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Effects of the Use of Smart Glasses on Eyesight
Abstract
Smart glasses, also named as data glasses, are an example of Head Mounted Display (HMD) with a great potential in different manufacturing environments. They collect data from a wireless network and project information directly into the user’s eye. It is evidenced from the literature that HMD can cause headaches, pressure in the eyes, problems with focusing and difficulties with text reading. Therefore, we tried to research whether use of smart glasses could be harmful for the human eye or not. To study the addressed problems, a research was performed in testing warehouse environment at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Users comfort was tested through questionnaire and several eyes investigations before and after use of smart glasses in Healthcare Center Maribor. The results of the performed ophthalmologic tests show that there are some statistically significant differences between tests results performed before and after use of smart glasses that cannot be overlooked.
... From a technical perspective, these studies reveal that the integration of AR into the existing infrastructure and the level of technical maturity have so far deterred companies from adopting it. Thus, existing IT infrastructures need to be aligned to the devices (AREA 2019; Danielsson et al. 2020;Herzog and Beharic 2020). Likewise, user interface design, weight and tracking technologies still pose challenges (Danielsson et al. 2020;Koelle et al. 2017;Egger 2019, 2020;de Souza Cardoso et al. 2020). ...
... For instance, Berkemeier et al. (2019) found that the lack of wearing comfort, resulting from the substantial weight of wearable devices, reduces the intention to use them in workplace settings. In addition, the restricted field of vision of ARSG can lead to disorientation, headaches, dizziness and visual problems (Hao and Helo 2017;Herzog and Beharic 2020;Real and Marcelino 2011;de Souza Cardoso et al. 2020;Yew et al. 2016). Further factors relating to ergonomics include battery life and incompatibility with conventional glasses (Berkemeier et al. 2019). ...
The implementation of augmented reality (AR) systems in production environments is associated with a variety of advantages, such as productivity gains, lower costs and reduced operating times. Despite these potential benefits, the lack of user acceptance due to issues such as privacy concerns constitutes a barrier to diffusion in workplace environments. In order to better understand the issues surrounding AR acceptance, we employed a conjoint study to empirically examine the trade-offs that future employees perceive when being involved in adopting such systems. Using a hierarchical Bayes estimation, we discover that functional benefits such as productivity gains and safety enhancement are the main adoption drivers. In contrast, future employees indeed perceive monitoring through head-worn AR devices as negative. However, a complementary cluster analysis indicates that not all respondents share a negative view of monitoring, and one third are likely to share their performance data with employers. We identify three groups with significantly different utility patterns. Furthermore, we monetize the value of privacy to determine compensation payments. The results may help employers, decision-makers, software solution providers as well as researchers in the information systems domain to better understand the factors surrounding acceptance of AR assistance systems. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to address this issue using conjoint analysis.
... However, it is necessary to observe that this could impair the comfort of his work and create occupational health and safety risks. For this reason, there are also publications on the assessment of this impact in the literature, such as the effects of smart glasses on eyesight [242], and visual and optometric issues of smart glasses [243]. ...
The development of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and the digitization and automation of manufacturing processes have created a demand for designing smart warehouses to support manufacturing processes. Warehousing is one of the fundamental processes in the supply chain, and is responsible for handling inventory. Efficient execution of warehouse operations often determines the effectiveness of realized goods flows. Therefore, digitization and its use in exchanging information between partners, especially real-time inventory levels, is critical. For this reason, the digital solutions of Industry 4.0 have quickly found application in internal logistics processes and enabled the design of smart warehouses, also known as Warehouse 4.0. The purpose of this article is to present the results of the conducted review of publications on the design and operation of warehouses using the concepts of Industry 4.0. A total of 249 documents from the last 5 years were accepted for analysis. Publications were searched for in the Web of Science database using the PRISMA method. The article presents in detail the research methodology and the results of the biometric analysis. Based on the results, a two-level classification framework was proposed, which includes 10 primary categories and 24 subcategories. Each of the distinguished categories was characterized based on the analyzed publications. It should be noted that in most of these studies, the authors’ attention primarily focused on the implementation of (1) Industry 4.0 technological solutions, such as IoT, augmented reality, RFID, visual technology, and other emerging technologies; and (2) autonomous and automated vehicles in warehouse operations processes. Critical analysis of the literature also allowed us to identify the current research gaps, which will be the subject of further research by the authors.
... Four participants mentioned that OHMDs were heavy, inconvenient for use, and difficult to customize. The third limitation relates to the issue of eye strain [38,41]. Only one participant encountered this due to unfamiliarity with the OHMD prototype and its monocular nature: "[I] feel the right eye is used more, even when the screen is centered (G2)". ...
It is common for people to engage in information acquisition tasks while on the move. To understand how users' visual behaviors influence microlearning, a form of mobile information acquisition, we conducted a shadowing study with 8 participants and identified three common visual behaviors: 'glance', 'inspect', and 'drift'. We found that 'drift' best supports mobile information acquisition. We also identified four user-related factors that can influence the utilization of mobile information acquisition opportunities: situational awareness, switching costs, ongoing cognitive processes, and awareness of opportunities. We further examined how these user-related factors interplay with device-related factors through a technology probe with 20 participants using mobile phones and optical head-mounted displays (OHMDs). Results indicate that different device platforms significantly influence how mobile information acquisition opportunities are used: OHMDs can better support mobile information acquisition when visual attention is fragmented. OHMDs facilitate shorter visual switch-times between the task and surroundings, which reduces the mental barrier of task transition. Mobile phones, on the other hand, provide a more focused experience in more stable surroundings. Based on these findings, we discuss trade-offs and design implications for supporting information acquisition tasks on the move.
... The use of AR smart glasses can build a safer and more productive working environment by promoting beneficial human applications of technology (Damiani et al. 2018;Herzog and Beharic 2020;Murauer and Pflanz 2018). Moreover, dangerous situations and safety risks can be identified and mitigated with smart glasses (Pierdicca et al. 2017;Ruppert et al. 2018). ...
This study investigates the potentials and challenges of applying augmented reality (AR) smart glasses in logistics and supply chain management (SCM). A systematic literature review on AR smart glasses was conducted to provide a comprehensive synthesis of what has been published in the literature to capture the dynamics surrounding this technology and identify areas deserving of further academic attention. To summarise the latest developments in this field, eighty-two (82) publications were selected and thoroughly analysed. In terms of research findings, four main clusters of potential benefits were identified: visualisation, interaction, user convenience, and navigation. In contrast, the challenges posed by smart glasses in the logistics field were clustered around technical, organisational, and ergonomic considerations. The accumulation of knowledge and actionable insights in this study will benefit both academics and practitioners interested in this emerging wearable technology segment. As the first attempt to explore the importance of smart glasses in logistics and SCM activities, this study offers significant contributions to the literature by codifying extant knowledge on AR smart glasses and setting forth an agenda for future research.
Objectives: To determine the demographic and ocular features affecting contrast sensitivity levels in healthy individuals.
Materials and Methods: Seventy-four eyes of 37 subjects (7-65 years old) with refractive errors less than 1.0 diopter, no history of ocular surgery, and 20/20 visual acuity were included in the study. The participants were divided by age into three groups: group 1, 7-19 years, n=11; group 2, 20-49 years, n=15; and group 3, 50-65 years, n=11. All subjects underwent anterior and posterior segment evaluation, intraocular pressure measurements, refraction measurements, and clinical evaluation for strabismus. Contrast static test was performed using Metrovision MonPack 3 vision monitor system after measuring pupil diameter. Photopic and mesopic measurements were taken sequentially from right eyes, left eyes, and both eyes together.
Results: Contrast sensitivity at intermediate and high spatial frequencies was lower with increasing age. Binocular measurements were better than monocular, and mesopic measurements were better than photopic measurements at all spatial frequencies. Contrast sensitivity at higher spatial frequency was lower with hyperopic refraction values.
Conclusion: Increasing age, small pupil diameter, hyperopia, and photopic conditions were associated with lower contrast sensitivity in healthy individuals. Binocular contrast sensitivity measurements were better than monocular contrast sensitivity measurements in all conditions and spatial frequencies.
Purpose:
We investigated the effects of a visual picking system on ocular comfort, the ocular surface and tear function compared to those of a voice guided picking solution.
Design:
Prospective, observational, cohort study.
Method:
Setting: Institutional. Study Population: A total of 25 young asymptomatic volunteers performed commissioning over 10 hours on two consecutive days. Main Outcome Measures: The operators were guided in the picking process by two different picking solutions, either visually or by voice while their subjective symptoms and ocular surface and tear function parameters were recorded.
Results:
The visual analogue scale (VAS) values, according to subjective dry eye symptoms, in the visual condition were significantly higher at the end of the commissioning than the baseline measurements. In the voice condition, the VAS values remained stable during the commissioning. The tear break-up time (BUT) values declined significantly in the visual condition (pre-task: 16.6 sec and post-task: 9.6 sec) in the right eyes, that were exposed to the displays, the left eyes in the visual condition showed only a minor decline, whereas the BUT values in the voice condition remained constant (right eyes) or even increased (left eyes) over the time. No significant differences in the tear meniscus height values before and after the commissioning were observed in either condition.
Conclusion:
In our study, the use of visually guided picking solutions was correlated with post-task subjective symptoms and tear film instability.
Recent market studies reveal that augmented reality (AR) devices, such as smart glasses, will substantially influence the media landscape. Yet, little is known about the intended adoption of smart glasses, particularly: Who are the early adopters of such wearables? We contribute to the growing body of research that investigates the role of personality in predicting media usage by analyzing smart glasses, such as Google Glass or Microsoft Hololens. First, we integrate AR devices into the current evolution of media and technologies. Then, we draw on the Big Five Model of human personality and present the results from two studies that investigate the direct and moderating effects of human personality on the awareness and innovation adoption of smart glasses. Our results show that open and emotionally stable consumers tend to be more aware of Google Glass. Consumers who perceive the potential for high functional benefits and social conformity of smart glasses are more likely to adopt such wearables. The strength of these effects is moderated by consumers’ individual personality, particularly by their levels of openness to experience, extraversion and neuroticism. This article concludes with a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications for research on technology adoption, and with suggestions for avenues for future research.
Visual acuity is the measurement of an individual's ability to recognize details of an object in a space. Visual function measurements in clinical ophthalmology are limited by factors such as maximum contrast and so it might not adequately reflect the real vision conditions at that moment as well as the subjective aspects of the world perception by the patient. The objective of a successful vision-restoring surgery lies not only in gaining visual acuity lines, but also in vision quality. Therefore, refractive and cataract surgeries have the responsibility of achieving quality results. It is difficult to define quality of vision by a single parameter, and the main functional-vision tests are: contrast sensitivity, disability glare, intraocular stray light and aberrometry. In the current review the different components of the visual function are explained and the several available methods to assess the vision quality are described.
Order picking has long been identified as the most labour-intensive and costly activity for almost every warehouse; the cost of order picking is estimated to be as much as 55% of the total warehouse operating expense. Any underperformance in order picking can lead to unsatisfactory service and high operational cost for the warehouse, and consequently for the whole supply chain. In order to operate efficiently, the order-picking process needs to be robustly designed and optimally controlled. This paper gives a literature overview on typical decision problems in design and control of manual order-picking processes. We focus on optimal (internal) layout design, storage assignment methods, routing methods, order batching and zoning. The research in this area has grown rapidly recently. Still, combinations of the above areas have hardly been explored. Order-picking system developments in practice lead to promising new research directions.
Microsoft Hololens and Google Glass are two examples of a new stream of wearable technology devices called ‘Augmented Reality Smart Glasses’ that might substantially influence media usage in the near future. In this study, the authors draw upon prior Technology Acceptance Research and propose an exploratory model of antecedents to smart glasses adoption. An empirical study reveals the importance of various drivers, such as functional benefits, ease of use, individual difference variables, brand attitudes, and social norms. Although, smart glasses are worn in a similar manner to fashion accessories and capture various personal information, self-presentation benefits and potential privacy concerns seem to be less likely to influence smart glasses adoption. The findings provide pre-market knowledge about smart glasses that can help scholars and managers understand this new technology.
A miniature display device, recently available commercially, is aimed at providing a portable, inexpensive means of visual information communication. The display is head-mounted in front of one eye with the other eye's view of the environment unobstructed. Various visual phenomena are associated with this design. The consequences of these phenomena for visual safety, comfort, and efficiency of the user were evaluated: (1) The monocular, partially occluded mode of operation interrupts binocular vision. Presenting disparate images to each eye results in binocular rivalry. The two images may appear superimposed, with one image perceived with greater clarity or com letely dominant. Most observers can, use the display comfortably in this rivalrous mode. In many cases, it is easier to use the display in a peripheral position, slightly above or below the line of sight, thus permitting normal binocular vision of the environment. (2) As a head-mounted device, the displayed image is perceived to move during head movements due to the response of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. These movements affect the visibility of small letters during active head rotations and sharp accelerations. Adaptation is likely to reduce this perceived image motion. No evidence for postural instability or motion sickness was noted as a result of these conflicts between vis-ual and vestibular inputs. (3) Small displacements of the image are noted even without head motion, resulting from eye movements and the virtual lack of display persiste ce. These movements are noticed sponta e ously by few observers and are unlikely to interfere with the display use in most tasks.
An easily understood data warehouse model enables users to better identify and retrieve its data. It also makes it easier for users to suggest changes to its structure and content. Through an exploratory, empirical study, we compared the understandability of the star and traditional relational schemas. The results of our experiment contradict previous findings and show schema type did not lead to significant performance differences for a content identification task. Further, the relational schema actually led to slightly better results for a schema augmentation task. We discuss the implications of these findings for data warehouse design and future research.
Citation information: Rosenfield M. Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 502–515. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00834.x
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is the combination of eye and vision problems associated with the use of computers. In modern western society the use of computers for both vocational and avocational activities is almost universal. However, CVS may have a significant impact not only on visual comfort but also occupational productivity since between 64% and 90% of computer users experience visual symptoms which may include eyestrain, headaches, ocular discomfort, dry eye, diplopia and blurred vision either at near or when looking into the distance after prolonged computer use. This paper reviews the principal ocular causes for this condition, namely oculomotor anomalies and dry eye. Accommodation and vergence responses to electronic screens appear to be similar to those found when viewing printed materials, whereas the prevalence of dry eye symptoms is greater during computer operation. The latter is probably due to a decrease in blink rate and blink amplitude, as well as increased corneal exposure resulting from the monitor frequently being positioned in primary gaze. However, the efficacy of proposed treatments to reduce symptoms of CVS is unproven. A better understanding of the physiology underlying CVS is critical to allow more accurate diagnosis and treatment. This will enable practitioners to optimize visual comfort and efficiency during computer operation.
Are Wearables Good or Bad for Society? An Exploration of Societal Benefits, Risks, and Consequences of Augmented Reality Smart Glasses
- D W E Hein
- J L Jodoin
- P A Rauschnabel
- B S Ivens
Visual and optometric issues with head-mounted displays
- E Peli
Potential of Smart Glasses in a Spare Parts Distribution Center
- P Josefsson
- S Lingegard