economic and environmental importance of bio-based economy is rapidly growing and
vegetable oils play an important role. About 75% of global production of vegetable oils
derives from commodity oilseeds (i.e., soybean, oil palm, rapeseed),
while the remaining 25% is produced from minor oilseeds characterized by unusual fatty
acid composition. The present review aims at analyzing the potentialities of two
alternative oilseed crops for Europe, camelina (Camelina sativa) and
crambe (Crambe abyssinica), identified as major candidates for the future
European bio-based economy as testified by the recently funded EU Project (Horizon 2020)
COSMOS (Camelina and crambe Oil crops as Sources of Medium-chain Oils for Specialty
oleochemicals). The interest on camelina and crambe is mainly due to their unique fatty
acid profile, low input management and wide environmental adaptability. We attempted to
analyze pros and cons of development of camelina and crambe in Europe in the light of
biorefinery concept (i.e., using oil and whole produced biomass) as
undertaken by COSMOS project.
The growing demand for renewable feedstock as a substitute for petroleum-derived products offers a unique opportunity for conventional and new oilseeds in Europe. This review compares twenty-four oilseed species relative to oil composition and potential adaptability to different regions of Europe. Widely cultivated species, such as oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), are compared with new species, some of which are well documented in literature, while others are still underdeveloped. The possible geographical allocation in Europe is discussed taking into account physiological and agronomical constraints. Only vernonia (Vernonia galamensis L.) and stokes aster (Stokesia spp.) appear unsuitable to European environments due to obligated photoperiod requirements. Species such as Cuphea spp., echium (Echium plantagineum L.), borage (Borago officinalis L.), and euphorbia (Euphorbia lagascae L.) have still considerable physiological constraints, e.g., lack of seed retention, seed dormancy, and indeterminate growth. The scenario for honesty (Lunaria annua L.), lesquerella (Physaria fendleri L.), field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), and calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) is less clear, as the proper agronomic management is still greatly unknown. Finally, Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.), brown mustard (B. juncea L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinica Cranz), meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba L.), and camelina (Camelina sativa L.) emerged as mature oilseed crops for large-scale cultivation and commercialization. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), are cultivated crops worldwide, and their re-introduction into Europe, could probably increase the number of oilseed crops cultivated in a short term.
Weeds can be alternate hosts of soybean cyst nematode (SCN), a major pathogen of soybean in the United States. Weed species from the northern soybean production area of North Dakota-northern Minnesota have not been evaluated for host suitability. Fifty-one weed species with multiple collections from different locations, representing 13 families were evaluated as hosts of SCN. Weeds were inoculated with SCN HG type 0 and a female index (FI) was calculated by comparing reproduction to that on Barnes, a susceptible soybean cultivar. Thirty-three weed species had not previously been tested. For 20 weed species, no reproduction on roots was observed on any collection. For 31 weed species, SCN females developed on roots of one or more collection, but only two weeds, henbit and field pennycress, allowed substantial reproduction with average FI's of 30.5 to 38, respectively; the other 29 species had average FI's of less than 10 and thus were defined as poor hosts. Twenty-six of the weed species from 11 plant families were newly identified hosts of SCN. Collections of species varied in host suitability. Although most weeds were non-hosts or poor hosts, the number of weeds that supported limited SCN reproduction indicates that weed hosts could influence SCN survival and reproduction in the upper Great Plains. Few weed species, however, are major hosts of SCN in this region.
Accepted 10 December 2014. Published 28 January 2015.
The potential of plant residues and plant root exudates, from a range of traditional and nontraditional crop species, to protect soybean (Glycine max (L.)) plants against Heterodera glycines (Ichinohe) was examined in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. Plant residues from nonhosts Lespedeza capitata Michx, Lespedeza intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt, Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem, Lolium multiflorum (Lam.), Lolium perenne (L.), Lupinus perennis (L.), Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., Medicago sativa (L.), Trifolium pratense (L.), Fairway B Lawngrass mixture, and Pisum sativum (L.) reduced the number of H. glycines juveniles in the soil prior to planting soybeans and subsequently in the roots of soybeans. Root exudates of nonhosts Lespedeza capitata, Trifolium hybridum (L.), Trifolium repens (L.), Lolium multiflorum, Lupinus perennis, Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Vicia villosa (Roth), Medicago sativa, and of the host G. max increased the egg hatching rate of H. glycines in comparison to the water control. In addition, root exudates of Trifolium repens and Lolium multiflorum increased egg hatching by 37.9 and 46.6%, respectively, compared to root exudates of soybeans. Root exudates of Trifolium repens, Lolium multiflorum, E. crusgalli, Lupinus perennis, Trifolium hybridum, Medicago sativa, and G. max significantly increased neutral lipid utilization of H. glycines juveniles in comparison to the control. Overall, Lolium multiflorum was the most effective of all species tested for reducing populations of H. glycines, by increasing egg hatching of the nematode in the absence of a host, depleting lipid reserves of the juveniles, and inducing the lowest nematode parasitism of all nonhost residues studied.
A technique was developed in the early 1980's for recovery and quantification of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) cysts from soil and soybean roots. Cysts were collected on sieves and counted on lincd filter paper. This technique could be applied to other particles of similar dimension and density.
Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, is a major yield-limiting pathogen in most soybean production areas worldwide. Field populations of H. glycines exhibit diversity in their ability to develop on resistant soybean cultivars. Since 1970, this diversity has been characterized by a bioassay used to assign a race classification to a population. The value of the race scheme is reflected in the number and quality of resistant soybean cultivars that have been developed and released by soybean breeders and nematologists working in concert. However, the race scheme also has been misapplied as a means of studying H. glycines genotypes, in part due to the use of the term "race." For fungal and bacterial pathogen species, "race" can theoretically be applied to individuals of a population, thus allowing inference of individual genotypes. Application of a race designation to an individual egg or second-stage juvenile (J2) of H. glycines is not possible because a single J2 cannot be tested on multiple hosts. For other nematode species, "race" is defined by host ranges involving different plant species, whereas the H. glycines race test involves a set of lines of the same plant species. Nonetheless, because H. glycines populations vary in genetic diversity, and this variation has implications for management strategies, a mechanism is needed for documenting and discussing population differences. The HG Type scheme described herein avoids the implication of genetic uniformity or predictability in contrast to the way the race scheme has been used.
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most economically important pathogen of soybean in the United States. Most of the SCN-resistant cultivars being grown in this region have resistance derived from a single source, Plant Introduction (PI) 88788. A survey conducted in 2005 showed that 83% of the soybean hectarage in Illinois is infested with SCN, with average population densities high enough to cause significant yield suppression (2,700 eggs/100 cm ³ soil). Further characterization of these populations showed that 70% have adapted to PI 88788 at some level, reducing the effectiveness of using SCN-resistant cultivars as a crop management tool. Rotation with alternative sources of resistance is recommended as a means to slow the adaptation to PI 88788.
Accepted for publication 11 October 2007. Published 18 January 2008.
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major yield-reducing pathogen of soybeans in North America. The nematode is an introduced pest and, therefore, knowledge of the distribution of SCN can be helpful in identifying areas where scouting and management efforts should be focused. Such information is especially important because yield-reducing infestations of SCN can occur without obvious above-ground symptoms appearing. In late 2016, nematologists, plant pathologists, and state plant regulatory officials from the soybean-producing states in the United States and provinces in Canada were queried to obtain the latest information on where the nematode had been found. An updated map of the known distribution of SCN in North America was also created. There were 17 states in which SCN was newly found since 2014, when the map was last updated, including the first discovery of SCN in the state of New York. North Dakota was the state with the greatest number of counties, seven, in which SCN had been newly discovered since 2014. This updated information illustrates that the nematode continues to spread throughout the soybean-growing areas of the continent and emphasizes that continued efforts to scout for and manage SCN are warranted.
Management of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) relies heavily on use of SCN-resistant soybean varieties to limit nematode reproduction and minimize yield loss. For Iowa, almost all SCNresistant soybean varieties contain SCN resistance genes from a breeding line named Plant Introduction (PI) 88788. Iowa State University conducts experiments to evaluate numerous SCNresistant and three to four SCN-susceptible soybean varieties in up to nine field experiments across Iowa each year. Data on SCN population density, virulence (SCN race and HG type), soybean yield, precipitation, and growing degree days frommore than 25,000 fourrow plots in field experiments conducted from 2001 to 2015 were analyzed to determine how these factors affected SCN reproduction and yield. SCN population densities were positively correlated with temperatures and negatively associated with precipitation during the growing seasons, indicating that SCN reproduction was greatest in hot, dry years. Over the years, virulence of SCN populations on PI 88788 increased in the fields in which the experiments were conducted, resulting in increased end-of-season SCN population densities and reduced yields of SCN-resistant soybean varieties with the PI 88788 source of resistance. These results indicate that soybean yield loss caused by SCN on resistant varieties with the common PI 88788 source of resistance likely will increase as virulence of SCN populations increases unless new sources of resistance become widely available and used in the future.
Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of cover crop species to infection by Fusarium virguliforme (Fv), a soilborne fungus that causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines), both important soybean pathogens. In the SDS experiments, cover crops were planted in Fv-infested soil, and plants were assessed for fresh biomass, root rot severity, foliar symptoms, and amount of Fv DNA in roots. Inoculated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) had more root necrosis than the noninoculated controls, and Fv DNA quantities in roots did not differ from those found in soybean roots. Inoculated alfalfa, corn (Zea mays L.), crimson clover, oat (Avena sativa L.), red clover, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) plants had lower biomass compared to noninoculated controls, although corn, oat, and turnip had no root necrosis. Biomass reduction and root necrosis were not observed in inoculated hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), false flax (Camelina sativa [L.] Crantz), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R.Br.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and Fv DNA quantity in the roots of these species was lower than in soybean. These results suggest that the legume species tested are hosts of Fv whereas grasses and Brassicas spp. are nonhosts or poor hosts. In the SCN experiment, select leguminous and nonleguminous cover crop plants were grown in soil naturally infested with SCN, and the number of females formed per root after 30 days was determined. There were very few (zero to five) SCN females on the roots of multiple varieties of leguminous cover crop species studied. No females were recovered from the roots of any of the nonleguminous species studied, except for a single female on four plants from three different species. None of the cover crop plants studied were susceptible hosts for SCN. With the increasing interest in using cover crops as a soil conservation practice in corn-soybean production systems, it is important to understand how this practice would impact major soybean diseases. Knowing the impact that cover crops may have on SDS and SCN is important to help farmers make better decisions when planting cover crops in areas with history of these diseases. © 2017 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved.
Crop damage by the sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN) can be mitigated by trap plants planting. We studied the effect of planting two commercial cultivars of oilseed radish ‘Adagio’ and ‘Colonel’ and white mustard ‘Luna’ and ‘Accent’ on SBCN population levels in two locations in Iran in 2009–11, and the subsequent response of sugar beets. Trap plants significantly reduced the number of nematode eggs + J2 with differences between cultivars. Reproductive rates reduction were 70 and 82–93% respect to the fallow control plots in the Isfahan and Khorasan Razavi locations, respectively. Sugar beets grown after incorporating oilseed radish and white mustard forage to soil in Isfahan had significantly higher yields (1.29–1.91%) compared with the fallow control. However, in Khorasan Razavi the sugar yield increased by 1.36% only in plots planted with oilseed radish ‘Adagio’. Sugar beet after oilseed radish ‘Adagio’ and ‘Colonel’ and white mustard ‘Accent’ in Isfahan, and after oilseed radish ‘Colonel’ in Khorasan Razavi also had higher sugar content (1.66–1.95 and 1.23%, respectively) compared with the control.
Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz.] is an industrial oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family with multiple uses. Currently, camelina is not used as a cover crop, but it has the potential to be used as such in maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping systems. The objective of this study was to determine the agronomic performance of winter camelina intersown as a cover crop into standing soybean or maize prior to their harvest. Experiments were conducted in Fargo, ND in 2014, Prosper, ND, in 2015, and in Morris, MN in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The main plot was row spacing (61 and 76 cm in maize, 31 and 61 cm in soybean) while the sub-plot was maize or soybean growth stage at relay-sowing of camelina. Winter camelina was sown on four different dates: Date 1 (SD1), at the same sowing date as maize and soybean, Date 2 (SD2) at V4-V5 of maize and V3-V4 of soybean growth stages, Date 3 (SD3) at ‘silking’ of maize and R1-R2 stage of soybean, and Date 4 (SD4) after maize and soybean harvest. Camelina establishment into standing maize and soybean largely depended on rainfall after sowing. Camelina intersown on SD1 resulted in lower maize and soybean grain and biomass yield of 14 and 10%, respectively, whereas intersowing after SD2 had no significant effect on yield.. Camelina N accumulation varied between 24 and 59 kg N ha⁻¹ and P accumulation ranged between 4.3 and 9.2 kg P ha⁻¹ in the spring when sown after maize and between 14 and 57 kg N ha⁻¹ and 1.5 and 6.9 kg P ha⁻¹ after soybean. Results indicate that camelina intersown after V4-V5 of maize or V3-V4 of soybean stages will likely avoid competition with the primary cash crop. Camelina establishment and winter survival was best when sown after maize and soybean harvest, and tended to be greater in soybean. However, there are many unanswered questions on camelina intersowing management. New research will allow optimization of intersowing management to increase yields of both crops while enhancing ecosystem services.
Recent findings indicate that double- or relay-cropping winter camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz.) with, forage, or food crops can increase yield per area, improve energy balance, and provide several ecosystem services. Double-cropping can help balance food and energy production. The objective of this study was to determine the environmental impact of double- and relay-cropping systems as compared with monocultured maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the Midwest, USA. Ten crop sequences composed of double- and relay-cropped forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] and soybean with winter camelina were evaluated and compared with their monoculture counterparts. The environmental aspects evaluated included global warming potential (GWP), abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. Additionally, provisioning and regulating ecosystem services were estimated, including: primary aboveground productivity, soil erosion, and biodiversity in each crop sequence. The analysis was conducted from ‘cradle-to-gate’, including only the agricultural phase. Global warming potential estimated by three different methods indicated that winter camelina as a monocrop had a GWP of 579 to 922 kg CO2e ha− 1. Maize in monoculture had higher GWP than all other double- and relay-cropping systems studied. The higher emissions of double- and relay-cropping systems and maize can be explained by higher N fertilizer application, which led to greater field N2O emissions. Also, the additional sowing and harvesting of the double- or relay-crop increased CO2 emissions due to increased diesel use. Winter camelina as a monocrop had the lowest values in all impact categories, indicating camelina agricultural production phase has low environmental impact compared with maize and soybean in monoculture. Double- and relay- cropping systems increased primary productivity per unit area and biodiversity and reduced soil erosion potential. Increasing productivity with the additional environmental benefits of these systems may encourage more farmers to adopt sustainable agricultural practices.
Camelina [Camelina sativa L. Crantz] is an annual oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family that has been cultivated since 4000 BCE. Recently, interest in its oil, meal and the developed products has increased research in this crop. This renewed interest is evidenced by the tremendous increase in peer-reviewed publications containing the word ?camelina?. Databases report 335 publications between 2013 and 2016, with 149 of those published since 2015. The objective of this review was to compile and summarize new and existing information in order to identify gaps in knowledge and areas for future research. This review includes the most recent publications in camelina description and origin, uses, genetics, genomics, breeding, molecular genetics, physiology, agronomic management, and ecosystem services. Although the breadth of research in camelina over the last few years is impressive, several areas that would benefit from further research were identified. The development of new uses and the refinement of existing uses from camelina oil and meal will continue to add value to this crop. Advances in genetics, breeding, and genomics will speed up the development of high yielding camelina cultivars, with improved seed quality as well as disease and insect resistance. Understanding and improving freezing tolerance in camelina will advance the use of winter camelina as a cover crop or cash cover crop in double and relay cropping systems. Better management practices and weed control alternatives will be needed to increase camelina production worldwide. Lastly, commercial development of camelina will add one more crop to the already low agricultural diversity in many parts of the world.
The biocidal activity of various isothiocyanates (ITCs) released by Brassica tissues is well-known for its potential to suppress a range of soil-borne pests and diseases. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporating fresh crucifer residue on root knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla inoculum density, root knot disease development and celery yield. The ethanol extracts of cabbage, cauliflower, radish and Chinese cabbage leaves after harvest was applied to moist soil with high nematode population and covered with low density polyethylene sheets (50 micron thickness). After 15 days the sheet was removed and celery seedlings were planted. Observation on shoot length, root length, green leaf and stalk yield and nematode population were recorded. Biofumigation with sulphur containing cruciferous vegetable waste at the rate of 1kg/5 kg soil was found to reduce significantly the root knot nematode, M.hapla infecting celery and enhance plant growth and yield. Among the various sources evaluated radish leaf residue was the most effective resulting in 60.6 % reduction in nematode population in soil and 41.9% increase in celery green leaf and stalk yield compared to untreated control.
In greenhouse experiments, Ohio accessions of 22 weed species representing 13 dicot families were screened as alternative hosts of soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines). Purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and a susceptible soybean (Glycine max) cultivar produced SCN population densities of 510, 155, 73, 1, and 366 cysts/450 cm3 soil, respectively, 5 wk after inoculation with eggs from a race 3 SCN population. Purple deadnettle was also a strong host of race 1 SCN and a weak host of race 6 SCN. Average numbers of eggs/cyst among race 3 hosts were highest in purple deadnettle (357), followed by soybean (292), field pennycress (266), henbit (122), and shepherd's-purse (none detected). To our knowledge, henbit is the only SCN host identified here that has been previously identified as a host. The weeds identified as SCN hosts in this study have a winter annual life cycle in Ohio and may serve as sites for SCN reproduction in infested fields during the early or late growing season and when soybean plants are absent.
Sustainably balancing biofuel crop production with food, feed, and fiber on agricultural lands will require developing new cropping strategies. Double- and/or relay-cropping winter camelina (Camelina sativa L.) with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may be a means to produce an energy and food crop on the same land in a single year. A study was conducted between 2009 and 2011 in west central Minnesota to evaluate yields, seed quality, economics, and within-field energy balance of winter camelinasoybean double-and relay-cropping systems compared with a conventional monocropped full-season soybean. Systems included methods to hasten camelina harvest (e. g., swathing and desiccating) to promote early soybean growth. Camelina seed yields were unaffected by cropping system and ranged from 1.1 to 1.3 Mg ha(-1). Relay-cropped soybean yields were greater than double-cropped soybean and were 58 to 83% of that for the monocropped control. Seed oil and protein content of double-and relay-cropped soybean were comparable to their monocropped counterpart and combined seed oil yield for the dual crop systems was as much as 50% greater. Net economic returns for the relay-crop treatments were competitive with that of the full-season soybean. Moreover, net energy of the relay-crop treatments was generally as high as the sole soybean crop, but energy efficiency (outputs/inputs) was less due to greater inputs. Results indicate that dual cropping of winter camelina with soybean is agronomically viable for the upper Midwest and might be an attractive system to growers seeking a "cash" cover crop.
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is a destructive pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Field research was conducted at Waseca and Lamberton, MN, from 1996 through 1999 to evaluate the effect of crop sequence on SCN population density and on crop yields. Cropping sequence treatments were (i) monocultures of corn (Zea mays L.), SCN-resistant soybean, and SCN-susceptible soybean; (ii) susceptible soybean rotated with 1, 2, or 3 yr of corn; (iii) resistant soybean rotated annually with corn; and (iv) rotation of corn-resistant soybean-corn-susceptible soybean. Egg density was determined at sowing and harvest, and crop yields were determined each year. In general, yields of resistant soybean were higher than susceptible soybean. Resistant soybean in annual rotation with corn produced the highest yield, and susceptible soybean in monoculture produced the lowest yield among all treatments. A longer period of corn in rotation resulted in higher yield of subsequent susceptible soybean in most instances. Yields of corn following corn were lower than following soybean. Egg density at the start of the study was 6994 and 14 000 eggs 100 cm-3 soil at Waseca and Lamberton, respectively. Average Pf/Pi (egg density at harvest/egg density at sowing) was 0.59 (0.23-0.86) for corn, 0.49 (0.21-0.73) for resistant soybean, and 3.3 (0.74-9.91) for susceptible soybean for all treatments at the two sites across the 4-yr period. After 3 yr of corn, egg density decreased to 889 and 3695 eggs 100 cm-3 soil at Waseca and Lamberton, respectively. Annual rotation of resistant soybean and corn resulted in the lowest SCN population density and produced the highest yield of both crops.
In order to assess the efficacy of Crotalaria juncea and C. spectabilis as trap crops against the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, rates of hatching of H. glycines eggs in the root leachate, penetration into Crotalaria roots by H. glycines juveniles and their development in the roots, and the effects of planting these Crotalaria species on population density of H. glycines in soil were investigated. The rates of hatching of H. glycines eggs in the root leachates from C. juncea and C. spectabilis were significantly greater than the rates in distilled water and in the leachates from non-host plants. Stimulation of hatching by C. juncea was significantly greater than that by C. spectabilis and similar to that by the host plant, kidney bean. The number of second-stage juveniles that penetrated Crotalaria roots was similar to the number that penetrated soybean roots, but most of the second-stage juveniles in Crotalaria roots did not develop to an advanced stage of growth. The population density of H. glycines in soil in which Crotalaria had been planted decreased significantly compared with that in fallow soil (no plants) in both pot and field plot tests. The effect of planting C. juncea on reduction in population of the nematode in soil was generally greater than that of C. spectabilis. From the results of these experiments, it was concluded that the use of Crotalaria, especially C. juncea, as a trap crop is a promising method for reducing the population density of H. glycines.
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a host of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN: Heterodera glycines) Twenty-four cultivars of dry bean representing pinto, navy, black, and kidney bean classes were evaluated for host suitability for SCN HG type 0 in the greenhouse. Females of SCN developed normally on all dry bean cultivars in 30 days. Eggs collected from roots of dry bean plants were as effective as inoculum for soybean as eggs collected from roots of soybean. Averaged over experiments, the number of SCN females per plant was significantly lower (P <= 0.001) on pinto, navy, and black bean than on the susceptible soybean Lee 74. There was no difference in the number of females between kidney bean and soybean. Numbers of females per plant differed (P <= 0.001) among navy cultivars but not among cultivars in the other three bean classes. A female index (F1 = the average number of females on the test plant divided by the average number of females on the susceptible soybean Lee 74 x 100) was calculated for each cultivar to evaluate resistance of SCN. Fls varied from 5 to 117, indicating a range of susceptibility in the crop. Kidney bean averaged the highest F1 at 110, followed by navy, pinto, and black at F1 = 41, 39, and 16, respectively. SCN is a potential threat to dry bean in the northern production area of North Dakota and northern Minnesota.
Sixty-two cultivars/varieties of thirteen crops grown in the northern Great Plains were evaluated for suitability as hosts of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) (HG type 0) using soybean Lee 74 as the susceptible host. “Cone-tainers” with autoclaved sand were infested with 2,000 eggs placed into a 2-cm × 1-cm hole and then a 3-day-old germinated seed was placed in the hole. “Cone-tainers” were placed in sand in plastic pots immersed in a water bath at 27°C in the greenhouse. Plants were harvested after 30 days, and females were extracted and counted. A female index (FI = the average number of females on the test plant divided by the average number of females on soybean Lee 74 times 100) was calculated for each cultivar to assess host suitability to the nematode. FI's ≥ 10 indicated a suitable host. Canola, clover, lentil, and sunflower were nonhosts (no evidence of reproduction), while borage, camelina, chickpea, crambe, cuphea, field pea, nyjer, and safflower were poor hosts for SCN with FI's less than 8. Lupines were the only suitable host with FI's of 42 to 57. This is the first report of reproduction of SCN on chickpea, crambe, cuphea, and nyjer.
Accepted for publication 2 December 2009. Published 15 March 2010.
Research must focus on management of diseases that cause extensive losses, especially when funds for research are limited. Knowledge of yield suppression caused by various soybean diseases is essential when prioritizing research. The objective of this project was to compile estimates of soybean yield suppression due to diseases in the USA from 1996 to 2007. The goal was to provide information to help funding agencies and scientists prioritize research objectives and budgets. Yield suppression due to individual diseases varied among years. Soybean cyst nematode suppressed USA soybean yield more from 1996 to 2007 than any other disease. Phytophthora root and stem rot ranked second among diseases that most suppressed yield seven of 12 years. Seedling diseases and charcoal rot also suppressed soybean yield during these years. Research and extension efforts must be expanded to provide more preventive and therapeutic disease management strategies for producers to reduce disease suppression of soybean yield.
Accepted for publication 25 February 2009. Published 1 April 2009.
During August 2003, soybean (Glycine max) plants from Richland County, North Dakota with white-to-yellow, lemon-shaped structures on the roots were brought to the North Dakota State University Plant Diagnostic Laboratory. To confirm that the structures were females of a cyst nematode, they were crushed and observed microscopically to determine if nematode eggs and second-stage juveniles were present. Morphology of the second-stage juveniles was consistent with Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). A survey was conducted in soybean fields in 34 km2 around the field in which the samples originated. Ten of twenty fields surveyed had visible females on the roots of plants. Symptoms observed in those fields included patches of stunted, chlorotic, and dead plants. Soil samples were collected from selected areas within eight fields, eggs were extracted using standard soil sieving techniques, and egg numbers were determined. Egg numbers ranged from 550 to 20,000 eggs per 100 cm3 of soil. SCN colle...
In greenhouse experiments, Ohio accessions of 22 weed species representing 13 dicot families were screened as alternative hosts of soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines). Purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and a susceptible soybean (Glycine max) cultivar produced SCN population densities of 510, 155, 73, 1, and 366 cysts/450 cm(3) soil, respectively, 5 wk after inoculation with eggs from a race 3 SCN population. Purple deadnettle was also a strong host of race 1 SCN and a weak host of race 6 SCN. Average numbers of eggs/cyst among race 3 hosts were highest in purple deadnettle (357), followed by soybean (292), field pennycress (266), henbit (122), and shepherd's-purse (none detected). To our knowledge, henbit is the only SCN host identified here that has been previously identified as a host. The weeds identified as SCN hosts in this study have a winter annual life cycle in Ohio and may serve as sites for SCN reproduction in infested fields during the early or late growing season and when soybean plants are absent.
Our society is highly depending on petroleum for its activities. About 90% is used as an energy source for transportation and for generation of heat and electricity and the remaining as feedstocks in the chemical industry. However, petroleum is a finite source as well as causing several environmental problems such as rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Petroleum therefore needs to be replaced by alternative and sustainable sources. Plant oils and oleochemicals derived from them represent such alternative sources, which can deliver a substantial part of what is needed to replace the petroleum used as feedstocks.Plant derived feedstock oils can be provided by two types of oil qualities, multi-purpose and technical oils. Multi-purpose oils represent oil qualities that contain common fatty acids and that can be used for both food and feedstock applications. Technical oil qualities contain unusual fatty acids with special properties gained from their unique molecular structure and these types of oils should only be used for feedstock applications. As a risk mitigation strategy in the selection of crops, technical oil qualities should therefore preferably be produced by oil crop platforms dedicated for industrial usage.This review presents a short survey of oil crop platforms to be considered for either multi-purpose or technical oils production. Included among the former platforms are some of the major oil crops in cultivation such as oil palm, soybean and rapeseed. Among the later are those that could be developed into dedicated industrial platforms such as crambe, flax, cotton and Brassica carinata. The survey finishes off by highlighting the potential of substantial increase in plant oil production by developing metabolic flux platforms, which are starch crops converted into oil crops.
Crop rotation is an effective tactic for soybean cyst nematode (SCN) management. In the North Central region of the USA, corn is almost exclusively used as a nonhost rotation crop with soybean. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of crops common to or having potential use in the North Central region as rotation crops for managing SCN. Sixteen potential rotation crops and SCN-resistant and susceptible soybeans were grown along with six fallow controls in three commercial field sites near Waseca, Lamberton, and Morris, MN, in 2001, and SCN-susceptible soybean was grown on all plots in 2002. Nematode populations at planting, midseason, and harvest were measured both years; soybean yield was measured in 2002. There was large variability in SCN populations and soybean yields at the three sites. Nevertheless, significant treatment effects were detected at all sites. While all of the rotation crops lowered SCN populations compared with SCN-susceptible soybean, there were only subtle differences among the individual rotation crops and among different groups of the crops. Leguminous nonhosts or poor hosts were best in reducing SCN population density. Corn, the most common rotation crop in Minnesota, was among the least effective in reducing nematode populations. There was an undetectable yield benefit from SCN management, although differences in yield were observed among the rotation crop treatments - - probably due to agronomic factors. The data suggest that a single year of rotation of soybean with any of these crops before planting a susceptible soybean may not be sufficient in managing SCN.
Soybean-cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) was first reported from Japan in 1915. It has since been reported from Korea (1936), Manchuria (1938), the United States (USA) (1954), and Egypt (1968). It is of major concern to soybean producers only in Japan and the USA. Soybean was a major crop in the Orient by 1915 but it was grown very little elsewhere. Since that time its cultivation has spread, and in 1974 there were 37.6 million ha with a production of 51.7 billion kg. As soybean cultivation has spread, the soybean-cyst nematode has been more widely found. Soybean is one of the major food sources for feeding the increasing world population. Soybean-cyst nematodes have been spreading rapidly in recent years and are a major threat to this very important crop.
The influence of selected plant species on egg hatch and subsequent development of Heterodera glycines race 3 was investigated. Plants tested included four soybean cultivars, red clover, alfalfa, hairy vetch, field corn, sweet corn, cabbage, tobacco, cotton, and wheat. Soybean stimulated egg hatching more than any of the other plant species, with H. glycines-resistant cultivars being more stimulating than susceptible ones. Hairy vetch also increased hatch. Roots of cabbage, red clover, alfalfa, and hairy vetch were readily penetrated by juveniles of H. glycines. Maturation to adult occurred only on soybean and hairy vetch.
A new apparatus to release eggs from cysts of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) is described and its efficiency evaluated. A rubber stopper was mounted on a bolt, and cysts were ground against a 60-mesh screen. Eggs and second-stage juveniles were washed into a series of screens nested underneath the apparatus. This method was fast and efficient, and had no ill effect on prepared inoculum.
Knowledge of the virulence phenotypes of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines populations is important in choosing appropriate sources for breeding resistant cultivars and managing the nematode. We investigated races of 59 H. glycines populations collected from 1997 to 1998 and races and HG Types of 94 populations collected in 2002 from soybean fields across southern and central Minnesota. In the 1997 to 1998 samples, race 3 was predominant and represented 78% of the populations. The remaining populations were 11.9% race 1, 1.7% race 4, 6.8% race 6, and 1.7% race 14. In the 2002 samples, the populations were classified as 15.3% race 1, 77.6% race 3, 2.4% race 5, 3.5% race 6 and 1.2% race 9. Percentage of 1997 to 1998 populations with female indices (FI) higher than 10 were 10.2% on Pickett 71, 3.4% on Peking, 13.6% on PI 88788, 3.4% on PI 90763, 1.7% on PI 209332, and 1.7% on PI 437654. Percentage of 2002 populations with FI >10 was 1.1% on Peking, 17.0% on PI88788, 14.9% on PI 209332, 33.0% on PI 548316, 11.7% on Pickett 71, and 0% on the other three indicators, PI 90763, PI 437654, and PI 89772. The line PI 548316 was relatively susceptible to the Minnesota H. glycines populations and may not be recommended for breeding resistant cultivars in the state. There was no noticeable change of frequencies of virulence phenotypes in response to the use of resistant cultivars during 1997 to 2002 in Minnesota except that FI increased on the PI 209332.
The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, adversely affects the production of soybean, Glycine max, in many areas of the world, particularly in the United States, where it is the most economically important soybean pathogen. Despite the availability of hundreds of H. glycines-resistant soybean cultivars, the nematode continues to be a major limiting factor in soybean production. The use of nonhost rotation and resistance are the primary means of reducing losses caused by the nematode, but each of these options has disadvantages. As a subject for study of nematode parasitism and virulence, H. glycines provides a useful model despite its obligately parasitic nature. Its obligately sexual reproduction and ready adaptation to resistant cultivars, formerly referred to as "race shift," presents an excellent opportunity for the study of virulence in nematodes. Recent advances in H. glycines genomics have helped identify putative nematode parasitism genes, which, in turn, will aid in the understanding of nematode pathogenicity and virulence and may provide new targets for engineering nematode resistance.
The status of soybean cyst nematode occurrence and management in North Dakota
- G P Yan
- S Markell
- B J Nelson
- T C Helms
- J M Osorno
Yan, G.P., Markell, S., Nelson, B.J., Helms, T.C., Osorno, J.M., 2015. The status of soybean
cyst nematode occurrence and management in North Dakota. Pages 126-127 in
Abstracts of 54th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists.
The status of soybean cyst nematode occurrence and management in North Dakota
- Yan