Article

The Association Between Popular Diets and Serum Testosterone Among Men in the United States

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Abstract

Objective: To examine the relationship between low-fat, Mediterranean, and low-carbohydrate diets and serum testosterone (T) level using a large, nationally-representative patient sample. Methods: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database was queried from 1999-2000, 2003-2004 and 2011-2012. Men 18-80 years who completed the two-day dietary history and underwent serum T testing were included. Diets were categorized as low-fat, Mediterranean, low-carbohydrate, or non-restrictive. Multivariable modeling was used to determine the relationship between diet and serum T. Results: Among 3128 men who met inclusion criteria, 457 (14.6%) met criteria for a low-fat diet, 764 (24.4%) a Mediterranean diet, and only 2 (<0.1%) a low-carbohydrate diet, which was removed from further analysis. Mean serum T was 435.5 ± 6.7 ng/dL. Mean T was lower among men with low-fat (410.8±8.1 vs. 443.5±7.3, p=0.005) and Mediterranean diets (412.9±9.1 vs. 443.5±7.3, p=0.002). Multivariable analysis controlling for age, body mass index, activity level, diabetes, comorbidities, and prostate cancer showed men with non-restrictive diets had higher serum T compared to those adhering to a low-fat diet (ß -57.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] -105.6 - -8.8, p<0.05). Conclusion: Men adhering to low-fat diets had lower serum T levels, even when controlling for comorbidities, age, BMI and activity levels. As differences in serum T between diets were modest, the avoidance of fat-restrictive diets should be weighed against the potential benefits on an individual patient basis.

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... It is may known as an actual main source of iodine and phosphorus (4). Using of tuna as canned and other fishes are widely common , it consumed by the public because; it is have polyunsaturated fatty acids in high amount (5) . Canned tuna is a good source for minerals and nutrients which is a must in human diet (6) The main aim of the study suggests using canned tuna meat as a daily supplement increase testosterone hormone level in men. ...
... For example, the treated group results before eating tuna was ( .34 ) ng/ml respectively. The percentage of hormonal variation before and after experiment in treated group were ( -18% , -27% , -3% ) decrease for samples no. ( 1, 2, 3 ) respectively and for samples no (4,5,6,7,8,9,10 ) were ( 51%, 127%, 30%, 54%, 77%, 170%, 37% ) increase. While the control group have decreased levels in samples no. ( 1, 3 ) with percentage of (-14%, -49% ) respectively, and increased levels in samples number ( 2,4,5 ) with percentage of ( 41%, 7%, 79% ). as we notice, not much difference in control group, but treatment group has certain increase in seven samples and decrease in only three samples, because of several factors that the samples was exhibited to leads to decrease the hormone in these samples after treatment. ...
... The percentage of hormonal variation before and after experiment in treated group were ( -18% , -27% , -3% ) decrease for samples no. ( 1, 2, 3 ) respectively and for samples no (4,5,6,7,8,9,10 ) were ( 51%, 127%, 30%, 54%, 77%, 170%, 37% ) increase. While the control group have decreased levels in samples no. ( 1, 3 ) with percentage of (-14%, -49% ) respectively, and increased levels in samples number ( 2,4,5 ) with percentage of ( 41%, 7%, 79% ). as we notice, not much difference in control group, but treatment group has certain increase in seven samples and decrease in only three samples, because of several factors that the samples was exhibited to leads to decrease the hormone in these samples after treatment. The study concluded that , continuous oral consumption of 100g as supplement of Tuna meat for at least 15 days can lead to increase and/or regulate blood levels of testosterone hormone in men. ...
Article
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This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of using tuna meat as a supplement to increase testosterone hormone level in men. The experiment based on 15 non married men aged (21 – 27) divided into two groups, group of ten men who ate 100 g of tuna daily for 15 days, the other group consists of 5 men were on a control diet . Testosterone levels of all men were examined before and after by blood tests using I-chroma test procedure. The results after 15 days showed significant variant in the T hormone. For example, the treated group results before eating tuna was ( 3.22 , 2.67 , 7.38 , 2.29 , 2.91 , 2.82 , 2.52 , 2.99 , 1 , 2.54 ) ng/ml and after eating tuna is ( 2.64 , 1.94 , 7.13 , 3.47 , 6.62 , 3.68 , 3.9 , 5.32 , 2.7 , 3.5 ) ng/ml respectively. While the control group were, before: ( 4.1 , 1.06 , 3.97 , 2.15 , 1.86 ) ng/ml and after: ( 1.5 , 2 , 2.3 , 3.34 ) ng/ml respectively. The percentage of hormonal variation before and after experiment in treated group were ( -18% , -27% , -3% ) decrease for samples no. ( 1, 2, 3 ) respectively and for samples no (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ) were ( 51%, 127%, 30%, 54%, 77%, 170%, 37% ) increase. While the control group have decreased levels in samples no. ( 1, 3 ) with percentage of (-14%, -49% ) respectively, and increased levels in samples number ( 2, 4, 5 ) with percentage of ( 41%, 7%, 79% ). as we notice, not much difference in control group, but treatment group has certain increase in seven samples and decrease in only three samples, because of several factors that the samples was exhibited to leads to decrease the hormone in these samples after treatment. The study concluded that , continuous oral consumption of 100g as supplement of Tuna meat for at least 15 days can lead to increase and/or regulate blood levels of testosterone hormone in men.
... Dietary patterns have received increasing attention in the field of disease prevention because they account for the complexity of nutrient and food interactions within diets that may contribute to alterations in metabolism [24]. Overall, the associations between healthy diets and T and SHBG levels have been inconsistent [25] and only a few studies have evaluated associations with the dietary patterns we examined [13,[26][27][28]. Among these studies, two recent cross-sectional studies from NHANES found conflicting results, one reporting [26] that men adhering to a low-fat diet or a Mediterranean diet (n = 1221) had lower serum testosterone levels, while the second [27] did not find a significant association between HEI and testosterone and SHBG levels. ...
... Overall, the associations between healthy diets and T and SHBG levels have been inconsistent [25] and only a few studies have evaluated associations with the dietary patterns we examined [13,[26][27][28]. Among these studies, two recent cross-sectional studies from NHANES found conflicting results, one reporting [26] that men adhering to a low-fat diet or a Mediterranean diet (n = 1221) had lower serum testosterone levels, while the second [27] did not find a significant association between HEI and testosterone and SHBG levels. Another study of 336 men [13] reported that increased adherence to the Prudent diet pattern was associated with higher levels of T after adjusting for sexual abstinence, age, smoking, past diseases, and alcohol consumption. ...
... This finding may suggest that although a more prudent diet is associated with lower T levels in obese men, the overall benefits of a prudent diet on health outcomes are positive. This suggestion was also recently presented in another cross-sectional study in NHANES [26] which found that men adhering to a low-fat diet had lower serum T levels. ...
Article
PurposeThe association of dietary patterns with testosterone (T) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels remains unclear. We investigated the associations of dietary patterns with T and SHBG levels to determine whether these associations vary by obesity status.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 1376 middle-aged (≥ 40 years old) men of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Prudent (rich in whole grains and dietary fiber) and Western (rich in red meat and refined grains) diet scores were identified using principal component analysis. The Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010) score, a measure of overall diet quality, was defined based on foods and nutrients predictive of chronic disease risk.ResultsWe identified a weak inverse association between AHEI-2010 and T levels (Ptrend = 0.07), but no associations with other dietary patterns. Null associations were observed between diet scores and SHBG. Obesity status appeared to modify the associations for the Prudent diet and AHEI-2010 with both T and SHBG (Pinteraction ≤ 0.05). T levels were lower (Q1 vs. Q4, 4.23 vs. 3.38) and SHBG higher (Q1 vs. Q4, 48.6 vs. 64.3) with adherence to a more prudent diet among obese men (Ptrends ≤ 0.05).Conclusion We observed a weak inverse association between AHEI-2010 and T levels. Null associations were identified for SHBG. Obesity status seemed to modulate associations of T and SHBG levels with diet scores, especially the AHEI-2010 and prudent diets. However, this research question warrants further investigation in prospective studies.
... Normal testosterone levels in men is defined between 300 and 1000 ng/dL, whereas testosterone deficiency (TD) is defined below 300 ng/dL accompanied with specific symptoms (6). Notably, TD afflicted 20% to 50% of men in the United States (US), while approximately 500000 individuals are newly diagnosed with TD annually (7,8). In addition to the most common sexual symptoms like libido decline or erectile dysfunction, TD may lead to various nonsexual symptoms such as reduced energy, impaired concentration, and depressed mood (9,10). ...
... In our results, an interesting finding was that when we divided LE8 scores into health behaviors and health factors subscale, there was no statistically significant association between health behaviors with the risk of TD, which included diet, physical activity, sleep health, and nicotine exposure. One study suggests that low-fat diets may reduce testosterone levels (8), while another study contends that a plant-based diet is unrelated to testosterone levels (42). Previous study displayed that serum testosterone levels in smokers were significantly higher than in nonsmokers (43), an FIGURE 3 Subgroup analysis of the association of the Life's Essential 8 scores and the presence of testosterone deficiency (TD). ...
Article
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Background Testosterone deficiency (TD) is closely associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We intended to explore the association of Life’s Essential 8 (LE8), the recently updated measurement of cardiovascular health, with the prevalence of TD among US male adults. Methods The population-based cross-sectional study selected male adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2016. According to the American Heart Association definitions, the LE8 score was measured on a scale of 0–100, and divided into health behavior and health factor scores, simultaneously. Furthermore, these scores were categorized into low (0–49), moderate (50–79), and high (80–100) classifications. TD is defined as a total testosterone level below 300ng/dL. Correlations were investigated by weighted multivariable logistic regression, and the robustness of the results were verified by subgroup analysis. Results A total of 4971 male adults with an average age of 47.46 ± 0.41 years were eligible for the final analyses, of whom 1372 were determined to have TD. The weighted mean LE8 score of the study population was 68.11 ± 0.41. After fully adjusting potential confounders, higher LE8 scores were significantly associated with low risk of TD (odd ratio [OR] for each 10-point increase, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71–0.88) in a linear dose-response relationship. Similar patterns were also identified in the association of health factor scores with TD (OR for each 10-point increase, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.66–0.83). These results persisted when LE8 and health factor scores was categorized into low, moderate, and high groups. The inversed association of LE8 classifications and TD remained statistically significant among older, obese, and men without CVD. Conclusions LE8 and its health factor subscales scores were negatively associated with the presence of TD in linear fashions. Promoting adherence to optimal cardiovascular health levels may be advantageous to alleviate the burden of TD.
... Recent studies suggest that as intake of SFA has remained stable and the intake of MUFA and especially intake of PUFA has increased in the USA and Europe, one possible contributor to lower testosterone levels could be the increase in intake of PUFA [15,16]. Although connections between dietary fat intake, especially intake of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, and androgen concentrations have been observed [17][18][19], other studies on the association between fatty acid intake and androgen concentrations have produced conflicting results [20][21][22][23]. ...
... Similarly, in a study of 636 men with mean age of 61 years, no associations between dietary fatty acid intake and androgen concentrations were found [39]. A large crosssectional study of 3128 men compared a low-fat diet and a Mediterranean diet high in MUFA and PUFA with a nonrestricted diet and found that men on a low-fat and Mediterranean diets had modestly lower serum testosterone levels [20]. ...
Article
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Background/Objectives Average testosterone concentrations in men have declined over the last few decades. The reasons for this are not fully known, but changes in dietary fat quality have been suggested to have a role. This study aimed to investigate the associations of different dietary fatty acids with serum androgen concentrations. Subjects/Methods A total of 2546 men with a mean age of 53 from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were included in this cross-sectional study. Associations between dietary saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and trans (TFA) fatty acids and concentrations of serum total and free testosterone and steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were analyzed with analysis of covariance and linear regression analysis. Associations of isocaloric replacement of nutrients and androgen concentrations were analyzed with multivariate nutrient-density models. Results After adjustment for age, examination year and energy intake, higher SFA intake was associated with higher serum total and free testosterone and SHBG concentrations, and higher PUFA intake with lower concentrations. However, the associations were attenuated and not statistically significant after further adjustments for potential confounders. MUFA and TFA intakes were not associated with androgen concentrations. In isocaloric substitution models, replacing dietary protein with SFA was associated with higher serum total testosterone and SHBG concentrations. After excluding men with history of CVD or diabetes ( n = 1021), no statistically significant associations were found. Conclusions Dietary fat quality was not independently associated with serum androgen concentrations in middle-aged men. However, replacing protein with SFA may be associated with higher serum androgen concentrations.
... The micro-and macronutrient intake estimates required for the DAL calculations were drawn from the NHANES dietary interview module, aiming to derive detailed dietary intake information from the NHANES participants [37]. The dietary interview component, called What We Eat in America (WWEIA), which is conducted as a partnership between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been described elsewhere in detail [38,39]. The nutrient and total energy intake for all the participants was estimated based on a computerized 24 h dietary recall method. ...
... The nutrient and total energy intake for all the participants was estimated based on a computerized 24 h dietary recall method. The dietary recall validity, its clinical applicability and its methodology have been described previously [38][39][40][41]. ...
Article
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The dietary acid load (DAL) is a novel marker of overall diet quality, which has been associated with overweight, type 2 diabetes and altered glucocorticoid secretion. A potential association with sex hormones is thus not inconceivable. We investigated whether DAL was associated with serum total testosterone concentrations of men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The DAL scores, including the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP), were estimated and compared between participants with low and normal testosterone levels. The investigated sample encompassed n = 377 males with a mean age of 49.50 years. Approximately 73% of the sample were of Non-Hispanic White origin. None of the examined DAL scores showed significant associations with serum testosterone levels. We observed no significant differences in the crude DAL scores between individuals with low testosterone levels and individuals with normal testosterone levels. Multivariate regression models adjusting for covariates confirmed the lack of associations between the PRAL and serum testosterone. Our results are of particular importance for those individuals who wish to lower their DAL in light of the presumable health effects of a more alkaline diet. Our data suggest that diet modifications toward a lower intake of animal protein and refined grains (which consecutively translates into a lower DAL) may not negatively affect men’s testosterone levels.
... On other hand, the low-fat diet (calories in this diet are 7%) causes significant increase of testosterone and FSH compared with the control groups that. However, it is shown that a low fat diet reduces the biologically active and free testosterone in serum moreover lead to changes in pituitary and testicular activity and liver metabolism induced by diet [7,8,27]. The present study approved previous research which showed low-fat diet lead to decreased the testosterone levels in men [27,28]. ...
... However, it is shown that a low fat diet reduces the biologically active and free testosterone in serum moreover lead to changes in pituitary and testicular activity and liver metabolism induced by diet [7,8,27]. The present study approved previous research which showed low-fat diet lead to decreased the testosterone levels in men [27,28]. The result showed the decreased of hormonal level in the blood serum by fasting that lead to conclusion the fasting causes stability and maintains of the hormonal levels as proved by the previous study applauded in mice [29] and humans [30], which showed that fasting causes caloric restriction. ...
Article
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Nourishment is essential for the continuity of life in all animals' kinds. Fasting is one of the world's most widespread fitness and health fads for enhancing their health and simplifying their lives. The low-fat diet is one of the most used applications to maintain the levels of different hormones and therefore decreased the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Thus, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of a low-Fat Diet in tow period strategy of fasting in 14 hours and 20 hours by using 36 healthy young male albino rats on testosterone and follicle stimulation hormone.
... Cross-sectional studies on the association between fat intake and T have produced conflicting results [18][19][20][21][22], possibly due to unmeasured confounding variables. However, the largest of these studies found that men adhering to a low-fat (LF) vs non-restricted diet had significantly lower serum TT (-32.7 ng/dL) [18]. ...
... Cross-sectional studies on the association between fat intake and T have produced conflicting results [18][19][20][21][22], possibly due to unmeasured confounding variables. However, the largest of these studies found that men adhering to a low-fat (LF) vs non-restricted diet had significantly lower serum TT (-32.7 ng/dL) [18]. General reviews on diet and sex hormones have only briefly covered the topic of dietary fat and T [23][24][25][26]. ...
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Background: Higher endogenous testosterone levels are associated with reduced chronic disease risk and mortality. Since the mid-20th century, there have been significant changes in dietary patterns, and men's testosterone levels have declined in western countries. Cross-sectional studies show inconsistent associations between fat intake and testosterone in men. Methods: Studies eligible for inclusion were intervention studies, with minimal confounding variables, comparing the effect of low-fat vs high-fat diets on men's sex hormones. 9 databases were searched from their inception to October 2020, yielding 6 eligible studies, with a total of 206 participants. Random effects meta-analyses were performed using Cochrane's Review Manager software. Cochrane's risk of bias tool was used for quality assessment. Results: There were significant decreases in sex hormones on low-fat vs high-fat diets. Standardised mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes were: total testosterone [-0.38 (95% CI -0.75 to -0.01) P = 0.04]; free testosterone [-0.37 (95% CI -0.63 to -0.11) P = 0.005]; urinary testosterone [-0.38 (CI 95% -0.66 to -0.09) P = 0.009], and dihydrotestosterone [-0.3 (CI 95% -0.56 to -0.03) P = 0.03]. There were no significant differences for luteinising hormone or sex hormone binding globulin. Subgroup analysis for total testosterone, European and American men, showed a stronger effect [-0.52 (95% CI -0.75 to -0.3) P < 0.001]. Conclusions: Low-fat diets appear to decrease testosterone levels in men, but further randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm this effect. Men with European ancestry may experience a greater decrease in testosterone, in response to a low-fat diet.
... It is clear that the incidence and progression of PCa is multifactorial but currently a strong theoretical rationale supports the adoption of the MD in reducing the onset of PCa. 49,55 According to Fantus et al. 56 men who adhered to a MD had lower serum testosterone in a large, nationally representative patient sample. 56 This observation is very interesting given that clinical evidence implicates testosterone in the aetiology of PCa. ...
... 49,55 According to Fantus et al. 56 men who adhered to a MD had lower serum testosterone in a large, nationally representative patient sample. 56 This observation is very interesting given that clinical evidence implicates testosterone in the aetiology of PCa. Several authors have already reported the association of lower serum testosterone concentrations with high-grade PCa and a higher stage at presentation. ...
... Cross-sectional studies on the association between fat intake and T have produced conflicting results [18][19][20][21][22], possibly due to unmeasured confounding variables. However, the largest of these studies found that men adhering to a low-fat (LF) vs non-restricted diet had significantly lower serum TT (-32.7 ng/dL) [18]. ...
... Cross-sectional studies on the association between fat intake and T have produced conflicting results [18][19][20][21][22], possibly due to unmeasured confounding variables. However, the largest of these studies found that men adhering to a low-fat (LF) vs non-restricted diet had significantly lower serum TT (-32.7 ng/dL) [18]. General reviews on diet and sex hormones have only briefly covered the topic of dietary fat and T [23][24][25][26]. ...
Article
Background: Higher endogenous testosterone levels are associated with reduced chronic disease risk and mortality. Since the mid-20th century, there have been significant changes in dietary patterns, and men’s testosterone levels have declined in western countries. Cross-sectional studies show inconsistent associations between fat intake and testosterone in men. Methods: Studies eligible for inclusion were intervention studies, with minimal confounding variables, comparing the effect of low-fat vs high-fat diets on men’s sex hormones. 9 databases were searched from their inception to October 2020, yielding 6 eligible studies, with a total of 206 participants. Random effects meta-analyses were performed using Cochrane’s Review Manager software. Cochrane’s risk of bias tool was used for quality assessment. Results: There were significant decreases in sex hormones on low-fat vs high-fat diets. Standardised mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes were: total testosterone [-0.38 (95% CI -0.75 to -0.01) P = 0.04]; free testosterone [-0.37 (95% CI -0.63 to -0.11) P = 0.005]; urinary testosterone [-0.38 (CI 95% -0.66 to -0.09) P = 0.009]; and dihydrotestosterone [-0.3 (CI 95% -0.56 to -0.03) P = 0.03]. There were no significant differences for luteinising hormone or sex hormone binding globulin. Subgroup analysis for total testosterone, European and North American men, showed a stronger effect [-0.52 (95% CI -0.75 to -0.3) P < 0.001]. Conclusions: Low-fat diets appear to decrease testosterone levels in men, but further randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm this effect. Men with European ancestry may experience a greater decrease in testosterone, in response to a low-fat diet.
... Combined, these findings are supported by a recent study showing that 760 men participating in a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), who adhered to a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern typically characterised by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish and a low intake of meat [16,19,35], with 40% of calories from fat (approximately 85 g) and high in antioxidants, possessed significantly lower mean serum testosterone levels compared to men consuming an ad libitum diet (14.3 nmol/L c.f 15.4 nmol/L, respectively). These effects were maintained after controlling confounders of age, BMI, physical activity, comorbidities, diabetes and prostate cancer [36]. Our findings may have implications for the popular Mediterranean dietary pattern which promotes the consumption of 58-67 g of fat each day [31], the majority of which is 'healthy' fat. ...
... As such, the Mediterranean diet is unlikely to have a positive benefit for androgen production. Finally, it is interesting to note that the NHANES database also showed that men adhering to a very low fat diet, similar to that recommended by the American Heart Association (31% of energy from total fat (60-80 g/day)), were also more likely to be hypogonadal than men who consumed an ad libitum diet [36]. As such, it appears that too much and too little dietary fat can negatively impact on testicular function. ...
Article
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Hypogonadal obese men find it difficult to lose weight. We investigated whether the modification of macronutrient intake can alter testosterone levels independently of the body mass index. Fasted overweight or obese fertile men were asked to consume meals of polyunsaturated fats (PUFA), monounsaturated fats (MUFA), refined carbohydrates (CHO, orange juice, OJ), whey and egg albumin and mixed meals of PUFA and CHO, PUFA and egg albumin, and CHO and egg albumin. Blood was collected at fasting, then hourly for 5 h and analysed to determine the levels of testosterone and other hormones. We found PUFA and MUFA or a mixed meal of PUFA and CHO significantly reduced serum testosterone production to a similar degree over a 5 h period. PUFA decreased serum testosterone levels by 3.2 nmol/L after 1 h compared to baseline (p = 0.023), with this suppression remaining significant up to 5 h postprandially (2.1 nmol/L; p = 0.012). The net overall testosterone levels were reduced by approximately 10 nmol/L × h by PUFA, MUFA and PUFA combined with CHO. CHO alone had little effect on testosterone levels, whereas egg albumin was able to increase them (7.4 cf 2.0 nmol/L × h). Therefore, for men wishing to optimize their testosterone levels, it may be wise to avoid a high fat intake, drink liquids such as water or OJ or even consider fasting. ANZCTR, Australia; ACTRN12617001034325.
... According to the guidelines of the American Urological Association (AUA), the diagnosis of TD is based on a combination of TT levels < 300 ng/dL and corresponding clinical symptoms [21]. Due to database limitations and the inability to access participants' clinical symptoms, we cautiously used TT < 300 ng/dL as the criterion for diagnosing TD, consistent with previous related studies [15,[22][23][24]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Metabolic health is closely related to testosterone levels, and the cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a novel metabolic evaluation metric that encompasses obesity and lipid metabolism. However, there is currently a lack of research on the relationship between CMI and testosterone, which is the objective of this study. Methods This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles from 2011 to 2016. Only adult males who completed physical measurements, lipid metabolism assessments, and testosterone measurements were included in the final analysis. The exposure variable CMI was analyzed both as a continuous variable and a categorical variable divided into quartiles. Testosterone was measured using the isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to explore the relationship between CMI and total testosterone (TT) levels, as well as the risk of testosterone deficiency (TD). Smooth curve fittings were employed to visualize their linear relationships. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate the stability of our results across different participant characteristics. Finally, ROC analysis was used to assess the performance of CMI in predicting TD. Results A total of 2,747 participants were included in the analysis, including 552 with TD (20.10%). The average CMI of the sample was 1.59 ± 0.03, with TD participants having a higher CMI of 2.18 ± 0.08 compared to non-TD participants at 1.46 ± 0.03. Corresponding testosterone levels were 223.79 ± 3.69 ng/dL and 508.36 ± 5.73 ng/dL, respectively. After adjusting for all covariates, participants with higher CMI showed lower TT (β = -23.84, 95% CI: -33.94, -13.74, p < 0.0001) and a higher risk of TD (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.48, p = 0.01). When CMI was categorized into quartiles with Q1 as the reference, participants in Q4 exhibited significantly lower TT (β = -74.04, 95% CI: -106.01, -42.08, p < 0.0001) and a higher risk of TD (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.18, 4.64, p = 0.02). Smooth curve fittings indicated a linear relationship between these variables. Subgroup analyses confirmed the stability of these associations across different population characteristics. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that CMI had good predictive performance for TD with a cut-off value of 1.126 and an AUC (95% CI) of 0.673 (0.649, 0.700). Conclusion CMI is associated with lower TT and a higher risk of TD, and it can predict the risk of TD. Using CMI for early detection and timely intervention could reduce the disease burden and promote reproductive health. Further prospective studies with large sample sizes are needed to validate these findings.
... In their study, they used data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) on the consumption of all meats and red meat for men and women in seven age groups. A slight discrepancy could already be observed in childhood (5-11 years), while during adolescence (12-20 years) and early adulthood ( It cannot be ruled out that differences in meat preferences and consumption result from the level of sex hormones, especially testosterone (Fantus et al., 2020;Pohlmann, 2014), but so far no conclusive evidence has been provided to support this thesis. ...
Article
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Meat, fish, and seafood are animal products that can be found in various forms in the human diet. In Western culture, there are trends to reduce meat consumption. This work was created to assess how various factors influence the fact that we like to eat meat, fish, and seafood. Exploring these relationships will contribute to our understanding of why dietary interventions for the above foods may be so difficult to implement in some groups of people. Two hundred eighty‐three people living in Poland took part in the study. An interview and olfactory tests were conducted together with assessments of food preferences from 25 types of food products. The extent to which sex, age, body mass index, tobacco addiction, and sense of smell influence ‘meat, fish and seafood’ consumption was assessed. Using the factor analysis, a coherent group of ‘meat, fish and seafood’ products was selected: beef, pork, veal, cured meats, poultry, fish dishes, and seafood. ‘Meat, fish and seafood’ was liked more by men, compared to women (B = .85; CI = .60, 1.10; t = 6.66, η² = .14; p < .001), whereas other factors did not affect the preference of dishes from this group as a whole. A detailed analysis of each type of food separately showed, however, that not only is gender important, but fish is liked more by older people, and cured meats by people who identify odors more efficiently. When planning a diet change, including the products mentioned above, we should consider the sex and age of the person to whom the diet is addressed, because men declare a higher derived pleasure from eating various types of meat, fish, and seafood than women, while older people like fish more.
... Low-fat diets are associated with significant weight loss and improvement in insulin sensitivity but are also associated with a considerable decline in testosterone concentration with potentially adverse effects on lean mass and body composition [79]. A mild but significative reduction in serum testosterone has also been observed with the Mediterranean diet [80]. Conversely, a low-carb diet with moderateto-high protein intake not exceeding 3.4 g/kg/day is usually associated with a neutral or even ameliorating effect on serum testosterone [81][82][83]. ...
Article
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Sarcopenia is an age-related clinical complaint characterized by the progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and strength over time. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with faster and more relevant skeletal muscle impairment. Both conditions influence each other, leading to negative consequences on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, general health status, risk of falls, frailty, overall quality of life, and mortality. PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for research articles, scientific reports, observational studies, clinical trials, narrative and systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to review the evidence on the pathophysiology of diabetes-induced sarcopenia, its relevance in terms of glucose control and diabetes-related outcomes, and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The review comprehensively addresses key elements for the clinical definition and diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia, the pathophysiological correlation be-tween T2D, sarcopenia, and related outcomes, a critical review of the role of antihyperglycemic treatment on skeletal muscle health, and perspectives on the role of specific treatment targeting myokine signaling pathways involved in glucose control and the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism and trophism. Prompt diagnosis and adequate management, including lifestyle intervention, health diet programs, micronutrient supplementation, physical exercise, and pharmacological treatment, are needed to prevent or delay skeletal muscle deterioration in T2D.
... Restrictive diets have been shown to decrease testosterone in men. In a large US study looking at the relationship of various diets (low-fat, Mediterranean and non-restrictive) and testosterone, testosterone was significantly lower in the low-fat and Mediterranean diets after excluding the effects of comorbidities, age and BMI [18]. ...
Article
The great popularity of various diets in recent years has led us to reflect on their suitability for our health. The aim of this communication is to review current knowledge on the influence of the most well-known diets on the concentrations of the main steroids and to consider possible mechanisms. The influence of diet on hormone concentrations is expected, but the literature data on this topic are inconsistent and yield conflicting results. The main problem in evaluating these influences is the change in weight that a change in diet induces. This effect needs to be filtered out in order to discover interesting associations between diet and steroid hormones. This is illustrated by the example of the effects of ketogenic diets on testosterone levels in men, where the direct effect of the diet is to reduce testosterone levels, but a number of papers have described increases that are due to diet-related weight loss and the modification of obesity-induced changes. A second major driver is the change in circadian rhythm, and it is necessary to assess hormonal changes induced by changing the time of day of the diet. Such shifts within the circadian rhythm rather than due to a particular type of diet itself are documented by changes in the circadian rhythm of cortisol.
... This result is in line with a recent meta-analysis of intervention studies that confirmed the inverse relationship between low-fat diets and TT levels in men [14]. In terms of an epidemiological basis, while our study did not show a relationship between cholesterol intake and TT levels, a recent study (n = 3,128) employing NHANES analyses (1999 to 2000, 2003 to 2004, and 2011 to 2012) observed that men (n = 457) following a low-fat pattern had lower TT levels than men in general (410.8 ± 8.1 vs. 443.5 ± 7.3, p = 0.005), even when controlling for confounding variables (comorbidities, age, BMI, and activity level) [32]. In the present study, we observed that individuals ingesting more cholesterol also ingested more fat, which would be an important confounder. ...
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Background Testosterone (T) is an anabolic hormone crucial to the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Testosterone is partially synthesized from cholesterol, but little is known about the relationship of cholesterol intake and serum cholesterol with T levels. Aim To investigate whether cholesterol intake and serum total cholesterol (TC) levels are associated with serum total testosterone (TT) levels in men. Methods A cross-sectional study enrolling 1996 men aged 20 to 80 years from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014 was carried out. Diet assessment was performed using two 24-h food recalls, and TT levels were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate whether TT was associated with cholesterol intake and serum TC levels. Results Neither cholesterol intake nor serum TC levels were associated with TT levels in unadjusted and adjusted analyses (adjustment for energy, total fat and alcohol intake, smoking, age, physical activity, family income, marital status, race, educational level, diabetes, hypertension, and body mass index). Conclusion Dietary cholesterol intake and TC levels are not associated with TT levels in men from the USA.
... юных спортсменов с недостаточным содержанием липидов приводит к истощению запасов триглицеридов в организме, что может ограничивать спортивную производительность и приводить к раннему наступлению утомления в процессе тренировок. Кроме того, неадекватное употребление жиров у подростков может снижать уровень тестостерона в крови, что ведет к уменьшению мышечной массы [8]. ...
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The article highlights the modern problems of nutrition for junior athletes. The authors outline the role of the nutritional plan as an integral part of sports training, as well as a factor in the healthy growth and development of a young athlete. They describe the features of the nutritional status of athletes. The article notes the need for educational programs in the field of balanced nutrition, the use of nutritional supplements and sports products among junior athletes.
... In addition, we will also discuss the role of low energy availability, a growing condition in the athletic population, and its effect on testosterone concentrations. While other reviews have previously discussed the effect of nutrition on testosterone status [13][14][15][16], most of these papers have examined the role of single nutrient (macro/micro) or food/food groups. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to focus on the nutrient influence on circulating testosterone concentrations. ...
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Elevations in the circulating concentration of androgens are thought to have a positive effect on the anabolic processes leading to improved athletic performance. Anabolic-androgenic steroids have often been used by competitive athletes to augment this effect. Although there has been concerted effort on examining how manipulating training variables (e.g., intensity and volume of training) can influence the androgen response to exercise, there has been much less effort directed at understanding how changes in both macronutrient and micronutrient intake can impact the androgen response. Thus, the focus of this review is to examine the effect that manipulating energy and nutrient intake has on circulating concentrations of testosterone and what the potential mechanism is governing these changes.
... In this issue of The Journal Fantus et al (page 398) explored the association of diet and serum T using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. 1 Multivariable analysis showed that nonrestrictive diets were associated with a higher T level than a low fat diet (p <0.05). However, differences were modest, with overall T levels of 435 ng/dl and 410 ng/dl in the low fat group. ...
Article
Background This study aimed to assess the association between snoring frequency and male serum testosterone levels. Methods We analyzed data from the 2015 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Snoring frequency was relied on self-report, and was divided into never, rarely (1–2 nights a week), occasionally (3–4 nights a week), or frequently (5 or more nights a week) groups. Multivariable analysis controlling for age, race, waist circumference, total cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension was used to evaluate the association between snoring frequency and male serum testosterone. Furthermore, we performed the subgroup analyses stratified by age and waist circumference. Results Our analysis included 1900 participants. In the fully adjusted model, only frequent snoring was inversely associated with male serum testosterone (β −0.053, 95% CI -0.101 to −0.006, P = 0.028); According to the subgroup analysis stratified by age, only in 40–59 years group, frequent snoring was inversely associated with male serum testosterone in the fully adjusted model (β −0.113, 95% CI -0.196 to −0.031, P = 0.007). As for the subgroup analysis stratified by waist circumference, our results showed only in the waist circumference ≥102 cm group (abdominal obesity), frequent snoring was inversely associated with male serum testosterone (β −0.133, 95% CI -0.216 to −0.05, P = 0.002). Conclusions Frequent snoring (5 or more nights a week) is inversely associated with male serum testosterone levels, especially in those aged 40–59 years and those with abdominal obesity.
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The food we eat becomes the basic building blocks of our biology. A poor diet creates poor-functioning cells, tissues, organs, and biological systems and leads to disease. A nutrient-rich whole foods diet does the opposite. Inflammation is a common denominator in most chronic diseases, and our modern-day lifestyle is primarily to blame. An overload of processed foods, sugar, starch, and exposure to toxic chemicals damages our mitochondria, overwhelms our detox organs, creates oxidative stress, hormonal and mood imbalances, cognitive decline, and so much more. Functional Medicine treats disease by removing what is causing damage and providing the body with what it needs to repair itself to regain proper functionality.
Article
Objectives There are sex differences in distribution of fat and in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. We therefore sought to explore sex differences in the prevalence of adiposity-metabolic health phenotypes, in anthropometric and cardio-metabolic parameters, and in the relationship between body mass index (BMI) categories and metabolic health.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study carried out between January 2018 and June 2019, of a nationally representative sample of the Maltese Caucasian population aged 41 ± 5 years. Metabolic health was defined as presence of ≤ 1 parameter of the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.ResultsMales exhibited the unhealthy metabolic phenotype more frequently than women (41.3% vs 27.8%). In total, 10.3% of normal weight men and 6.3% of normal weight women were metabolically unhealthy. Males had a higher median BMI, but a lower proportion of males exhibited an abnormally high waist circumference as compared with females. A significant difference in sex distribution was noted for each body composition phenotype.Conclusion In a contemporary sample of middle-aged individuals, males were more metabolically unhealthy and more insulin resistant than their female counterparts in spite of exhibiting an abnormal waist circumference less frequently and having similar waist index. This suggests that the currently used cut-offs for normal waist circumference should be revised downwards in men. Since even normal weight men were more often metabolically unhealthy than normal weight women, BMI cut-offs may also need to be lowered in men.
Article
Objective: Serum testosterone concentrations are affected by factors unrelated to hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis pathology. We evaluated the impact of sociodemographic, lifestyle and medical factors, on serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in men aged 40-69 years. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of 208,677 community-dwelling men from the UK Biobank. Measurements We analysed associations of different factors with serum testosterone and SHBG (immunoassays) and calculated free testosterone (cFT), using smoothed centile plots, linear mixed models, and effect size estimates. Results: Median (interquartile range) for serum testosterone was 11.6 (9.4-14.1) nmol/L, SHBG 36.9 (27.9-48.1) nmol/L, and cFT 213 (178-255) pmol/L. Age and BMI were inversely associated with testosterone and cFT, while SHBG was associated with age, and inversely with BMI (all P<0.001). Living with a partner, (South) Asian ethnicity, never or previous smoker, and some medical conditions, were associated with lower testosterone. Poultry or fish eater, and higher physical activity, were associated with higher testosterone (all P<0.001). Testosterone was lower by ~0.5 nmol/L across ages, ~1.5 nmol/L for BMI 30 vs 25 kg/m2 , ~2 nmol/L for (South) Asian ethnicity, living with partner, college/university qualifications, low red meat eater, insufficient physical activity, and 0.3-1.0 nmol/L with cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Different combinations of these factors varied serum testosterone by ~4 nmol/L, SHBG by ~30 nmol/L, and cFT by ~60 pmol/L. Conclusions: The identified modifiable risk factors support lifestyle-based interventions in men with low testosterone concentrations. Considering sociodemographic, lifestyle and medical factors facilitates more personalised interpretation of testosterone testing results with respect to existing reference ranges.
Chapter
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Chapter
Furan is common compound that can be found in many products in pure form and as its derivatives. It is abundant in environment as in processed food, industrial process, pharmaceutical products and smoke. When furans are heated, they enhanced oxidative processes in lipids and proteins, and therefore play a toxic role in many cases. In many body systems furans are examined to cause toxic effects. It is commonly formed from four precursors amino acids, carbohydrates, ascorbic acids and PUFA. To detect the presence of furan and its amount in sample many methods have been involved. Most common of them are headspace analysis, headspace sampling by solid phase microextraction, and GCMS. As furan toxic effect is confirmed in many animals and it can be harmful to human health as well. The quantity of furan taken by humans are measured through quantification of furan in many food products. Many health agencies such as EFSA, FDA and IARC determine amount of furan in different foods. Further experiments were conducted to determine its harmful effects. Mouse and rats were mostly used in such tests. In rat metabolism of furan is tested and recorded that 80% of furan was eliminated through different pathways. Furan affects on digestive track is also determined. It mostly affects liver due to its prolonged presence in liver, but it was also observed to be harmful for kidneys. Some products are also tested to mitigate furan toxicity, apigenin and lycopene were found to be effective against furan toxicity. Moreover, furan itself was known to be effective against oxidative stress, which may cause many neurodegenerative disorders.
Article
Background Exercise and weight loss have been shown to improve serum testosterone (T) in obese individuals. However, the association between low T levels and guideline‐based exercise thresholds has not been determined. Objective Using the recently updated Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (PAGAC) recommendations, we sought to investigate the relationship between recommended activity levels and the prevalence of low T levels. Materials and Methods The 2011‐2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used to identify men ages 18 to 80 years who answered the physical activity questionnaire and underwent serum T testing. Men were categorized based on PAGAC activity level: less than recommended, recommended and greater than recommended. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine the association between low T (<300ng/dL) and activity level across body mass index (BMI) categories while adjusting for potential confounders. Results Of the 7372 men who met the inclusion criterion, the majority (4372, 59.3%) exceeded the recommended amount of activity, whereas only 2326 (31.6%) exercised less than the recommended amount. On multivariable analysis, obese men whose activity exceeded the recommended amount were less likely to have low T (OR 0.523, 95% CI 0.409‐0.669, p<0.001) compared to men who did not meet the recommended activity level. Discussion and Conclusions Using a large, nationally representative cohort, we demonstrate that obese men whose activity exceeded PAGAC recommendations had a decreased likelihood of having low T levels. Given the numerous benefits of exercise, these data provide a basis for counseling obese patients regarding the association between exercise and decreased prevalence of low T.
Article
Recent data have suggested that short‐term NSAID use induces a state of compensated hypogonadism. Our aim was to investigate the association between chronic, regular NSAID use and compensated hypogonadism in a large, nationally representative cohort, the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Men 20–80 years who answered the analgesic use questionnaire and underwent hormonal testing were included. Multivariable regression was utilised to determine the relationship between NSAID use and serum testosterone (T), anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) and T:AMH ratio. Among 3,749 men, 505 (13.5%) reported regular NSAID use and 3,244 (86.5%) did not. Regular users had lower T (440.7 ± 27.0 vs. 557.0 ± 24.9 ng/dl, p = .005) and albumin (43.8 ± 0.2 vs. 45.1 ± 0.1, p < .001) compared to nonregular users. On multivariable analysis, only active smoking was significantly associated with T, AMH and T:AMH ratio (p < .001, p = .036 and p = .005 respectively). Regular NSAID use was not associated with T, AMH or T:AMH ratio (p = .523, p = .974, and p = .872 respectively). In this nationally representative sample of US men, regular and chronic NSAID use was not associated with alterations in T or compensated hypogonadism. These data should reassure patients and clinicians regarding the safety of NSAID use with respect to the risk of alteration in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.
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