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Why are eels trafficked?

July 2019

DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.19835.46884

Conference: #SEG10Y

Authors:

German Angling Association (DAFV)

KEY MESSAGES: (1) Trafficking industry supplies global market, (2) Demand is much higher than reported supply, (3) High profits fuel black market; IMPLEMENTATION and enforcement by (1) consistent CITES codes for eel trade, (2) modern technologies (e.g. DNA, Chemical Fingerprinting) >>>EFFICIENT, comprehensive control system

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Why are eels trafficked?

00

Florian Stein

Sustainable Eel Group (SEG)

27 June 2019, Natural History Museum

#SEG10Y

0

100

200

300

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

RoW: Europe, North African countries, DomRep Malaysia Korea Taiwan, PoC Japan China

China

Taiwan

Japan

Global aquaculture production, freshwater eels

Korea

Rest

245,000 t

(FAO, 1950-2016)

01

120 t glass eels from Europe

Photo credit: Chang W. Lee/The New York Times 2009; Location: Xulong factory in Taishan, China

https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2007/07/02/business/20070703_FISH_SLIDESHOW_index.html?searchResultPosition=9

Nature of the Chinese eel industry

02

Ø797 eel aquaculture processors

(CITES, 2017)

Ø900 –1000 eel farms

(China Eel Industrial Association, 2018)

ØSingle processors producing > 10,000 t!

(UNIDO, 2013)

Nature of the Chinese eel industry

03

Japan 19,900 t (01)

USA 4,700 t (02)

Korea 615 t (07)

Russia 2,900 t (03)

Taiw an 2,400 t (04)

Belarus 682 t (06)

Hong Kong 1,000 t (05)

Canada 486 t (08)

Ukraine 444 t (09)

Netherlands 334 t (10)

United Kingdom 71 t (17)

Belgium 27 t (21)

France 24 t (24)

Poland 23 t (25)

Portugal 20 t (26)

Denmark 16 t (29)

Germany 212 t (15)

Eel products exported from CN in t (2017)

Source: Chinese customs, compiled by Shiraishi and Crook in CITES AC30-18-01-A2

04

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Reported glass eel input (t) Potential glass eel demand (t)

CITES (2017)

Glass eels in t

Conversion parameters:

•285 g= 1 Kabayaki fillet

• 3,000 GE/kg (A .anguilla)

• Species-specific parameters

of other Anguilla species not

considered

Potential GE demand for CN eel aquaculture

converted into glass eels

05

Simplified estimates based on enforcement information

Values along the illegal supply chain

contains 15 % mortality

06

Primary offtake Illegal network Arrival Asia Kabayaki fillets

300 €

1 kg

1,000 €

1 kg

6,000 €

1 kg

25,800 €

727 kg

KEY messages

07

• Trafficking industry supplies global market

•Demand is much higher than reported supply

•High profits fuel black market

•Implementation and enforcement by:

• consistent CITES codes for eel trade

•modern technologies (e.g. DNA, Chemical Fingerprinting)

ØEfficient, comprehensive control system

Thank You!

08

THE EEL-LEGAL TRADE IN EUROPEAN EEL: Unearthing the Illegal Business behind the 'European Ivory'

Thesis

Sep 2020

Aitor Ibáñez Alonso

Whereas traditionally the study of the illegal wildlife trade has been focused on species that consider the facet of the Western world as a consumer or transit hub, the study of the illegal trade in European eels is a landmark opportunity to deem the role of Europe as a source area for wildlife trafficking. Based on a mixed methods research design, this case study delves into the nature of the illegal trade in European eels. In the context of globalization a global eel market developed at the same time as stocks decreased sharply. The process of criminalization of the trade in favor of managing the species whilst maintaining the EU market led to an international stage full of criminogenic asymmetries that has been facilitating opportunities for crime. In relation to the legal-illegal continuum, legal and illegal actors interact along the chain from rivers to worldwide consumers. This constant interaction fuels the illegal trade by providing the underworld with vital elements for its continuity such as protection, finance or laundering. With regards to its organization, different corporate crime groups, organized crime groups and disorganized crime networks present a complex fluid nature with many overlaps between the different categories. This leads to consider all sorts of interfaces between different forms of criminality by drawing upon the theoretical perspective of the social embeddedness of organized crime. Finally, this research critically examines the ways in which notions of environmental crime and harms surrounding the illegal eel trade are socially constructed, de-constructed and resisted by exploring the social and political dimensions of power dynamics through a green criminological perspective. Keywords: Green Criminology, European Eel, Organized Crime, Corporate Crime, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, Illegal Wildlife Trade

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.

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