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Le nouveau droit international privé des contrats après l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Rome du 19 juin 1980

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... For example, in an early article, Paul Lagarde suggested that a forum selection agreement, in the absence of other factors pointing in that direction, should not be sufficient to imply a choice of law. 192 This position has been endorsed by certain other European scholars. 193 Interestingly, the Green Paper to the Rome I Regulation states that the CJEU would likely hold that 'the mere fact of designating the courts of a country does not constitute a choice of law if this choice is not corroborated by other factors '. 194 Nevertheless, some European scholars have been critical of this view. ...
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Where the parties to an international contract fail to specify the choice of law, a forum selection agreement is one of the most, if not the most, significant factors to consider in implying the choice of law in many international, supranational, regional instruments, and national jurisdictions. However, it is an ill-defined, notoriously complex, and hotly debated issue as to the weight that should be attached to a forum selection agreement in implying the choice of law. Hence, this article is devoted to discussing this topic from a comparative perspective, in order to propose a guide to global uniform criteria. To achieve this, the article covers all relevant international, regional, and supranational instruments, and selected legal systems in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. The legal systems compared include those from the global North and global South, including common law, civil law, and mixed legal systems. The article's core proposal is that an exclusive forum selection agreement should be a key factor in implying the choice of law. However, except in such cases as where a forum is chosen on a neutral basis, there should be a general requirement of corroboration with at least one other factor of significance. The aim of the proposal is to contribute to greater uniformity, predictability, and certainty in the global community in this field of law.
... For example, in an early article, Paul Lagarde suggested that a forum selection agreement, in the absence of other factors pointing in that direction, should not be sufficient to imply a choice of law. 192 This position has been endorsed by certain other European scholars. 193 Interestingly, the Green Paper to the Rome I Regulation states that the CJEU would likely hold that 'the mere fact of designating the courts of a country does not constitute a choice of law if this choice is not corroborated by other factors '. 194 Nevertheless, some European scholars have been critical of this view. ...
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Full-text available
Where the parties to an international contract fail to specify the choice of law, a forum selection agreement is one of the most, if not the most, significant factors to consider in implying the choice of law in many international, supranational, regional instruments, and national jurisdictions. However, it is an ill-defined, notoriously complex, and hotly debated issue as to the weight that should be attached to a forum selection agreement in implying the choice of law. Hence, this article is devoted to discussing this topic from a comparative perspective, in order to propose a guide to global uniform criteria. To achieve this, the article covers all relevant international, regional, and supranational instruments, and selected legal systems in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. The legal systems compared include those from the global North and global South, including common law, civil law, and mixed legal systems. The article’s core proposal is that an exclusive forum selection agreement should be a key factor in implying the choice of law. However, except in such cases as where a forum is chosen on a neutral basis, there should be a general requirement of corroboration with at least one other factor of significance. The aim of the proposal is to contribute to greater uniformity, predictability, and certainty in the global community in this field of law.
... O bien, la elección implícita de la ley del contrato será válida siempre que resulte "de manera inequívoca de los términos del contrato o de las circunstancias del caso". Esto quiere decir que los términos del contrato o las circunstancias del caso permitirán precisar si existe una voluntad real de elección de la ley de un Estado, no determinar cuál es la voluntad presunta o hipotética de los contratantes 318 . En caso de duda, el juez debe considerar que no existe elección implícita de la ley del contrato 319 . ...
... Se trata de un importante instrumento internacional de eficacia universal destinado al logro de la uniformidad legislativa en el sector de las obligaciones contractuales. Dicho carácter universal, su aplicación obligatoria y la amplitud de su ámbito material dentro del Derecho patrimonial, evidencia las pretensiones de sus redactores de convertirlo en un instrumento básico para las transacciones comerciales internacionales que refuerce, a partir de su carácter armonizador, la seguridad jurídica en sectores de inmensa transcendencia económica; seguridad que se intenta conseguir solucionando los problemas derivados de la disparidad de normas jurídicas existentes entre los Estados miembros 275 . Sin embargo, este instrumento no ha quedado exento de críticas, toda vez que los operadores jurídicos intentan soslayar en la práctica diaria los conflictos de leyes. ...
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I. DE LA PRIMITIVA LEX MERCATORIA A LA DESCODIFICACIÓN DEL DERECHO MERCANTIL 1. El Derecho mercantil estatutario medieval 2. La nacionalización del Derecho mercantil A) IRRUPCIÓN DEL PRINCIPIO DE LA RESPONSABILIDAD LIMITADA B) EL MOVIMIENTO CODIFICADOR Y LAS LEYES MERCANTILES C) LA EXPERIENCIA NORTEAMERICANA 3. Crisis del corpus normativo tradicional A) ELEMENTOS DETERMINANTES DEL CAMBIO B) PROPAGACIÓN DE LEYES ESPECIALES C) VALORACIÓN SECTORIAL II. SOBRE LA MODERNA LEX MERCATORIA 1. Retorno al internacionalismo A) APARICIÓN DE UN ESPACIO TRANSNACIONAL B) DEBATE EN TORNO A LA LEX MERCATORIA 2. Elementos determinantes de la nueva lex mercatoria 3. Instrumentos de la práctica A) CODIFICACIÓN DE LAS REGLAS Y USOS BANCARIOS: LA LABOR DE LA CCI B) CONTRATOS-TIPO C) CLÁUSULAS TIPO: LOS «INCOTERMS» D) LAS CLÁUSULAS DE INCORPORACIÓN POR REFERENCIA EN LOS CONTRATOS DE EMBARQUE III. BÚSQUEDA DE LA UNIFORMIDAD A PARTIR DE TÉCNICAS SUSTANTIVISTAS DE INSPIRACIÓN INTERNACIONAL 1. Codificación internacional y unificación jurídica 2. Tendencia a la armonización internacional: hacia un Derecho mercantil plurinacional A) MÉTODOS EN PRESENCIA B) TÉCNICAS DE CODIFICACIÓN 3. Ámbito del soft law en el Derecho de los negocios internacionales A) FLEXIBILIZACIÓN EN LOS PROCESOS DE PRODUCCIÓN NORMATIVA B) LEYES MODELO C) CÓDIGOS DE CONDUCTA D) GUÍAS LEGISLATIVAS 4. Interacción de métodos A) UNIFICACIÓN DEL DERECHO CAMBIARIO B) TRANSPORTE MULTIMODAL IV. MANIFESTACIONES DE LA CODIFICACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DEL DERECHO DE LOS NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES 1. Labor y resultados de las Conferencias internacionales A) REFERENCIA AL DERECHO UNIONISTA EN EL MARCO DE LAS PROPIEDADES ESPECIALES B) QUEHACER DE LAS CONFERENCIAS MARÍTIMAS INTERNACIONALES C) UNIFICACIÓN DEL DERECHO DE LOS TRANSPORTES INTERNACIONALES 2. El Instituto Internacional para la Unificación del Derecho privado (Unidroit) A) ANTECEDENTES Y MÉTODO DE TRABAJO B) REALIZACIONES C) LOS PRINCIPIOS UNIDROIT SOBRE CONTRATOS COMERCIALES INTERNACIONALES 3. La Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional (Uncitral) A) ANTECEDENTES Y MÉTODO DE TRABAJO B) LABOR LLEVADA A CABO POR LA UNCITRAL V. UNIFICACIÓN DEL DERECHO MERCANTIL EN LA UNIÓN EUROPEA 1. Alternativas y técnicas de unificación 2. Estudio sectorial de (algunas) realizaciones A) COMUNITARIZACIÓN DEL DERECHO DE LOS CONTRATOS B) ORDENACIÓN DEL MERCADO C) DERECHO DE SOCIEDADES: LA SOCIEDAD EUROPEA D) PROPIEDAD INDUSTRIAL E) CONSUMIDORES F) PROCEDIMIENTOS CONCURSALES VI. CODIFICACIÓN DEL DERECHO DE LOS NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES EN EL MARCO DE LA CODIFICACIÓN DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO 1. Papel de las normas de conflicto clásicas en la solución de los problemas del tráfico mercantil internacional 2. Alcance y problemas de la codificación internacional A) UNIFICACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE LAS NORMAS DEL DERECHO APLICABLE A LAS TRANSACCIONES COMERCIALES INTERNACIONALES B) CONFERENCIA DE LA HAYA DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO C) CONFERENCIA ESPECIALIZADA INTERAMERICANA SOBRE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO (CIDIP) 3. Alcance y problemas de la codificación interna en el sistema español A) DEBATE EN TORNO A LA CODIFICACIÓN DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO EN ESPAÑA B) INCIDENCIA DE LOS TRATADOS INTERNACIONALES EN LAS NORMAS DE CONFLICTO DEL SISTEMA ESPAÑOL DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO C) NORMAS REGULADORAS DEL TRÁFICO MERCANTIL INTERNACIONAL EN LAS LEYES ESPECIALES D) PROBLEMAS DERIVADOS DE LAS CLÁUSULAS DE REMISIÓN A LOS TRATADOS INTERNACIONALES
Thesis
La valeur économique s’oppose au prix. Compte tenu de la prohibition de la lésion, de l’indifférence de l’erreur sur la valeur et de l’importance de la liberté contractuelle en la matière, le droit semble se désintéresser du déséquilibre économique. Le prix ne serait qu’une expression conventionnelle et subjective de la valeur.Le droit contribue toutefois à la recherche un équilibre entre le prix et la valeur et au traitement d’un éventuel déséquilibre. Les règles relatives à la formation du contrat encadrent leur estimation, afin d’éviter la survenue d’un déséquilibre entre le prix convenu et la valeur réelle.Si un tel évènement devait malgré tout survenir, la faveur est donnée, selon les cas, aux solutions conventionnelles (anéantissement ou révision du contrat d’origine), sur l’immixtion judiciaire. Enfin, le droit régule la mise en œuvre des mécanismes de révision et de restitution, permettant le rétablissement de l’équilibre contractuel.
Thesis
La gestion de la période de l’avant-contrat s’avère délicate car elle constitue une période de risques. D’une part, vont être échangés, durant cette phase, des documents concernant l’entreprise et leur confidentialité ne sera pas protéger en cas d’échec des pourparlers. D’autre part, en cas de rupture après un temps important de discussions, les investissements en temps et en travaux d’études seront définitivement perdus. Par conséquent, les parties aux négociations vont chercher à conserver leur liberté contractuelle, tout en s’assurant du maintien de la participation de leur partenaire aux pourparlers. Or, les différents droits nationaux présentent des divergences particulièrement marquées dans l’appréhension de la période précontractuelle. Cette difficulté n’est pas effacée par le droit matériel uniforme qui reste trop lacunaire et nécessite le plus souvent l’intervention du droit national. Il s’agit de parvenir à un équilibre entre deux principes fondamentaux connus du droit des contrats : la liberté contractuelle et le principe de bonne foi pour sécuriser les tractations et garantir la prospérité du commerce international. Or, en matière de négociations internationales, le droit apparaît soit trop jeune, soit lacunaire. Ainsi, la question de la possibilité d’étendre la prorogation volontaire de compétence, par une clause attributive de juridiction ou une clause d’arbitrage, à la matière précontractuelle ne connaît pas de réponse évidente puisqu’elle reste subordonnée à l’existence d’un contrat, alors que sa présence fait généralement défaut en matière de contentieux précontractuel. De plus, la nouvelle règle de conflit de lois prévue par l’article 12 du Règlement Rome II n’a pas encore été appliquée et laisse donc des questions en suspens qui seront certainement soulevées en jurisprudence. Sa pertinence s’avère d'ailleurs discutable. Aussi est-il possible d'envisager des adaptations et des correctifs, mais également une réécriture par l’adoption d’une nouvelle règle de conflit de lois en faveur de la loi présentant les liens les plus étroits avec les négociations avec une présomption simple en faveur de la loi de la relation préexistante.
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El objetivo fundamental de este breve estudio es el análisis del rol que las normas internacionalmente imperativas desempeñan en la contratación internacional contemporánea, con especial énfasis en el impacto que las mismas producen en la autonomía conflictual de las partes. Para ello es necesario examinar este fenómeno desde el Derecho interno, pues entendemos que la limitación que las normas imperativas producen sobre la autonomía conflictual no es más que un reflejo del impacto de las mismas sobre la autonomía material. En ambos casos el origen parece ser el mismo: la intervención del Estado en las relaciones privadas.
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O caráter conservador do Direito, decorrente da sua necessidade de preservação das estruturas sociais, e a natureza disruptiva das tecnologias de informação e transmissão de dados, que impõe à sociedade novas formas de relacionamento com o real, demarcam a relação nem sempre harmoniosa entre o Direito e a tecnologia. Não se pode negar a existência de uma certa distonia entre a regulação jurídica e o desenvolvimento tecnológico e tal fato conduz à formulação de duas questões fundamentais: é possível estabelecer um diálogo entre o Direito e as novas tecnologias de informação sem que a ausência de neutralidade da tecnologia comprometa a formação de um quadro de regulação específico para o ciberespaço e para a resolução dos conflitos dele decorrentes? Como estabelecer um modelo de regulação online de litígios que enfrente o caráter ubíquo e desterritorializado do ciberespaço, reformulando os tradicionais conceitos de fronteiras geográficas e jurisdicionais tão caros ao Direito Internacional, e, em especial ao Direito Internacional Privado? As respostas encontradas para tais problemas no âmbito interno das ordens jurídicas estatais possuem reflexos nítidos no cenário internacional, em especial quando se está a tratar de relações jurídicas que apresentem uma conexão internacional. Ao contrário do conhecimento científico, do ponto de vista econômico e cultural as tecnologias não são neutras, desenvolvendo-se a partir de suas necessidades utilitárias de adaptação à vida cultural. As possibilidades de utilização dos recursos tecnológicos para a resolução de conflitos são imensas. ODR consiste no uso dos recursos tecnológicos para a Resolução Alternativa de Litígios (ADR). A utilização da inteligência artificial na resolução de conflitos e das ferramentas de Dispute System Design (DSD) transbordam as fronteiras jurisdicionais nacionais, exigindo do Direito Internacional Privado uma revisão dos seus paradigmas e das terorias tradicionais de conflitos de leis e de jurisdições.
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El Convenio de Roma de 1980 fue durante más de dos décadas el cuerpo jurídico que unificó las disposiciones sobre la ley aplicable a los contratos internacionales en la Unión Europea. Dicho instrumento legal supuso una revolución en cuanto a la uniformidad de las normas de Derecho internacional Privado, pues cualquier juez de un Estado parte aplicaba la misma norma de conflicto para establecer la lex contractus, lo que incrementaba la seguridad jurídica al disminuir el forum shopping. Sin embargo, las disposiciones sobre la ley aplicable al contrato en defecto de elección de parte (Art. 4 Convenio de Roma) no fueron interpretadas de manera uniforme por la doctrina jurídica, ni por la abundante jurisprudencia de los tribunales de los Estados parte. Con la transformación del Convenio de Roma en un instrumento de la Unión Europea “Reglamento Roma I”, se aprovechó para incluir cambios en el Art. 4 buscando solucionar los múltiples problemas de su antecesor, con el fin de alcanzar un elevado nivel de seguridad jurídica. El presente artículo pretende analizar las innovaciones incluidas al precepto estableciendo un paralelo entre el Art. 4 Convenio de Roma y el Art. 4 Reglamento Roma I.
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Resumo: A relação entre a tecnologia e o Direito nem sempre se constituiu de maneira harmoniosa, dado o caráter conservador do primeiro e de sua necessidade de preservação das estruturas sociais; dadas as características disruptivas da tecnologia, que impõem à sociedade mudanças nos seus padrões de comportamento. Essa distonia entre regulação jurídica e desenvolvimento tecnológico traz a lume duas questões fundamentais: como estabelecer um diálogo entre o Direito e as novas tecnologias de informação sem que a ausência de neutralidade da tecnologia comprometa a formação de um quadro de regulação específico para o ciberespaço e para a resolução dos conflitos dele decorrentes? Como estabelecer um modelo de regulação online de litígios que enfrente o caráter ubíquo e desterritorializado do ciberespaço, reformulando os tradicionais conceitos de fronteiras geográficas e jurisdicionais tão caros ao Direito Internacional, em especial ao Direito Internacional Privado? A resolução online de conflitos pressupõe uma revisão da relação entre o Direito Interno dos Estados e o Direito Internacional. As soluções encontradas no âmbito de cada ordem jurídica estatal têm reflexos diretos no cenário internacional, sobretudo quando se tratam de relações jurídicas com conexão internacional. Esse é pano de fundo sobre o qual se descortinam as questões abordadas neste trabalho. Contrariamente à ciência, a tecnologia se desenvolve a partir de suas necessidades utilitárias, integrando-se à vida cultural, às obras do espírito e aos produtos industrializados sem qualquer preocupação de natureza moral ou ética. Do ponto de vista econômico e cultural, a tecnologia não é neutra, e sua propalada neutralidade constitui uma visão equívoca das suas funcionalidades. ODR consiste na utilização dos recursos da tecnologia para a Resolução Alternativa de Litígios (ADR). As possibilidades de utilização da tecnologia para a resolução de litígios são imensas, envolvendo questões complexas do ponto de vista teórico e tecnológico, como a utilização de inteligência artificial ou o uso das ferramentas de Dispute System Design (DSD). Sua aplicação exige do Direito Internacional Privado uma revisão das tradicionais teorias dos conflitos de leis e de jurisdições.
Chapter
The comparison between the European and Chinese solutions concerning the identification of the applicable law to international sale of goods contracts is more and more easy. Both systems have now codified their rules for the determination of the law applicable to international contracts, including the sale of goods.
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p>La ley aplicable al contrato internacional de distribución en la Unión Europea presentó muchas dificultades bajo la aplicación del Convenio de Roma de 1980, pues esta norma jurídica uniforme requería, para establecer la ley aplicable al contrato internacional, identificar la prestación característica de esa relación jurídica. La prestación característica del contrato de distribución no pudo ser determinada de manera uniforme, pues unos tribunales de los Estados parte entendían que la llevaba a cabo el distribuidor; otros sostenían que era el concedente de las mercancías; mientras que otros consideraban que a este contrato no podía establecérsele una prestación característica. El Reglamento Roma I de la Unión Europea ha hecho importantes modificaciones en cuanto a la determinación de la ley aplicable a este contrato, pues ha establecido de manera rígida y directa, que a esta relación jurídica le sea aplicable la ley de la residencia habitual del distribuidor. El presente artículo pretende analizar si la determinación rígida de la ley aplicable al contrato de distribución en el Reglamento de la Unión Europea Roma I logra solucionar los problemas interpretativos presentados en el Convenio de Roma de 1980, para otorgar seguridad jurídica mediante la previsibilidad de la ley aplicable al contrato internacional.</p
Chapter
While there is no agreement as to the choice of the law applicable to individual employment contracts, the law of the habitual place of work is applied in a significant number of jurisdictions such as in the European Union via Article 8 of the Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations. In addition to briefly addressing a number of issues excluded from the lex laboris such as social security matters or employer insolvency, this chapter focuses on the aforementioned provision (Sect. 4.2) and the location of that place when work is performed at sea (Sect. 4.3). Public international law is of avail in this regard, in particular after the issuance of Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, and Work in Fishing Convention, 2007, both placing the main responsibility for working and living conditions on board on flag states, i.e. placing under the law of the flag all employment relationships on board, thereby ensuring the equality principle and avoiding social dumping. The Court of Justice has acknowledged this relationship between public and private international laws, but its case law seems to have moved to a factual approach in determining the habitual workplace, which is a source of legal uncertainty. In a similar vein, it has put the escape clause included in Article 8 of the Rome I Regulation on an equal footing with the habitual workplace connection, thus contradicting its case law that considers the latter the best placed to protect workers (Sect. 4.3). For this very reason, the essential role of the law of the habitual place of work is to be highlighted and only discarded in those cases in which there is not only a closer connection to other country but also a lack of contacts with the flag state. Worker protection can be also provided by overriding mandatory rules (Sect. 4.4) and the public order clause (Sect. 4.5).
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In Case C–384/10 Jan Voogsgeerd v Navimer SA the ECJ dealt with a number of issues concerning the choice-of-law rules for employment contracts of the Rome Convention, most importantly the relationship between the connecting factors of the habitual place of work and the engaging place of business, and the interpretation of the latter connecting factor. After demonstrating that the ECJ has deprived it of almost any effect, that it leads to excessive legal uncertainty, unforeseeability of the outcome of litigation, and does not support the objectives of employee protection and proximity, this article concludes that the connecting factor of the engaging place of business should be abolished in European private international law.
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The parties to an international contract of employment may, in the course of its performance, decide to make it subject to the law of a different country or relocate to another country the place where it is performed. A court having to settle any dispute that arises thereafter will first have to determine the (new) law applicable to the contract. In such situations the Rome convention of 19 June 1980 offers a much-needed framework for assessing the validity of a choice of law or the implications of relocation for the contract's legal regime with due regard to the parties' interests.
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This survey gives an overall view of how private international law deals with cross-border consumer complaints. Firstly, the procedural private international law rules are discussed. It is shown that the private international law rules still focus on judicial complaints handling. They do not take into account that at a national level consumer complaints are often handled in another way, for instance by an Ombudsman. Secondly, Article 5 of the Rome Convention and other conflict of law rules which are of interest to the consumer, are evaluated. Article 5 is criticized because of its limited scope.
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The European Commission's Action Plan on European Contract Law is the follow-up to the Communication of July 2001. It reveals the conclusions of the Commission and proposes a mix of regulatory and non-regulatory measures aimed at removing obstacles to the smooth functioning of the internal market and ensuring the uniform application of EC law. These measures are (a) the improvement of the acquis through the elaboration of a common frame reference containing common rules and terminology, (b) promotion of the use of standard terms for cross-border contracts, and (c) further reflection on an optional horizontal instrument in the field. This article will undertake a general discussion of the likely impact of the measures on the future of EC consumer law and European contract law, and treat certain questions relating to the conflict of laws. It is also hoped that the article will acquaint the new reader with some of the (mainly) recent discussions in English and French on the subject matter from different jurisdictions.
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The recently adopted Rome I Regulation will replace the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. The Regulation differs less radically from the Convention than the Commission, judging by its proposal, would have wished. It is doubtful whether it was worthwhile repealing the Convention which has been in force less than 17 years and before the European Court, which has only recently acquired jurisdiction in respect of the Convention, had been given the chance to iron out the divergences of interpretation apparent in the case law of the Contracting States.
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