(PDF) Butterflies of south east Africa’s mountains (Mozambique and Malawi).

METAMORPHOSIS

ISSN 1018-6490

CONTENTS

By ......................

Butterflies of south east Africa's mountains (Mozambique and Malawi)

Colin Congdon, Steve Collins and Julian Bayliss 46

Front cover: Cymothoe sp. nov. ♂ from Mt. Namuli: J. Bayliss

Back cover: Cymothoe sp. nov. ♂ from Mt. Mabu: J. Bayliss

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 45

Butterflies of so u th east Africa's mountains

(Mozambique and Malaŵi)

(1)Colin Congdon (Colin.congdon@gmail.com)

(1)Steve Collins (scollins@acdivoca-kenya.or.ke)

(1,2,3)Julian Bayliss (jlbayliss@yahoo.co.uk)

(1)African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Box 14308, 0800 Nairobi, Kenya

(2)Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT), P.O. Box 139, Mulanje, Malaŵi

(3)Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK

1. Introduction

This publication deals with three issues. Firstly it details the results of a series of

butterfly surveys as part of the Darwin Initiative project (15/036) 'Monitoring and

managing biodiversity loss in south-east Africa's montane ecosystems'. Members

from the African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), based in Nairobi, visited

the project sites in northern Mozambique and southern Malaŵi on several

occasions to undertake a series of butterfly surveys. Most sites were visited

several times to create a more thorough sampling regime as species emerge at

different times of the year. The checklist of butterflies known from the study sites

in northern Mozambique and southern Malaŵi totals 401 species.

Secondly it revises the existing checklist of the Butterflies of Mozambique

(Borboletas de Moçambique) that was published by Augusto Cabral (2000) in line

with current nomenclature, leaving it with 261 species.

Thirdly, and most significantly, it presents a comprehensive, accurate and up-to-

date checklist of the Butterflies of Mozambique (Table 3), covering all habitats

and using all known historical data sources as well those collected through this

study. This checklist, which must be considered provisional, contains 523 species.

In this report a brief history of butterfly research in Mozambique is also presented

based on all available historical records. The butterfly fauna from each mountain

visited in the course of the project is listed, and species and subspecies of interest

are discussed. The biogeography of the region (southern Malaŵi and northern

Mozambique) as a whole is considered in terms of its butterfly fauna and relevant

botanical links.

46 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

1.1 Project background

This project emerged out of work that was occurring on Mt. Mulanje in southern

Malaŵi through the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT). At that time

(2005) an interest was expressed to assess the degree of biological similarity

between Mt. Mulanje and the neighbouring mountains over 1500 m in northern

Mozambique. Throughout 2005 a concept proposal, entitled “Monitoring and

Managing Biodiversity Loss on South-East Africa's Montane Ecosystems”, was

developed and the sites were selected (using Google Earth). Funding was secured

through the Darwin Initiative, a British Government award administered through the

Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The award was a

collaborative effort between the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (RBGKew) and

BirdLife International in UK, the Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique

(IIAM), the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT) and the Forest

Research Institute of Malaŵi (FRIM).

A series of scientific expeditions was organised to selected high altitude mountains

(>1500 m) in northern Mozambqiue (and southern Malaŵi) until the project closed

in June 2009. The African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), based in Nairobi,

became involved following the discovery of a significant number of new butterfly

species in the early stages of the project.

1.2 Historical Note on the Study of Butterflies in Mozambique

In comparison with most other African countries there has been relatively little study

on the Lepidoptera, including butterflies, of Mozambique. However, this section

outlines those records that are known.

Russell Badham is known to have collected extensively in Mozambique in the

middle of the last century, and many of his specimens are now in the Transvaal

Museum.

Augusto Cabral made an extensive collection of butterflies which is now probably

looked after by his family (it is not in the Museum of Natural History in Maputo),

and published 'Butterflies of Mozambique' (Cabral, 2000) - see Table 2. Until now,

this constituted the only known checklist of the butterflies of Mozambique, and we

are indebted to him for a number of new records.

David M. Cookson (1914 – 1966) lived near the Mozambique border, and is known

to have collected in the Manica Highlands towards the end of his life.

Bevan Cox (1878 – 1946) collected in the Amatongas and Dondo forest.

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 47

Margaret Fontaine (1862 – 1940) made expeditions into Mozambique in the period

1907 to 1909, and her work on the life histories of a number of species is well known

- she is the subject of the book 'Wild and Fearless' by Natascha Scott-Stokes, and of

the autobiographical 'Love among the Butterflies' compiled from her diaries.

Henri Junod (1863 – 1934) collected around Rikatla Mission from 1893, and gave

his name to Graphium (Arisbe) junodi, a Mozambican endemic butterfly.

Joseph Last (1847–1933), made an expedition into northern Mozambique in 1887. A

full list of his discoveries is not available, but it is certain that he collected butterflies

in the course of his travels. Two butterfly species were named in his honour (Anthene

lasti (Grose-Smith and Kirby, 1894) and Charaxes lasti Grose-Smith, 1889), the

former at least being present in Mozambique.

Ernest Lannin (1872 – 1945) was based in Mutare, Zimbabwe, from where he made

collecting trips into Mozambique. He gave his name to Stygionympha wichgrafi

lannini.

Rose Monteiro published in 1891 'Delagoa Bay: Its Natives and Natural History'. A

keen butterfly collector, with several discoveries to her name, including Acraea

esebria f. monteironis and Charaxes ethalion f. rosae. She must also have been a

botanist, as we find Artabotrys monteiroae (Annonaceae) described from Delagoa

Bay.

Frederick Courteney Selous (1851 – 1917). According to his biographer Millais

(1918), Selous passed through Manica in 1881. He collected butterflies assiduously

all his life, presenting his collection to the South African Museum, Cape Town,

where R. Trimen was curator at the time.

Percy Sheppard (1875 – 1958) was for a time based near the Dondo forest before

moving to Manica.

Bill Teare (1907 – 1982) made expeditions into Mozambique from South Africa,

looking for species rare further south.

1.3 Site Descriptions

Since October 2005 expeditions ranging from several days to several weeks have

been made to selected mountains in Zambezia and Niassa Provinces of Mozambique

north of the Zambezi, as well as southern Malaŵi, as part of this Darwin Initiative

project. A number of species of butterfly were found, many of which were believed

to be first records for the country. However it became apparent that this could not be

said with any confidence, as no comprehensive checklist was available. We have

48 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

therefore attempted to supply this need (Table 3). Species collected in the course of

our expeditions are listed in Table 1. Most of the earlier butterfly collecting in

Mozambique was undertaken by South Africans, mainly working in the south of the

country around Delagoa Bay. Very little collecting has been done north of the

Zambezi, and no doubt many more species remain to be found there. It is hoped that

the present paper will stimulate interest in this region and provide a platform for

further work.

Plate no. 1, Fig.1. Map covers the region of study (southern Malaŵi and northern

Mozambique) showing all the study sites.

Very little collecting time was spent on either Mt. Inago or the Njesi Plateau, and

further work would undoubtedly increase the number of species from these areas.

The areas visited are listed from north to south (Plate no. 1, Fig. 1).

Site 1. The Njesi Plateau.

o o

A single, three day, exploratory visit was made to this area (12 45' S, 35 20' E) by

Bayliss and Congdon in late February, 2009. It is a high plateau rising to 1870 m. The

plateau is divided by a deep valley, and is mainly rolling grassland. There is evidence

that this was once forest, as there are numerous Albizia saplings, kept small by

repeated burning, and also Rhoicissus, a liana, which is usually associated with

forest. For the most part the soil in these areas is a dark humic loam. There are forest

patches in areas protected from fire. These are depauperate, probably as a result of

infrequent fire events. Remaining trees are mainly Albizia gummifera and A.

schimperiana. A few Bersama were seen, and some Fagaropsis and Bridelia.

Shrubs and small trees included Maesa lanceolata, Tecomaria capensis, Clausena

anisata, Maytenus sp., Dracaena laxissima and Dracaena aff. steudneri. The forest

undergrowth was mainly of Triumfetta, Mimulopsis and various Acanthaceae,

sterile at the time of our visit. Lianas included Toddalia asiatica, Rhoicissus

tridentata, Tylophora sp., Urera hypselodendron and Gouania longispicata. We

found two species of hemiparasitic Loranthaceae, Englerina inaequilatera and

Erianthemum schelei.

The grasslands were of several species including Hyparrhenia up to 3 m tall. In areas

of shorter grass we found Clematopsis, Helichrysum, Dombeya burgessiae, and

Protea spp.

The path to the plateau passed through typical Zambesian Brachystegia woodland at

about 1370 m, with some almost pure stands of Uapaca kirkiana. In this valley

potatoes were extensively grown and there was evidence of this on a commercial

scale during the colonial period. This area has previously been visited by Ryan &

Spottiswoode (2003) who investigated the avifauna.

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 49

Site 2. Mt. Inago

Mt. Inago (15°2'42"S, 37°23'46"E) is approximately 50 km north east of Mt.

Namuli (Plate no. 1, Fig. 1). There are several main peaks but the highest rises to

1870 m. This massif consists of a series of granitic domes separated by what must

once have been forested valleys. Little now remains of the original forest cover,

and what remains is rapidly disappearing. There are still some riverine strips, and

some forest remnants in steep gullies and along the base of the granite domes.

Most of these remnant forest patches have been reduced to sizes ranging from 1 to

10 hectares.

The main habitat types are woodland, riverine forest, montane forest, and rock face

grassland.

The woodland occurs below 1000 m. Dominant species, with heights 10 – 15 m, are

Parinari curatellifolia, Brachystegia sp., Albizia adianthifolia, Burkea africana and

Syzygium cordatum. The shrub layer contains species such as Protea sp., Protea

petiolaris, Cussonia arborea, Vitex doniana and Strychnos sp. The ground layer is

composed basically by grass and herbaceous species, with species such as Themeda

trianda and Hyparrhenia sp.

The riverine forest would appear to be the remnants of a much larger forest reduced

to elements bordering the water courses. It is dominated by species between 25-30

m such as: Khaya anthotheca, Breonadia salicina, Englerophytum sp. and Newtonia

buchananii. Also present at mid-canopy (8 -15 m) are Sterculia africana, Cussonia

spicata, Trema orientalis and Anthocleista sp.

The medium-altitude forest (1500 m) has largely been cleared and reduced to small

patches of between 1 – 10 hectares. These are dominated by species with heights

above 20 m, and composed of Drypetes gerrardii, Cussonia umbellifera, and

Newtonia buchananii. Mid canopy species are mainly composed of Chrysophyllum

sp., Myrianthus sp., Bridelia sp., and Garcinia sp.

Rock face vegetation is a mixture of grass (Cyperus sp.) and herbaceous and shrub

species. These are mainly species of Euphorbia, Aloe, Encephalartos, and Crassula.

Of particular note is the presence of a cycad (Encephalartos sp.) similar to the

species found on Mt. Mulanje in southern Malaŵi (Encephalartos gratus) but

growing in different habitat. To the best of our knowledge the area had not been

visited by biologists before (Bayliss et al., 2010).

Site 3. Mt. Namuli

o o

Mt. Namuli (15 21'30"S, 37 03'40"E), is perhaps the best known of the mountains

50 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

we visited. The forests now descend to about 1500 m, but must once have been more

extensive as the surrounding area is under cultivation. The lower forest, Khara, is

rich in Sapotaceae, including Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Englerophytum

magalismontanum and Synsepalum sp. Common trees are Albizia gummifera,

Newtonia buchananii, and Ficus spp.

The more extensive 'Manho' forest lies between about 1700 and 1950 m. The canopy

is closed at around 20–25 m high, with emergents to 30 or even 40 m. Emergent

trees include Faurea wentzeliana, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Olea capensis and

Ekebergia capensis. Common canopy trees, in addition to the emergent species, are

Albizia gummifera, Anthocleista grandiflora, Aphloia theiformis, Apodytes

dimidiata, Bersama abyssinica, Cassipourea malosana, Canthium vulgare,

Cussonia spicata, Drypetes gerrardii, Eugenia capensis, Garcinia kingaensis, Ilex

mitis (along streams), Macaranga capensis, Maytenus acuminata, Podocarpus

latifolius, Polyscias fulva, Prunus africana, Rapanea melanophloeos, Schefflera

umbellifera, and Tabernaemontana stapfiana.

Below 1700 m Chrysophyllum gorungosanum appears, with Myrianthus holstii in

the understorey. Epiphytes and ferns are common, indicating the high year-round

humidity derived from frequent low cloud and rain outside of the main rainy season.

Mistletoes include Englerina (two species), Helixanthera sp. nov. and Actinanthella

menyharthii. Understorey trees and woody shrubs include: Alchornea hirtella

(common), Allophylus chaunostachys, Canthium oligocarpum, Carissa bispinosa,

Chassalia parvifolia, Diospyros natalensis, Dracaena laxissima, Erythroxylum

emarginatum, Ixora scheffleri, Lasianthus kilimandscharicus (very common),

Metarungia pubinervia, Mimulopsis solmsii, Mostuea brunonis, Ochna holstii,

Oxyanthus speciosus, Pauridiantha paucinervis, Peddiea africana, Psychotria

zombamontana, Rawsonia lucida, Rytigynia uhligii, Tricalysia sp. and Xymalos

monospora. Large woody lianas are characterised by Schefflera goetzenii, and

Rutidea orientalis is also very common. Perhaps the commonest plant in the herb

layer is Anisotes pubinervis.

On the Muretha plateau at 1850–1900 m there are numerous small forest patches,

2

ranging in size from 30 m to several hectares with a canopy at around 15–20 m and

emergents to 20–25 m. These patches are more exposed to fires and contain more

secondary, partly fire-resistant species. The most apparent species here are those

from forest margins, including Aphloia theiformis, Maesa lanceolata, Peddiea

africana and, especially, Morella serrata. This last is host to the hemiparasitic

Erianthemum schelei. Along streams Ilex mitis and Choristylis rhamnoides are

common, with Syzigium cordatum, Aeschynomene, and Kotschya.

There are extensive areas of tussock grass on the Muretha Plateau at between 1850

and 1900 m, the main grass species being Loudetia simplex. From this plateau

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 51

emerge enormous granite domes, the highest of which reaches 2419 m. The slopes of

these domes and other areas of exposed rock are characterised by clumps of the

sedge Coleochloa setifera. See Timberlake et al. (2009) for a detailed description of

the biodiversity of Mt. Namuli.

Site 4. Zomba Mountain

o o

Zomba Mountain (15 19'22"S, 37 17'07"E) is badly degraded. It rises to 1800 m and

there are significant areas of plantation forestry (Eucalyptus and Pinus spp.) that

have been planted since the colonial period. Small stands of the Mulanje Cedar

(Widdringtonia whytei) were also planted in colonial times. There are also many

exotic and invasive species. The natural forest has now been reduced and confined to

valleys and along river courses.

According to White et al. (2001), the forest is about 600 hectares in extent. It has a

rather broken canopy at 15–25 m. The forest flora is impoverished compared with

forests further north, but trees include Albizia gummifera, Bersama abyssinica,

Bridelia micrantha, Cassipourea malosana, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum,

Craibia brevicaudata, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Cussonia spicata, Ekebergia

capensis, Ficus thonningii, Macaranga mellifera, Maytenus acuminata,

Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Parinari excelsa, Podocarpus latifolius, Polyscias fulva,

Prunus africana and Rawsonia lucida. Lianas include Ipomoea involucrata,

Landolphia buchananii, Secamone alpini, and Toddalia asiatica.

Site 5. Mt. Mulanje

Mt. Mulanje is the second highest in southern Africa rising to over 3000 m. Located

o o o o

in southern Malaŵi (15 50'–16 03'S and 35 30–35 47'E), close to the Mozambique

border, Mt. Mulanje was formed 130 million yeras ago (Dixey, 1927) and represents

2

a refuge for many endemic species. The area is relatively large (approx. 650 km ),

and exhibits an altitudinal zonation in the region between 600 – 3000 m asl.

It is important site due to the high levels of endemism found through the many

biomes that exist on the mountain. The most significant endemic species is the

Mulanje Cedar (Widdringtonia whytei), which represents the flagship species

(Bayliss et al., 2007). Because of its relatively large area Mt. Mulanje exhibits a wet

side (south-eastern) and a dry side (north-western) due to the prevailing

Mozambique winds. This constitutes a range of biomes within the mountain

ecosystem.

The major habitat types covering Mount Mulanje have been documented since the

first account of the area in 1891 (Whyte, 1893). Primarily these are miombo

52 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

woodland around the base, Eucalyptus plantation, lowland forest, mid-altitude

forest (Newtonia buchananii), afro-montane forest (Widdringtonia whytei), and

high altitude grasslands.

On the dry, western slopes of Mulanje there is Miombo woodland from near the base

at Likabula Mission to near the lip of the plateau. The vegetation includes

Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii, B. utilis, B. floribuna, Uapaca kirkiana,

Faurea saligna, with Protea spp in rocky areas. Nearer the top, Afromontane

species include Aeschynomene megalophylla, Agarista salicifolia, Catha edulis,

Cussonia spicata, Diospyros whyteana, Dombeya burgessiae, Kotschya

scaberrima, Nuxia congesta, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Rhamnus prinoides, and

Tecomaria capensis.

Collectively the evergreen forest on Mulanje totals approximately 7000 ha, 5000 ha

of which is above 1500 m (White et al., 2001) but fragmented into many patches.

Dominant at lower levels is Newtonia buchananii, with Albizia gummifera, A.

schimperiana, Cassipourea malosana, Celtis gomphophylla, Chrysophyllum

gorungosanum, Cola greenwayi, C. mossambicensis, Drypetes gerrardii, Ficus

modesta, F. sur, Funtumia africana, Homalium africanum, Khaya anthotheca,

Polyscias fulva, Prunus africana, Rauvolfia caffra, Trilepisium madagascariense,

Vepris amaniensis, and Zanha golungensis. Rawsonia lucida and the Mulanje

endemic Rawsonia burtt-davyi are characteristic of the forest understorey.

At high elevations, above 1850 m, afromontane species include Bersama

abyssinica, Ilex mitis, Kiggelaria africana, Maesa laceolata, Morella humilis,

Nuxia africana, Prunus africana and Rapanea melanophloeos, with the Mulanje

endemic Widdringtonia whytei as the dominant emergent. There is bamboo,

Arundinaria alpina, on the Lichenya Plateau (see Strugnell, 2002).

The butterfly fauna will not be discussed in detail, although the butterfly species are

listed for comparison with the Mozambique Mountains, and will form part of the

biogeography discussion. Gifford (1965) presented a summary of the Malaŵi

endemics known at that time. However since this text was written many of these

Mulanje (and Malaŵi) endemics have been recorded in Mozambique. Of particular

note is the recording of species previously thought to be endemic to Mt. Mulanje on

the neighbouring Mozambican mountains, such as Cymothoe melanjae (Figure 3),

Charaxes margaretae, and Axiocerses bamptoni.

Site 6. Mt. Mabu

The forests of Mt. Mabu (16°17'56"S, 36°23'44"E) were first brought to the

attention of scientists by J. Bayliss when climbing towards the main peak (1710 m)

in November, 2005. On rounding the shoulder of the mountain he saw the forests

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 53

spreading away to the eventual horizon. It was immediately obvious that this was an

important find. If one looks from the summit of Mt. Mabu in a north-westerly

direction, stretching into the distance is probably the largest continuous tract of mid-

altitude rainforest in southern Africa.

The approaches to Mabu reveal a great dome of grey rock with lower slopes of scant

vegetation falling into woodland with forested gullies. Riverine forests dominated

by Newtonia buchananii and Albizia adianthifolia run down to as low as 300 m a.s.l.,

but the main forest block lies to the north of the main peak, at between 950 and 1600

m. The presence of forest at such a relatively low altitude can be accounted for by the

conjunction of two rainfall systems. Convectional rain falls when the Intertropical

Convergence Zone covers the area, usually November to April, and this is followed

by relief rainfall as moist air from the Indian Ocean is swept up the mountain by the

prevailing South East Trade Winds in May and June (the Chiperone weather

system).

A full description of the forest vegetation has been provided by Dowsett-Lemaire &

Dowsett (2009). The forest consists of a series of steep ridges and valleys with an

2

area estimated to be in excess of 60 km , making it probably the largest single block

of medium altitude forest in the whole of southern Africa. The canopy, which is

generally closed apart from a few windfalls and stream gullies, is from 45 m in the

richer areas and lower elevations to 25 m on ridges near the top edge. The upper edge

of the forest is at about 1600 – 1650 m, above which is rock with clumps of sedges

(Coleochloa setifera) and grasses, with some Xerophyta.

There is Mid Altitude forest from the lower edge to around 1350 – 1400 m, above

which there is an abrupt change to Afromontane rain forest. Strombosia scheffleri is

common at lower elevations, along with Chrysophyllum gorungosanum,

Cryptocarya liebertiana, Drypetes gerrardii, Ficus sansibarica, F. thonningii,

Garcinia kingaensis, Maranthes goetzeniana, Newtonia buchananii, and Trichilia

dregeana. Smaller trees in the understorey include Allophylus sp., Canthium sp.,

Oxyanthus speciosus, Rawsonia lucida, Tabernaemontana ventricosa, Vepris

stolzii, small saplings of Cola greenwayi, Drypetes and Maranthes, and in the

subcanopy Drypetes gerrardii, Garcinia kingaensis, and Myrianthus holstii.

Smaller trees are Drypetes natalensis and a small Pavetta sp.

At about 1350–1400 m the forest changes to Afromontane. Newtonia drops out,

and Albizia adianthifolia is replaced by A. gummifera. Other trees and shrubs

include Aphloia thiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Cassine aethiopica, Cassipourea

malosana, Cola geenwayi, Craibia brevicaudata, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Faurea

racemosa, Garcinia sp., Macaranga capensis, Myrianthus holstii, Nuxia congesta,

Ochna holstii, Olea capensis, Parinari excelsa, Pittosporum viridiflorum,

Polyscias fulva, Prunus africana, Syzigium guineense, Tabernaemontana

stapfiana and Vepris stolzii, and on the extreme top edge of the forest Diospyros

54 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

whitei. Misteltoes include Agelanthus, Erianthemum, Helixanthera, and Viscum.

The butterflies of Mabu have been studied on a number of visits since December

2005. These were conducted by J. Bayliss while in the process of investigating the

Mt. Mabu area as a potentially suitable site for this current Darwin Initiative project.

These visits occurred in December 2005, January 2006, and June and September

2008.

Visits in October 2008 (with Congdon and Bampton) and May 2009 (with Congdon

and Collins) took the total of species collected and recorded from the Mabu area to

200. These included species not only found in the wet forest but from the main Mabu

peak, the woodland and mixed habitat at the base of the peak and forest edge, and

also from the derelict tea estate in the foothills of the mountain. It is believed that

there are still many more species to be recorded resulting in a list estimated at close

to 250 species, in line with the number of species recorded from Mt. Mulanje in

Malaŵi (approximately 75 kilometres away in a direct line). Out of the 200 species

recorded three were found to be new species, two were new subspecies, and 37 were

new records for Mozambique.

Site 7. Mt. Chiperone

o o

Mt. Chiperone (16 28'44"S, 35 42'88"E) in northern Mozambique is situated

approximately 50km south of the Mt. Mulanje massif in southern Malaŵi and rises

to 2054 m. The general vegetation patterns and composition are similar to those

recorded from Mt. Mulanje (Chapman & White, 1970) with miombo woodland

surrounding the base of the mountain leading to wet forest between 1000 – 2000 m

(Spottiswoode et al. 2008).

According to Timberlake et al. (2007) the summit of Mt. Chiperone is covered with a

sclerophyllous thicket vegetation consisting of an impenetrable thicket of Erica cf.

johnstoniana shrubs 2–3 m high, and Aloe arborescens. The succulent, Crassula

swaziensis, was found on rocks, along with the fern Mohria lepigera.

The wet forest above 1600 m is dominated by Peddiea africana, Diospyros

whyteana, Maytenus undata, M. acuminata, Myrsine africana, Ochna holstii,

Vepris (Oricia) bachmannii and Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa. Other common

spec i e s inc l u d e Gar cinia ki ngaensis , Tr i calysia sp., La sianthus

kilimandscharicus, Psychotria zombamontana, Rawsonia lucida, Xymalos

monospora, Tabernaemontana stapfiana, Schefflera goetzenii, Rinorea

angustifolia subsp. ardisiifolia and Rapanea melanophloeos. Various species of

fern and Selaginella kraussiana are more common here than lower down. Trees

more typical of medium altitude forest also found at 1600 m include Diospyros cf.

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 55

abyssinica, Khaya anthotheca, Strombosia scheffleri, Syzygium guineense subsp.

afromontanum, Rawsonia lucida, Myrianthus holstii, Garcinia volkensii, and

Drypetes gerrardii.

The wet forest between 1000 – 1600 m is dominated by Newtonia buchananii

(particularly prominent on ridges), Strombosia scheffleri (with purplish flaking

bark), the thinner-stemmed Rinorea convallarioides, fluted trunks of

Chrysophyllum gorungosanum and scattered large individuals of Khaya

anthotheca, some of them quite magnificent. There are very few emergents.

Large strangling Ficus trees are few and scattered throughout. Other common

trees include Rothmannia urcelliformis, Drypetes gerrardii and Myrianthuis

holstii, while somewhat smaller or sub-canopy trees include the large-leaved

Funtumia africana, Rawsonia inermis, Rinore a ferruginea, Garcinia

kingaensis, G. volkensii, Trilepisium madagascariense and Pleiocarpa

pycnantha. The understorey vegetation is not thick and is characterised by

Dracaena fragrans and Pseuderanthemum subviscosum, along with scattered

forest grasses and the scrambling Behnia reticulata. There are many young

re gene rati ng pla nts an d seed lin gs of Ch r yso phyl lum an d Rino re a

convallarioides. Lianas such as Agelaea pentagyna are not very common.

The Miombo woodland is dominated by Brachystegia spiciformis, with a 10–15

m high canopy containing species such as Bridelia micrantha, Combretum molle,

Pericop sis angolen sis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Eryth rina abyssi nica,

Cussionia arbore a, Uapaca kir ki an a, Uapaca nit id a, Psorospermum

febrifugum, Parinari excelsa, Faurea saligna, and some typical forest edge

species such as Harungana madagascariensis and Albizia gummifera. Most

wooded ridges were dominated by B. spiciformis, others were somewhat drier or

dominated by trees of Brachystegia utilis 8–10 m high, owing to more shallow,

less moisture-retentive soils. Associated species were Julbernardia globiflora,

Uapaca kirkiana, Protea welwitschii, Pterocarpus angolensis and Monotes

africana, with one patch of the fine-leaved Brachystegia tamarindoides subsp.

microphylla.

Fifty-six butterfly species were collected and sent to the African Butterfly

Research Institute (ABRI) in Nairobi, Kenya for formal identification. There

appear to be no previous records of Lepidoptera collected from Mt. Chiperone,

and therefore the list presents the first records from this site.

The range of butterflies typically represents a wet forest, forest edge and Miombo

woodland collection. Of particular note was the capture of Cymothoe melanjae,

an endemic previously only known from Mt. Mulanje (Gifford, 1965), Eurema

senegalensis, Eurema floricola, Bicyclus vansoni, Anthene lunulata and

Platylesches rasta. These are the first records of these species from Mozambique.

56 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

2. Results

Of the 295 species of butterfly collected or observed in the course of the project, 65

species or 22% were new records for Mozambique.

These included seven species new to science, additionally three subspecies were

also discovered.

New Species:

New Subspecies:

2.1 Biogeography

In considering the biogeography of the region we examined the butterfly fauna from

mountains above 1500 m. The most northerly site was the Njesi plateau rising to

o o

1870 m (12 45'S, 35 20'E) approximately 120km south of the Tanzanian border, and

o o

the most southerly site was Mt. Chiperone (16 28'44"S, 35 42'88"E). The distance

between the two sites in a straight line is 410km. All study sites are east of the Rift

Valley and north of the Zambezi River.

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 57

Inago, Namuli, Mabu

Mabu, Namuli, Inago

Namuli

Mabu, Namuli, Inago

Namuli

Mabu

Baliochila sp. nov.

Baliochila woodi ssp. nov.

Cymothoe sp. nov.

Neocoenyra bioculata ssp. nov.

Iolaus (Epamera) sp. nov.

Papilio pelodurus ssp. nov.

Iolaus (Philiolaus) sp. nov.

Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) sp. nov.

Pseudathyma sp. nov.

Uranothauma sp. nov.

Locality

Species

Subspecies

2 & 3

3, 1 & 2

1 & 2

3 & 4

1 & 2

3

1 & 2

1

3 & 4

5

6

7

Plate Figures

The research concentrated on the affiliations between this region and neighbouring

ecoregions. Specifically we investigated influences from the following

ecoregions:

The Zanzibar – Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic.

The Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania.

Moreau's (1966) Tanganyika – Nyasa Montane Chain.

The Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe.

Our results show that there is a clear divergence in the butterfly fauna (and also

aspects of the botany) between the Njesi plateau and all other study sites. The Njesi

plateau appears to be affiliated with montane areas further north in Tanzania and

west in Malaŵi. Particularly the surrounding woodlands of the Njesi plateau

appeared to have links with Zambian and Tanzanian Brachystegia (Miombo)

woodland.

The other mountain study sites comprise a unique assemblage of butterfly faunas.

These assemblages constitute a biogeographical entity which may provide evidence

towards the creation of a new ecoregion involving the montane inselbergs of this

part of Africa. The greatest influence on this new ecoregion is from the north,

particularly from Moreau's Tanganyika – Nyasa Montane Chain. There are few

obvious links with the Zanzibar – Inhambane coastal forests. The paucity of links

with the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe suggests that the Zambezi valley is an

effective ecological barrier, although several species with mainly northern

distributions do also occur in the Eastern Highlands, Issoria smaragdifera and

Anthene lasti among them.

Northern links:

Significant northerly links include the following butterfly species:

Celaenorrhinus handmani, Metisella decipiens, Metisella formosus, Metisella

medea, Papilio desmondi, Papilio pelodurus, Papilio thuraui, Eurema

mandarinula, Mylothris similis, Acraea conradti, Acraea goetzei, Bicyclus

simulacris, Neocoenyra ypthimoides, Neptis incongrua, Neptis nina, Pseudacraea

deludens, Charaxes aubyni, Cigaritis nyassae, Pilodeudorix jacksoni, Virachola nr

vansomereni, Anthene hobleyi, Tuxentius ertli.

Southern links:

Significant southerly links include the following butterfly species:

Neptis swynnertoni, Teriomima williami, Anthene barnesi.

58 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Coastal links:

Significant coastal forest links include the following butterfly species:

Coeliades sejuncta, Graphium colonna, Bebearia orientis, Axiocerses punicea,

Anthene lasti, Oboronia bueronica.

Locally endemic species:

Butterfly species endemic to the South East Africa Montane Inselberg Ecoregion

include:

Cymothoe melanjae; Cymothoe zombana; Cymothoe sp. nov.; Pseudathyma sp.

nov.; Charaxes margaretae; Charaxes martini; Alaena lamborni; Alaena ochracea;

Cooksonia aliciae; Mimacraea costleyi; Baliochila nyasae; Baliochila woodi;

Baliochila sp. nov.; Axiocerses bamptoni; Iolaus (Epamera) sp. nov.; Iolaus

(Philiolaus) sp. nov.; Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) handmani; Leptomyrina

(Gonatomyrina) sp. nov.; Uranothauma confusum; Uranothauma sp. nov.;

Lepidochrysops delicata; Lepidochrysops neavei.

These butterflies are discussed in more detail below.

Alaena lamborni is a lycaenid butterfly in the tribe Liptenini. This is a tribe endemic

to Africa, and containing over 600 species. As far as is known, the larvae of all

species feed on cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) either alone or in symbiotic

association with fungi in the form of lichens. The Liptenini are the only butterflies

known to utilise this food source. Alaena lamborni was previously known only from

southern Malaŵi, but has now been discovered on Namuli and Inago, being

particularly common on the latter. Alaena ochracea is a southern Malaŵi endemic.

Axiocerses bamptoni was known from Mulanje, and has now been found on Namuli

and Mabu. It is one of a group of forest species which have reduced red markings on

the upperside of the male forewing. Other members of the group range from coastal

Kenya through the Eastern Arc to the Nyika Plateau in northern Malaŵi.

Baliochila woodi from Mulanje and now Mabu, and the new species from Mt. Mabu

are related to B. pringlei from the East Usambara Mountains and B. mwanihanae

from the Udzungwas (mwanihanae was originally described as a subspecies of

woodi). All four species are from medium to low elevations (up to about 1400 m in

the case of woodi on Mabu) and the species group is absent from the Southern

Highlands of Tanzania and the Nyika Plateau. This suggests a linkage to the Eastern

Arc. Baliochila nyasae is another Mulanje endemic, although more of a woodland

species.

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 59

Two specimens of a new species of Baliochila (Plate no. 1, Figs 2 & 3) were taken

in early June, 2009 (by Congdon, Collins, and Hussan), and more were seen. The

upperside resembles that of woodi, while the underside is closer to that of the

Tanzanian species. It is strange to find two species in the same group in the same

forest, but the new one was found at lower elevations in riverine forest. The habits

of the two are different. woodi males perch around open spaces on ridges i n the

forest, and are relatively easily netted, while those of the new species circle high

under the canopy. It is probable that woodi from Mabu represents a

new subspecies.

Charaxes margaretae was described from Mulanje Mountain. Butterflies close to

margaretae have been found as far north as south western Tanzania, but true

margaretae was thought to be a Mulanje endemic. It has now been found on Inago,

Namuli and Mabu, where larvae were found on Dalbergia lactea.

Charaxes martini is a local endemic found on Mulanje and Zomba. It is a member of

a group of Charaxes species, the larvae of which feed on Diospyros natalensis.

Charaxes gallagheri is widespread in Zimbabwe, and there are locally endemic

species in eastern Zambia and south central Tanzania.

Cooksonia aliciae is known only from the Fort Johnston area of southern Malaŵi.

This species and Mimacraea costleyi from Mulanje are also in the Liptenini, as are

the Baliochila species, below.

There is a large group of related montane Cymothoe species occurring from the

Taita Hills in Kenya (C. teita), through Kilimanjaro (C. collinsi), the Pare

Mountains, Usambaras and Ngurus (C. magambae, C. amaniensis), the Uluguru,

Rubeho and Udzungwas (C. aurivillii) and the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

and the Nyika Plateau of Malaŵi (C. cottrelli). Cymothoe melanjae (Plate no. 2,

Figs 1 & 2) and C. zombana (Plate no. 3, Figs 1 & 2) are part of this series.

The new species of Cymothoe from Mts Inago, Namuli and Mabu (Plate no. 3, Fig.

3 and Plate no. 4, Figs 1 & 2) represents a separate group unrelated to the more

northerly species, and neither is it close to C. vumbui from the Eastern Highlands

of Zimbabwe. It was first collected by J. Bayliss on Mt. Namuli in November 2007

and Mt. Mabu in September 2008. Males were found commonly on Namuli and

Mabu, but females proved elusive. Eggs were found on Rawsonia lucida

(Achariaceae), and larvae from all three mountains were successfully raised to the

adult stage. On Namuli most of the adults seen in the wild were in the lower part

of the forest, below 1600 m. Their altitude preference does not seem to be

host-plant related, as Rawsonia is found throughout the larger forest areas. This i n

turn suggests that the original range of this butterfly included f orests at lower

elevations in areas now under cultivation (e.g. the Malema valley). M ales f rom

Mabu are paler yellow than those from Inago and Namuli, and the yellow areas of

60 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

the Namuli males are heavily dusted with black (Plate no. 4, Fig. 1). Nevertheless

it appears that they are all races of the same species.

Montane Cymothoe characteristically reside in forest clearings; they are relatively

sedentary and generally do not move between forest patches if separated by a

significant distance, although C. melanjae (Plate no. 2, Figs 1 & 2) has now been

found on Mt. Chiperone, a distance of approximately 50 km.

There is a group of related species in Iolaus (Epamera) which includes silanus,

nolaensis and helenae. A new species of Epamera (Plate no. 5, Figs 1 & 2) was

discovered on Namuli below 1600 m in Khara forest, although unfortunately no

male was caught. It was collected by C. Congdon. Other members of this group

have been found on the Upper Sangha River, Congo Republic, on the Usambara,

Nguru and Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania, and on the Mafinga Mountains in

northern Malaŵi and neighbouring Zambia, as well as in coastal Tanzania. The

discovery of the new species extends the range of the group southwards. The

Namuli species has bolder black lines on the underside, and a black spot near the

base of the hindwing underside, missing in the other members of the group. These

features indicate clearly that this is a full species. Females were observed to lay on

Actinanthella menyharthii (Loranthaceae). This plant is known from Zimbabwe,

Zambia and Mozambique, between the Ligonha and Limpopo rivers (Polhill &

Wiens, 1998).

Two specimens of a new species of Philiolaus were collected in November 2008

from Mt. Namuli, one female by J. Bayliss and one male by I. Bampton (Plate no.

5, Figs 3 & 4). Iolaus (Philiolaus) stewarti was described from the Mafinga

Mountains in northern Malaŵi and eastern Zambia. It is also known from the

Southern Highlands of Tanzania and the Nyika Plateau in Malaŵi. The species

from Namuli, although close to stewarti, differs in several respects. A larva of this

species was found on Erianthemum aff. schelei, a common hemiparasite on the

abundant Morella sp., characteristic of small forest patches in the Muretha peat

grasslands. A larva of possibly this species was found on the upper edge of the

forest on Mabu, 1600 m, but unfortunately it could not be raised to the imago.

Lepidochrysops delicata and L. neavei are members of a genus of over 125 species

the larvae of which spend most of their lives in the nests of ants. Both are found

around Mulanje, with neavei ranging to the lower slopes of Mt. Chiperone.

Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) handmani was described from southern Malaŵi.

There are records from northern and north western Zambia, but these may refer to

another species. A new species of Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) from Inago (Plate

no. 6, Figs 1 & 2), Namuli and Mabu is darker and with more rounded wings. The

hindwing lacks the tornal attenuation of handmani. This species was first caught on

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 61

Mt. Mabu summit in October 2008 by J. Bayliss.

Pseudathyma sp. nov. A solitary female of a new species of Pseudathyma (Plate

no. 6, Fig. 3) was taken in the Khara forest on Mt. Namuli by C. Congdon in

November 2008. Members of this genus are uncommon, local or rare. There are

no Pseudathyma known from South Africa, Zimbabwe or Malaŵi, and the nearest

relative of the Namuli one would appear to be P. plutonica from Uganda, Kenya,

DRC and western Tanzania, the nearest known locality of which is 1400 km to the

north. Larvae of these butterflies are known to feed on Sapotaceae, several species

of which were abundant in the forest.

Uranothauma confusum from Zomba and Mulanje, and the possible new species

from Namuli are part of a series running southwards from the Usambaras

(Uranothauma usambarae), the Ngurus (U. nguru), the Ulugurus (U. uganda and

lukwangule) and the Udzungwas to the Nyika (U. crawshayi). Larvae of all these

species feed on Choristylis rhamnoides, a shrub often found along rocky streams at

high elevations. The new Uranothauma species from Mt. Namuli (Plate no. 7, Figs

1 & 2) was first collected by J. Bayliss in November 2007.

Other butterflies of interest

Acraea goetzei is a typical eastern montane species, occurring from south west

Uganda through eastern DRC, Tanzania and Zambia to Malaŵi. Larvae feed on

Triumfetta. We found it quite commonly on Mt. Namuli, and on the Njese Plateau.

Anthene barnesi was previously known only from the Eastern Highlands of

Zimbabwe, and is one of the few links to that area.

Charaxes xiphares is a widespread montane species not previously recorded from

Mozambique, but present in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malaŵi and Tanzania. The

subspecies on Namuli is woodi, described from southern Malaŵi.

Issoria smaragdifera is an eastern highland forest species, known from Tanzania,

Malaŵi, Zambia and the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe, so it is not surprising that

it should be found in a similar habitat in Mozambique. The Palaearctic members of

the genus feed on violets, and smaragdifera is no exception, the larvae feeding on

Viola abyssinica.

Neocoenyra bioculata was first described from the Tsenga Mountains, Mwanza,

southern Malaŵi, and until recently was believed to be a Malaŵi endemic. It has

now been found on Mts Inago, Namuli and Mabu. It flies in areas of tussock sedge

on sloping rock, keeping close to the ground. The Mozambique populations

differ from the Malaŵi insects in having yellowish forewing ocelli, and

62 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

represent an undescribed subspecies. Inago specimens are smaller and darker

than other populations. It was first collected from Mt. Namuli in November 2007

by J. Bayliss.

We identified a probable new subspecies of Papilio pelodurus first collected from

Mt. Namuli in November 2007 by J. Bayliss. Larvae of this butterfly feed on

Cryptocarya liebertiana (Lauraceae) and the first three larval instars are

aposematic (as the laurels are full of alkaloids). Males were collected which show

differences from their Malaŵi counterparts; the Namuli and Mabu males show a

complete yellow forewing band and most are missing the orange tornal spot on the

hindwing. This species was also observed on Inago. A larger series including the

female is needed before determining its exact status as the Malaŵi race is somewhat

variable. It was seen flying at canopy level in the Manho and Khara forests on

Namuli, and mud puddling along the banks of the Rio Malema.

Papilio desmondi is a northern species, from Kenya down through Tanzania. The

records from Mabu and Namuli are a considerable range extension.

Pilodeudorix jacksoni. This is another northern butterfly, known from Uganda,

Kenya, Tanzania and northern Zambia. A female was taken on the top edge of the

Mt. Mabu forest, investigating a plant of Erianthemum (Loranthaceae), a known

host-plant of the species. It represents a very considerable range extension.

Pseudacraea deludens. A single specimen of this species was taken on the last day

of our last visit to Mabu. It is clearly of the same subspecies as that on Mulanje,

which is the type locality of the species. This is a new record for Mozambique.

Several day-flying moths were also captured and most await identification. The

capture of the geometrid moth Cartaletis nigricosta is an indicator of much wetter

forest. It was originally described from Mt. Mulanje which was the only known

locality until specimens were collected from Mt. Rungwe (Tanzania) and now Mt.

Chiperone (Hermann Staude, pers. comm.).

Conclusion

The large number of local endemic species from this ecoregion suggests a long

period of isolation. Currently the total exceeds twenty, and more species are

expected to be discovered. Out of all the study sites only Mts Mulanje and Zomba

in Malaŵi have been thoroughly studied. To the best of our knowledge the

butterfly fauna of the study sites in northern Mozambique had never been

investigated prior to this project. Many more endemics are expected from the

mountains in northern Mozambique with further study effort, perhaps doubling

the current figure.

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 63

The total of 22 endemic butterfly species from this south-east African ecoregion

compares with 16 endemic butterfly species in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe,

and 68 endemic butterfly species in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and

Tanzania (Table 1).

The origins of some of the endemic species suggest ancient linkages with the north,

specifically the Eastern Arc Mountains and Moreau's Tanganyika–Nyasa Montane

Chain. However there is more of an influence from the latter of these with

significant elements from the mountains in northern Malaŵi and southern

Tanzania.

Table 1.

Checklist of the butterflies of the Njesi Plateau, Inago, Namuli, Mulanje, Chiperone,

Mabu and Zomba Mountains.

Butterflies were collected for identification under the auspices of the Darwin

Project. In addition, Alan Gardiner collected at lower elevations on Namuli. In a

short exploratory visit to the Njesi Plateau by Bayliss and Congdon, records are from

observation only. We include Mulanje and Zomba Mountains for completeness, as

they are part of the southern Malaŵi – northern Mozambique montane biome. A total

of 401 species are recorded.

64 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Coeliades anchises

Coeliades forestan

Coeliades libeon

Coeliades pisistratus

Coeliades sejuncta

Celaenorrhinus galenus

Celaenorrhinus handmani

Tagiades flesus

Eagris nottoana

Eagris sabadius

Eretis melania

Eretis umbra

Species

HESPERIIDAE

Coeliadinae

Pyrginae

3

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 65

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Sarangesa phidyle

Sarangesa maculata

Sarangesa lucidella

Sarangesa astrigera

Sarangesa ruona

Caprona pillaana

Spialia depauperata

Spialia diomus

Spialia dromus

Spialia mafa

Spialia spio

Abantis arctomarginata

Abantis paradisea

Abantis venosa

Abantis zambesiaca

Gomalia elma

Metisella decipiens

Metisella formosus

Metisella medea

Metisella midas

Metisella orientalis

Metisella quadrisignatus

Astictopterus stellata

Ampittia capenas

Kedestes callicles

Kedestes marshalli

Kedestes mohozutza

Kedestes wallengrenii

Teniorhinus harona

Pardaleodes incerta

Acada biseriata

Parosmodes moranti

Acleros mackenii

Hesperiinae

3

66 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Andronymus caesar

Semalea pulvina

Semalea arela

Acleros ploetzi

Chondrolepis niveicornis

Zophopetes dysmephila

Artitropa erinnys

Artitropa reducta

Caenides leonora dux

Monza cretacea

Monza punctata

Meza larea

Fresna nyassae

Platylesches affinissima

Platylesches galesa

Platylesches langa

Platylesches picanini

Platylesches rasta

Platylesches robusta

Platylesches tina

Zenonia anax

Zenonia zeno

Pelopidas thrax

Borbo borbonica

Borbo detecta

Borbo fatuellus

Borbo gemella

Borbo holtzi

Borbo micans

Borbo perobscura

Parnara monasi

Gegenes hottentota

Gegenes niso

3

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 67

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Papilio dardanus

Papilio constantinus

Papilio demodocus

Papilio desmondi

Papilio echerioides

Papilio nireus

Papilio ophidicephalus

Papilio pelodurus

Papilio phorcas

Papilio thuraui occiduus

Graphium angolanum

Graphium colonna

Graphium leonidas

Graphium policenes

Graphium porthaon

Graphium taboranum

Catopsilia florella

Colias electo

Eurema (E.) brigitta

Eurema (E.) desjardinsii

Eurema (E.) mandarinula

Eurema (E.) regularis

Eurema (T.) floricola

Eurema (T.) hapale

Eurema (T.) hecabe

Eurema (T.) senegalensis

Pinacopteryx eriphia

Nepheronia argia

Nepheronia thalassina

3

?3

3

PAPILIONIDAE

PIERIDAE

Papilioninae

Coliadinae

Pierinae

68 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Colotis euippe

Colotis eris

Colotis aurora

Eronia leda

Colotis evenina

Belenois aurota

Belenois creona

Belenois gidica

Belenois rubrosignata

Appias epaphia

Appias sabina

Appias sylvia

Mylothris agathina

Mylothris rubricosta

Mylothris rueppellii

Mylothris sagala

Mylothris similis

Mylothris yulei

Leptosia alcesta

Acraea acrita

Acraea aganice

Acraea anemosa

Acraea asema

Acraea calderena

Acraea egina

Acraea insignis

Acraea machequena

Acraea natalica

Acraea neobule

Acraea nohara

Acraea oncaea

3

33

3

NYMPHALIDAE

Heliconiinae

Acraeini

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 69

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Acraea bomba

Acraea acerata

Acraea zetes acara

Acraea pseudolycia

Acraea cabira

Acraea conradti vumbui

Acraea encedon

Acraea eponina

Acraea esebria

Acraea goetzei

Acraea igola

Acraea induna

Acraea johnstoni

Acraea obeira

Acraea pentapolis

Acraea perenna

Acraea pharsalus

Acraea sotikensis

Issoria smaragdifera

Phalanta phalantha

Lachnoptera ayresii

Pardopsis punctatissima

Danaus chrysippus

Amauris niavius

Amauris albimaculatus

Amauris echeria

Amauris ochlea

Amauris tartareus

Gnophodes betsimena

Melanitis leda

Melanitis libya

3

Argynnini auct.

Danainae

Satyrinae

70 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Bicyclus campinus

Bicyclus anynana

Bicyclus angulosus selousi

Aphysoneura pigmentaria

Bicyclus cottrelli

Bicyclus ena

Bicyclus safitza

Bicyclus simulacris

Bicyclus vansoni

Henotesia perspicua

Henotesia ubenica

Ypthima granulosa

Ypthima impura

Ypthima pupillaris

Ypthimomorpha itonia

Physcaeneura pione

Neocoenyra bioculata

Neocoenyra gregorii

Neocoenyra ypthimoides

Hypolimnas misippus

Salamis anacardii

Hypolimnas deceptor

Hypolimnas anthedon

Salamis parhassus

Precis actia

Precis antilope

Precis archesia

Precis ceryne

Precis octavia

Precis tugela

Junonia artaxia

Junonia natalica

Junonia oenone

3

33

3

33

3

Nymphalinae

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 71

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Catacroptera cloanthe

Junonia terea

Junonia sophia

Junonia orithya

Cynthia cardui

Antanartia dimorphica

Antanartia schaeneia

Byblia ilithyia

Neptidopsis ophione

Eurytela dryope

Eurytela hiarbas

Sevenia boisduvali

Sevenia moranti

Sevenia rosa

Cyrestis camillus

Neptis alta

Neptis gratiosa

Neptis incongrua

Neptis laeta

Neptis saclava

Neptis serena

Neptis nina

Neptis melicerta

Neptis swynnertoni

Neptis trigonophora

Cymothoe corana

Cymothoe melanjae

Cymothoe zombana

Cymothoe sp. nov.

Pseudacraea boisduvali

Pseudacraea deludens

Pseudacraea eurytus

Pseudacraea lucretia

3

Limenitidinae

72 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Crenidomimas concordia

Euryphura achlys

Pseudathyma sp. nov.

Euptera kinugnana

Euphaedra neophron

Bebearia orientis

Hamanumida daedalus

Pseudargynnis hegemone

Aterica galene

Charaxes achaemenes

Charaxes acuminatus

Charaxes aubyni

Charaxes baumanni

Charaxes bohemani

Charaxes brutus

Charaxes candiope

Charaxes castor

Charaxes cithaeron

Charaxes dilutus

Charaxes fionae

Charaxes guderianus

Charaxes ethalion

Charaxes druceanus

Charaxes jasius

Charaxes macclounii

Charaxes margaretae

Charaxes martini

Charaxes nichetes

Charaxes pollux

Charaxes protoclea

Charaxes pythodorus

Charaxes varanes

Charaxes violetta

3

Charaxinae

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 73

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Alaena amazoula

Charaxes zoolina

Charaxes xiphares

Charaxes wakefieldi

Apaturopsis cleochares

Libythea labdaca

Alaena lamborni

Alaena ochracea

Alaena picata

Pentila pauli

Pentila tropicalis

Ornipholidotos peucetia

Mimacraea costleyi

Teriomima puella

Teriomima williami

Baliochila hildegarda

Baliochila nyasae

Baliochila woodi

Baliochila neavei

Baliochila lipara

Baliochila sp. nov.

Deloneura ochrascens

Spalgis lemolea

Lachnocnema emperamus

Lachnocnema sp.

Myrina dermaptera

Myrina silenus

3

Apaturinae

Libytheinae

LYCAENIDAE

Lipteninae

Miletinae

Theclinae

74 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Axiocerses bamptoni

Cigaritis homeyeri

Cigaritis mozambica

Cigaritis apelles

Aphnaeus erikssoni

Cigaritis natalensis

Cigaritis nyassae

Cigaritis trimeni

Lipaphnaeus aderna

Axiocerses amanga

Axiocerses punicea

Axiocerses sp.

Axiocerses tjoane

Crudaria leroma

Epamera alienus

Epamera bakeri

Epamera sidus

Epamera violacea

Epamera sp. nov.

Iolaphilus trimeni

Philiolaus stewarti

Philiolaus aff stewarti

Argiolaus silarus

Argiolaus lalos

Aphniolaus pallene

Stugeta bowkeri

Hemiolaus caeculus

Hypolycaena buxtoni

Hypolycaena philippus

Leptomyrina hirundo

Gonatomyrina gorgias

Gonatomyrina handmani

Gonatomyrina sp. nov.

Pilodeudorix caerulea

3

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 75

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Virachola sp. nr vansomereni

Virachola antalus

Virachola caliginosa

Pilodeudorix zeloides

Pilodeudorix jacksoni

Virachola dariaves

Virachola dinochares

Virachola dinomenes

Virachola diocles

Virachola lorisona

Capys brunneus

Capys connexivus

Capys disjunctus

Lycaena phlaeas

Anthene amarah

Anthene barnesi

Anthene butleri

Anthene crawshayi

Anthene definita

Anthene lasti

Anthene lunulata

Anthene kersteni

Anthene hobleyi

Anthene princeps

Cupidopsis cissus

Cupidopsis jobates

Pseudonacaduba sichela

Lampides boeticus

Uranothauma antinorii

Uranothauma confusum

Uranothauma falkensteini

Uranothauma nubiferum

Uranothauma poggei

3

Polyommatinae

76 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Mabu Zomba

Chiperone

Mulanje

Namuli

Inago

Njesi

Locality

Tuxentius calice

Cacyreus lingeus

Cacyreus tespis

Uranothauma sp. nov.

Uranothauma vansomereni

Cacyreus virilis

Leptotes brevidentatus

Leptotes jeanneli

Leptotes pirithous

Leptotes pulchra

Tuxentius ertli

Tuxentius melaena

Zizeeria knysna

Zizina antanossa

Actizera lucida

Zizula hylax

Azanus jesous

Azanus mirza

Azanus moriqua

Azanus natalensis

Euchrysops malathana

Euchrysops osiris

Euchrysops barkeri

Eicochrysops hippocrates

Euchrysops subpallida

Lepidochrysops aethiopia

Lepidochrysops delicata

Lepidochrysops intermedia

Lepidochrysops kocak

Lepidochrysops neavei

Thermoniphas micyclus

Oboronia bueronica

Oboronia guessfeldti

Chilades trochylus

3

?3

3

Table 2. Cabral's Mozambique Checklist, 2000, updated.

Some of the names used in Cabral's list have been subject to revision. We have

therefore updated his list in order to make it compatible with the present paper.

The revised version of his checklist is given below. Where there is concern that

there may have been some misidentification, the taxon is shown in boldface. After

revision, the list remains with 261 species.

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 77

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

Eretis djaelaelae

Coeliades forestan

Coeliades pisistratus

Celaenorrhinus mokeezi

(Stoll, 1782)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Fabricius, 1781)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Sharpe, 1890)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1864)

(Butler, 1870)

Trimen and Bowker, 1889

(Plötz, 1884)

(Trimen, 1862)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1870)

(Mabille, 1891)

(Trimen, 1873)

(Wallengren, 1857) An interesting range extension from South

Africa

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Westwood, 1881)

(Mabille, 1893)

(Trimen, 1868)

Tagiades flesus

Eagris nottoana

Calleagris jamesoni

Sarangesa motozi

Caprona pillaana

Netrobalane canopus

Abantis paradisea

Abantis venosa

Spialia dromus

Gomalia elma

Metisella willemi

Tsitana tsita

Kedestes lepenula

Kedestes mohozutza

Kedestes barberae

Astictopterus stellata

Teniorhinus harona

Acada biseriata

Acleros mackenii

Author and Date Notes

HESPERIIDAE

Coeliadinae

Pyrginae

Hesperiinae

78 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Gegenes hottentota

Zophopetes dysmephila

Andronymus caesar

Semalea pulvina

Artitropa erinnys

Fresna nyassae

Platylesches moritili

(Trimen, 1868)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Plötz, 1879)

(Trimen, 1862)

(Hewitson, 1878)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen,1864)

(Fabricius, 1798)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Latreille, 1824)

Ward, 1871

Brown, 1776

Esper, 1798

Trimen, 1868

Linnaeus, 1758

(Goeze, 1779)

Oberthür, 1878

(Cramer, [1779])

(Ward, 1873)

(Trimen, 1893)

(Fabricius, 1793)

Now angolanum.

(Angas, 1849)

(Cramer, [1775])

(Grose-Smith, 1889)

(Hewitson, 1865)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Linnaeus, 1773)

(Stoll, [1780])

(de Boisduval, 1833)

Zenonia zeno

Pelopidas mathias

Borbo borbonica

Papilio constantinus

Papilio dardanus

Papilio demodocus

Papilio echerioides

Papilio nireus

Graphium angolanum

Papilio ophidicephalus

Graphium antheus

Graphium leonidas

Graphium morania

Graphium junodi

Graphium colonna

Graphium policenes

Graphium polistratus

Graphium porthaon

Graphium pylades

Catopsilia florella

Colias electo

Eurema brigitta

Eurema desjardinsii

PAPILIONIDAE

PIERIDAE

Papilioninae

Coliadinae

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 79

Colotis antevippe

Colotis aurora

Colotis celimene

Pinacopteryx eriphia

Eurema hapale

Nepheronia argia

Nepheronia buqueti

Nepheronia thalassina

(Godart, [1819])

(Mabille, 1882)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

Hübner, 1823

(de Boisduval, 1847)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Cramer, [1775])

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Cramer, [1780])

(Lucas, 1852)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Klug, 1829)

(Angas, 1849)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Klug, 1829)

(Godart, [1819])

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Trimen, 1863)

(Reiche, 1850)

Was eucharis.

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Cramer, [1776])

(Godart, [1819])

(Hopffer, 1855)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Linnaeus, 1764)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Godart, [1819])

Vári, 1976

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Spiller, 1884)

Eronia cleodora

Eronia leda

4Colotis amata

ssp. calais

Colotis danae

Colotis eris

Colotis erone

Colotis euippe

Colotis eunoma

Colotis evenina

Colotis evagore

Colotis ione

Colotis vesta

Belenois aurota

Colotis regina

Colotis pallene

Belenois creona

Belenois gidica

Belenois thysa

Belenois zochalia

Pontia helice

Dixeia charina

Dixeia doxo

Dixeia leucophanes

Dixeia pigea

Dixeia spilleri

Pierinae

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

80 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Leptosia alcesta

Mylothris agathina

Appias sabina

Appias epaphia

Mylothris carcassoni

Mylothris chloris

Mylothris poppea

(Cramer, [1779])

(Felder and Felder, 1865)

(Cramer, [1779])

van Son, 1948

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Cramer, [1777])

Grose-Smith, 1886

(Butler, 1869)

(Stoll, [1781])

Hewitson, 1865

Hewitson, 1852

Hewitson, 1877

Westwood, 1881

Grose-Smith, 1889

(Hewitson, 1861)

(Cramer, [1775])

Grose-Smith, 1887

de Boisduval, 1847

agathina was formerly considered to be a

subspecies of chloris.

Hopffer, 1855

de Boisduval, 1847

Ward, 1873

Ward, 1871

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Hewitson, 1874

Hopffer, 1855

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Cramer, [1780])

Hewitson, 1861

Mylothris sagala

Mylothris trimenia

Acraea acrita

Acraea admatha

Acraea aganice

Acraea asema

Acraea axina

Acraea cuva

Acraea cerasa

Acraea egina

Acraea nohara

Acraea oncaea

Acraea natalica

Acraea machequena

Acraea petraea

Acraea rabbaiae

Acraea satis

Acraea zetes

Acraea acerata

Acraea cabira

Acraea encedon

Acraea eponina

Acraea esebria

This is a western species.

This is a western species, not in Mozambique.

This is another western species, the nearest

known locality being in Uganda.

Thi s re co rd repr esent s a no rt hward

extension of the range of this species.

NYMPHALIDAE

Heliconiinae

Acraeini

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 81

Amauris ochlea

Gnophodes betsimena

Melanitis leda

Acraea pentapolis

Acraea obeira

Acraea johnstoni

Acraea pharsalus

Danaus chrysippus

Ward, 1871

Hewitson, 1863

Godman, 1885

Ward, 1871

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Stoll, [1790])

(de Boisduval, 1847)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Distant, 1882

(Butler, 1868)

(Butler, 1879)

(Aurivillius, 1901)

(Hewitson, 1877)

(Trimen, 1873)

(Westwood, 1850)

(Hewitson, 1865)

Godman, 1880

(de Boisduval, 1833)

Trimen, 1879

(Doubleday, 1847)

(Drury, [1773])

(Doubleday, 1845)

(Trimen, 1873)

(Linnaeus, 1764)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Drury, 1782)

Distant, 1880

Amauris niavius

Amauris echeria

Melanitis libya

Bicyclus angulosa

Bicyclus anynana

Bicyclus campinus

Bicyclus ena

Henotesia perspicua

Bicyclus safitza

Ypthimomorpha itonia

Pardopsis punctatissima

Lachnoptera ayresii

Physcaeneura pione

Phalanta eurytis

Phalanta phalantha

Hypolimnas anthedon

Hypolimnas deceptor

Hypolimnas misippus

Salamis anacardii

Salamis cacta

Salamis parhassus

Precis actia

Originally columbina.

Was dubius.

Satyrinae

Argynnini auct.

Nymphalinae

Danainae

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

82 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Junonia oenone

Junonia orithya

Junonia terea

Junonia touhilimasa

Precis ceryne

Precis archesia

Precis antilope

Precis octavia

Precis tugela

Junonia artaxia

(de Boisduval, 1847)

(Cramer, [1779])

(Feisthamel, 1850)

(Cramer, [1777])

Trimen, 1879

Hewitson, 1864

(Fabricius, 1798)

(Felder and Felder, 1860)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Drury, [1773])

Vuillot, 1892

(Stoll, [1781])

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Drury, [1773])

(Cramer, [1775])

(Cramer, [1777])

(Drury, 1782)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1881)

(Hewitson, 1877)

(Fabricius, 1781)

Overlaet, 1955

de Boisduval, 1833

Butler, 1878

Bethune-Baker, 1926

(Doubleday, 1845)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Cramer, [1775])

(Trimen, 1868)

(Grose-Smith, 1889)

Junonia hierta

Junonia natalica

Catacroptera cloanthe

Vanessa cardui

Byblia anvatara

Byblia ilithya

Eurytela dryope

Neptidopsis ophione

Eurytela hiarbas

Sevenia rosa

Cyrestis camillus

Sevenia boisduvali

Sevenia morantii

Neptis alta

Neptis laeta

Neptis saclava

Neptis trigonophora

Cymothoe vumbui

Pseudacraea boisduvali

Pseudacraea eurytus

Pseudacraea lucretia

Pseudacraea tarquinea

Euptera kinugnana

Now included as a subspecies of lucretia

Limenitidinae

This is a western species, unlikely to occur

in Mozambique.

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 83

Charaxes acuminatus

Charaxes baumanni

Charaxes blandus

Charaxes bohemani

Bebearia cocalia

Euphaedra neophron

Euryphura achlys

Bebearia orientis

Hamanumida daedalus

Aterica galene

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Karsch, 1895)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Brown, 1776)

Felder and Felder, 1867

Thurau, 1903

Rogenhofer, 1891

Rothschild, 1897

Felder and Felder, 1859

Butler, 1895

(Cramer, [1779])

(Godart, [1824])

(Cramer, [1775])

Rothschild, 1900

(Godart, 1824)

Butler, 1869

(de Boisduval, 1847)

Henning, 1977

(Dewitz, 1879)

(Trimen, 1862)

(Linnaeus, 1767)

Trimen, 1894

Grose-Smith, 1883

Hewitson, 1877

(Cramer, [1775])

Feisthamel, 1850

Charaxes achaemenes

Charaxes macclounii

Charaxes brutus

Charaxes candiope

Charaxes castor

Charaxes cytila

Charaxes etesipe

Charaxes druceanus

Charaxes ethalion

Charaxes jahlusa

Charaxes jasius

Charaxes fionae

Charaxes guderianus

Charaxes manica

Charaxes nichetes

Charaxes phaeus

Charaxes pollux

Charaxes protoclea

Charaxes rothschild

Originally boueti

Originally listed as viola, a northern species.

We can find no reference to this taxon in the

literature.

This was described as a form of C.

etheocles, now included in C. chintechi

Charaxinae

This is more of a western butterfly. Probably

the very similar orientis.

The type locality of C. blandus is in southern

coastal Tanzania. Only the unique type

specimen has ever been taken there, leaving

the status of this butterfly in doubt. If blandus

has now been found in Mozambique, this

would be a most interesting find, but needs

confirmation.

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

84 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Alaena nyassa

Ornipholidotos peucetia

Mimacraea marshalli

Teriomima puellaris

Charaxes wakefieldi

Charaxes violetta

Charaxes varanes

Charaxes zoolina

Libythea labdaca

(Ward, 1873)

Grose-Smith, 1885

(Cramer, [1777])

(Westwood, 1850)

Westwood, 1851

Hewitson, 1877

(Hewitson, 1866)

Trimen, 1898

(Trimen, 1894)

Bennett, 1954

(Trimen, 1873)

(Trimen, 1898)

Trimen, 1906

Butler, 1899

Cottrell, 1981

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Westwood, 1851)

(Trimen, 1873)

(Bertoloni, 1850)

(Plötz, 1880)

(Westwood, 1881)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1864)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1870)

Euthecta cooksoni

Baliochila aslanga

Cnodontes pallida

Deloneura millari

Aslauga marshalli

Aslauga atrophifurca

Myrina silenus

Cigaritis natalensis

Lachnocnema bibulus

Cigaritis phanes

Cigaritis mozambica

Lipaphnaeus aderna

Axiocerses amanga

Axiocerses tjoane

Chrysoritis phosphor

Aloeides taikosama

Aloeides molomo

Another range extension from South Africa.

Probably a misidentification of A. marshalli

This record represents a range extension for

the species.

Lipteninae

Liphyrinae

Miletinae

Theclinae

Libytheinae

Originally listed as bambana, a species not

recorded from Mozambique. Of the two

species with which it might be confused,

tjoane is the most frequently taken.

LYCAENIDAE

Epamera aemulus (Trimen, 1895) Probably E. apatosa

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 85

Pseudiolaus poultoni

Hypolycaena amanica

Hypolycaena philippus

Gonatomyrina gorgias

Epamera sidus

Epamera apatosa

Stugeta bowkeri

Hemiolaus caeculus

Argiolaus lalos

Argiolaus silas

Argiolaus silarus

(Trimen, 1864)

Stempffer, 1952

(Trimen, 1864)

(Hopffer, 1855)

Druce, 1896

(Westwood, 1851)

(Druce, 1885)

Riley, 1928

Stempffer, 1951

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Stoll, [1790])

(Druce, 1890)

(Grose-Smith, 1887)

(Hewitson, 1869)

(Hewitson, 1862)

(Guérin-Méneville, 1849)

(Butler, 1899)

(Cramer, [1780])

(Gerstaecker, 1871)

(Grose-Smith and Kirby, 1894)

(Trimen, 1894)

(Trimen, 1893)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Linnaeus, 1767)

Butler, 1898

(Linnaeus, 1767)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Trimen, 1864)

(Trimen, 1883)

(Trimen and Bowker, 1887)

Pilodeudorix caerulea

Virachola dinochares

Virachola dinomenes

Virachola diocles

Virachola lorisona

Anthene amarah

Anthene definita

Anthene lasti

Anthene lunulata

Anthene larydas

Anthene kersteni

Anthene millari

Pseudonacaduba sichela

Lampides boeticus

Cacyreus marshalli

Leptotes pirithous

Tuxentius calice

Zintha hintza

Actizera lucida

Tuxentius melaena

Another range extension

Probably A. silarus

Polyommatinae

This is more of a western butterfly. Probably

the very similar kersteni.

Originally listed as Syntarucus telicanus.

Sy nta ru cus B utl er , 190 1 h as be en

synonymised with Leptotes Scudder, 1876.

Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775)

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

Table 3. Checklist of the Butterflies of Mozambique

In compiling the checklist, a search of the relevant literature was conducted. Species

are either specifically mentioned as recorded from Mozambique, or their

distribution is such that their occurrence in Mozambique can be assumed. In the

latter category are distributions such as 'The whole of sub-Saharan Africa' 'Widely

a

distributed in east, central and southern Africa' etc. These species are marked .

nd

Primary records are from Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa, 2 edition

1994 (Pringle et al. (Eds)).

Other authorities consulted are:

1Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania

2Ackery et al. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies

3Williams' Butterflies and Skippers of the Afrotropical Region an Encyclopaedia

(2003 edition)

4Cabral, A. (2000) Mozambique Checklist

5d'Abrera, B. (1980) Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region

6Alan Gardiner, unpublished records.

7Darwin Project records, North Central Mozambique (Chiperone, Inago, Mabu,

Namuli), Njesi Plateau (Bayliss and Congdon).

8Libert, M., Recent revisions of Epitola and Deudorix.

9Paris Museum Expedition to Northern Coastal Mozambique, XI.2009

The arrangement follows Carcasson's African Butterflies, but taking account of

some recent changes in nomenclature.

The list contains 523 species, but it is certain that more will be added as a result of

further collecting.

Subspecies are listed if known.

86 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

Oboronia guessfeldti

Chilades trochylus

Azanus natalensis

Azanus jesous

Eicochrysops hippocrates

Euchrysops malathana

Euchrysops osiris

Lepidochrysops patricia

Oboronia bueronica

(Trimen and Bowker, 1887)

(Guérin-Méneville, 1849)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Trimen and Bowker, 1887)

Karsch, 1895

(Dewitz, 1879)

(Freyer, [1843])

This is more of a western species, bueronica

being the coastal one.

Author and Date Notes

FAMILY, Subfamily

& Species

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 87

Celaenorrhinus bettoni

3 Coeliades anchises anchises

3 Coeliades forestan forestan

Coeliades keithloa keithloa

Coeliades libeon

(Gerstaecker, 1871)

(Stoll, [1782])

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Druce, 1875)

Evans, 1947

(Fabricius, 1793)

Butler, 1902

(Fabricius, 1793)

Collins and Congdon, 1998

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Strand 1911)

(Gray, 1832)

Lathy, 1901

Riley, 1921

Evans, 1937

(Fabricius, 1781)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Sharpe, 1890)

(Wallengren, 1857)

Mabille, 1891

(Trimen, 1862)

(Mabille, 1891)

New to Mozambique

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Walker, 1870)

Strand, 1909

Wallengren, 1857

(Trimen, 1864)

Collins and Larsen, 1994

(Butler, 1870)

Hopffer, 1855

Trimen and Bowker, 1889

(Westwood, 1874)

3Coeliades lorenzo

Coeliades pisistratus

Celaenorrhinus galenus galenus

7Celaenorrhinus handmani

Celaenorrhinus mokeezi

separata

6,7Eagris sabadius

ochreana

1Eretis herewardi

rotundimacula

3Tagiades flesus

Eagris nottoana nottoana

Calleagris jamesoni jamesoni

Eretis djaelaelae

Eretis melania

1Sarangesa maculata

Sarangesa motozi

7Sarangesa lucidella

Eretis umbra umbra

Sarangesa phidyle

Sarangesa seineri seineri

Caprona pillaana

Netrobalane canopus

3Abantis bamptoni

Abantis paradisea

Abantis tettensis

1,4Abantis venosa

Abantis zambesiaca

Author and Date Notes

HESPERIIDAE

Coeliadinae

Pyrginae

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

88 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

3Metisella aegipan

Spialia depauperata depauperata

Spialia delagoae

Spialia confusa confusa

Spialia diomus diomus

1,6Spialia dromus

3,6Spialia spio

(Strand, 1911)

(Trimen, 1898)

Evans, 1937

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Plötz, 1884)

(Linnaeus, 1764)

(Trimen, 1862)

(Trimen, 1868)

(Butler, 1896)

Butler, 1894

(de Boisduval, 1833)

Evans, 1937

(Linnaeus, 1764)

Evans, 1937

(Mabille, 1891)

(Trimen, 1894)

(Aurivillius, 1925)

(Butler, 1894)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1870)

(Hewitson, 1868)

(Trimen, 1873)

(Hewitson, 1868)

New to Mozambique

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1862)

Aurivillius, 1925

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Trimen, 1883)

(Butler, 1894)

Holland, 1896

(Westwood, 1881)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Snellen, 1872)

(Mabille, 1893)

Gomalia elma elma

7Metisella decipiens

7Metisella formosus formosus

Metisella malgacha

7Metisella medea

nyika

Metisella metis

paris

Astictopterus stellata

mineni

3Metisella orientalis

6,7Metisella midas

2Metisella willemi

2Tsitana tsita

Kedestes callicles

4Kedestes lepenula

4Kedestes barberae barberae

Ampittia capenas capenas

Kedestes macomo

7Kedestes marshalli

4,7Kedestes mohozutza

Kedestes wallengrenii wallengrenii

Gorgyra johnstoni

1Gorgyra subflavidus

Teniorhinus harona

Teniorhinus herilus

7Pardaleodes incerta

Acada biseriata

Author and Date Notes

Hesperiinae

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 89

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

Chondrolepis niveicornis niveicornis

Acleros ploetzi

Acleros mackenii

Parosmodes morantii morantii

Semalea arela

Semalea pulvina

Mabille, 1890

(Trimen, 1868)

(Trimen, 1873)

(Mabille, 1891)

(Plötz, 1879)

(Plötz, 1884)

(Butler, 1870)

(Plötz, 1883)

(Trimen, 1868)

Aurivillius, 1925

(Aurivillius, 1910)

(Hewitson, 1878)

(Trimen, 1862)

Riley, 1925

(Evans, 1937)

(Evans, 1949)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Trimen and Bowker, 1889)

Strand, 1921

(Hewitson, 1877)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Hewitson, 1877)

(Holland, 1894)

Evans, 1937

Neave, 1910

New to Mozambique

Evans, 1937

(Trimen,1864)

(Fabricius, 1798)

(Hübner, 1821)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Evans, 1937)

(Trimen, 1893)

(Gaede, 1916)

(Hopffer, 1855)

Andronymus neander neander

Moltena fiara

Zophopetes dysmephila

3,7Artitropa reducta

7Monza punctata punctata

Fresna nyassae

3Artitropa erinnys errinys

6,7nyasae

Borbo fanta

barnesi

Andronymus caesar

philander

Platylesches ayresii

Platylesches affinissima

Platylesches galesa

3Platylesches moritili

2Platylesches neba

Platylesches robusta robusta

Platylesches shona

7Platylesches rasta

Platylesches picanini

7Zenonia anax

Zezonia zeno

Pelopidas mathias

3,7Pelopidas thrax

Borbo borbonica borbonica

Borbo chagwa

Borbo detecta

Borbo fallax

Borbo fatuellus fatuellus

Author and Date Notes

90 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

Gegenes niso niso

Borbo holtzi

1Borbo gemella

Borbo lugens

Borbo micans

1,6Borbo perobscura

(Plötz, 1883)

(Mabille, 1884)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Holland, 1896)

(Druce, 1912)

(Trimen and Bowker, 1889)

(Latreille, 1824)

(Linnaeus, 1764)

Ward, 1871

(Hoffmannsegg, 1804)

(Mabille, 1878)

van Someren, 1939

(Koçak, 1980)

Linnaeus, 1758

Doubleday, 1845

Cramer, [1775]

Rothschild and Jordan, 1903

Brown, 1776

Stoll, [1790]

Kirby, 1880

Trimen,1868

van Son, 1956

(Hancock, 1987)

Oberthür, 1878

van Son, 1939

Gifford, 1961

(Aurivillius, 1925)

Evans, 1956

Esper, 1798

Butler, 1896

New to Mozambique

(Goeze, 1779)

(Cramer, [1779])

(Ward, 1873)

(Trimen, 1893)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Angas, 1849)

(Ward, 1873)

(Cramer, [1775])

Parnara monasi

Gegenes hottentota

Papilio (Princeps) constantinus constantinus

Gegenes pumilio

gambica

7Papilio (Princeps) desmondi

7usambarensis

Papilio (Princeps) nireus

lyaeus

1,6Papilio (Princeps) phorcas

nyikanus

Papilio (Princeps) dardanus

cenea

6,7

tibullus

3,6Papilio (Princeps) echerioides

chirindanus

7

shirensis

Papilio (Princeps) ophidicephalus

9

ophidicephalus

chirinda

nr. mkuwadzi

Borbo ferruginea

dondo

3Papilio (Princeps) demodocus

3,6Papilio (Princeps) pelodurus pelodurus

Graphium (Arisbe) angolanum angolanum

3Graphium (Arisbe) antheus

Graphium (Arisbe) colonna

Graphium (Arisbe) junodi

Graphium (Arisbe) leonidas leonidas

3Graphium (Arisbe) morania

1,5Graphium (Arisbe) philonoe philonoe

Graphium (Arisbe) policenes policenes

Author and Date Notes

PAPILIONIDAE

Papilioninae

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 91

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

3Eurema (Eurema) mandarinula

Eurema (Eurema) regularis

Eurema (Terias) hapale

Graphium (Arisbe) porthaon porthaon

Graphium (Arisbe) polistratus

3,6Catopsilia florella

3Colias electo electo

(Hewitson, 1865)

(Grose-Smith, 1889)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Linnaeus, 1773)

(Stoll, [1780])

(Holland, 1892)

(Butler, 1876)

(Mabille, 1882)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Butler, 1898)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Butler, 1875)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Suffert, 1904)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Suffert, 1904)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Cramer, [1775])

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Cramer, [1780])

(Klug, 1829)

(Lucas, 1852)

(Hewitson, 1866)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Godart, [1819])

(de Boisduval, 1836)

Hübner, [1823]

(de Boisduval, 1847)

New to Mozambique

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Lucas, 1852)

(Butler, 1897)

(Klug, 1829)

(Angas, 1849)

3Eurema (Eurema) brigitta brigitta

6Eurema (Terias) senegalensis

1Eurema (Eurema) desjardinsii

marshalli

Eurema (Terias) hecabe

solifera

Nepheronia argia

mhondana

Nepheronia thalassina

sinalata

4Colotis amata

calais

3Colotis antevippe

gavisa

1,4 Colotis aurora

evarne

3,4Colotis celimene

amina

Colotis danae

annae

6Eurema (Terias) floricola

3Pinacopteryx eriphia eriphia

Nepheronia buquetii buquetii

Eronia cleodora cleodora

3,5Eronia leda

3Colotis agoye agoye

3Colotis auxo

3,5Colotis dissociatus

Colotis eris eris

4Colotis erone

Author and Date Notes

PIERIDAE

Pierinae

Coliadinae

92 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

1Colotis subfasciatus subfasciatus

3Belenois aurota aurota

Colotis eunoma eunoma

Colotis evenina evenina

Colotis ione

2Colotis lais

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Godart, [1819])

(Butler, 1876)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Trimen, 1863)

(Swainson, 1833)

(Fabricius, 1793)

(Reiche, 1850)

(Butler, 1877)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Godart, [1819])

(Klug, 1829)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Cramer, [1776])

(Stoll, [1781])

(Godart, [1819])

(Lucas, 1852)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(Godart, [1819])

Talbot, 1943

(Cramer, [1779])

(Butler, 1888)

(Felder and Felder, 1865)

(Butler, 1901)

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Butler, 1897)

(Hopffer, 1855)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

(Linnaeus, 1764)

(de Boisduval, 1836)

Vári, 1976

(Spiller, 1884)

(Grose-Smith, 1889)

New to Mozambique

(Cramer, [1779])

van Son, 1948

(Mabille, 1890)

(Koch, 1865)

Colotis pallene

Colotis regina

3,4,5Colotis vesta

argillaceus

3Colotis euippe

omphale

3Colotis evagore

antigone

3Belenois creona

severina

Belenois gidica

abyssinica

3,5Dixeia charina

simana

3Dixeia doxo

parva

Appias (Glutophrissa) epaphia

contracta

Appias (Glutophrissa) sabina

phoebe

7Appias (Glutophrissa) sylvia

nyasana

Belenois thysa thysa

Belenois zochalia zochalia

3Pontia helice helice

Dixeia pigea

Dixeia leucophanes

Dixeia spilleri

3,5Appias (Glutophrissa) lasti lasti

Mylothris agathina agathina

aMylothris carcassoni

1,3,5Mylothris rubricosta rubricosta

Mylothris rueppellii

Author and Date Notes

Mylothris sagala

3,5

umtaliana

7

dentata

Grose-Smith, 1886

d'Abrera, 1980

Butler, 1896 New to Mozambique

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 93

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

Acraea (Acraea) aganice aganice

Acraea (Acraea) aglaonice

Acraea (Acraea) anemosa

Acraea (Acraea) asema

Acraea (Acraea) axina

4Mylothris trimenia

Mylothris yulei yulei

6Mylothris similis similis

(Butler, 1869)

Butler, 1897

Lathy, 1906

Hewitson, 1865

Hewitson, 1852

Westwood, 1881

Hewitson, 1865

Hewitson, 1877

Westwood, 1881

(Stoll, [1781])

Bernardi, 1959

(Cramer, [1775])

Mabille, 1889

Distant, 1880

van Son, 1963

Ward, 1873

Henning & Henning, 1996

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Hewitson, 1865

Wichgraf, 1914

Hewitson, 1877

(Hewitson, 1861)

Grose-Smith, 1889

Stevenson, 1934

Grose-Smith, 1887

Hopffer, 1855

de Boisduval, 1847

Doubleday, 1847

de Boisduval, 1847

New to Mozambique

de Boisduval, 1847

Ward, 1871

de Boisduval, 1847

Hewitson, 1877

Hewitson, 1874

Grose-Smith, 1889

Acraea (Acraea) acrita acrita

Leptosia alcesta

inalcesta

Acraea (Acraea) egina

areca

Acraea (Acraea) insignis

gorongozae

Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae rabbaiae

rabbaiae perlucida

1,4Acraea (Acraea) zetes

acara

Acraea (Acraea) boopis boopis

Acraea (Acraea) caldarena caldarena

Acraea (Acraea) cerasa cerasa

Acraea (Acraea) cuva cuva

Acraea (Acraea) dondoensis

Acraea (Acraea) machequena

Acraea (Acraea) oncaea

Acraea (Acraea) natalica

Acraea (Acraea) neobule neobule

Acraea (Acraea) nohara

Acraea (Acraea) petraea

Acraea (Acraea) satis

Acraea (Acraea) violarum

9Acraea (Acraea) zonata

Acraea (Actinote) acerata

5Acraea (Actinote) bomba

Author and Date Notes

NYMPHALIDAE

Heliconiinae

Acraeini

94 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

6Acraea (Actinote) induna induna

Acraea (Actinote) johnstoni johnstoni

1,5Acraea (Actinote) conradti

Acraea (Actinote) encedana

Acraea (Actinote) encedon encedon

Acraea (Actinote) eponina

Acraea (Actinote) esebria

7Acraea (Actinote) goetzei

4,7Acraea (Actinote) cabira

Oberthür, 1893

Pierre, 1976

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Cramer, [1780])

Hewitson, 1861

Thurau, 1903

Hopffer, 1855

Trimen and Bowker, 1889

Trimen, 1895

Godman, 1885

Hewitson, 1863

Butler, 1896

Ward, 1871

Oberthür, 1893

Doubleday, 1847

Oberthür, 1893

Ward, 1871

Holland, 1892

(Drury, [1773])

(Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(von Schreber, 1759)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Trimen, 1879

Butler, 1875

Talbot, 1940

(Stoll, [1790])

(Sharpe, 1890)

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Butler, 1880)

de Boisduval, 1833

Sharpe, 1892

(de Boisduval, 1833)

Trimen, 1879

(Doubleday, 1847)

(Butler, 1895)

(Doubleday, 1847)

New to Mozambique

(de Boisduval, 1847)

1Acraea (Actinote) igola

1Acraea (Actinote) obeira

burni

1,5Acraea (Actinote) pentapolis

epidica

7Acraea (Actinote) perenna

thespirio

Acraea (Actinote) pharsalus

pharsaloides

3Phalanta phalantha

aethiopica

3Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus

aegyptius

Amauris (Amauris) niavius

dominicanus

3Amauris (Amaura) albimaculatus

7latifascia

3Amauris (Amaura) echeria

lobengula

Gnophodes betsimena

diversa

Acraea (Actinote) rahira rahira

7Acraea (Actinote) sotikensis

Pardopsis punctatissima

Lachnoptera ayresii

aPhalanta eurytis eurytis

7Issoria smaragdifera smaragdifera

3Tirumala petiverana

Amauris (Amaura) ochlea ochlea

Author and Date Notes

Argynnini auct.

Danainae

Satyrinae

New to Mozambique

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 95

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

7Bicyclus simulacris

7Bicyclus vansoni

Henotesia perspicua perspicua

1,5Henotesia simonsii

7Henotesia ubenica ubenica

Ypthima antennata antennata

Melanitis libya

Bicyclus anynana anynana

1,5Bicyclus campina campina

1,5Bicyclus ena

Distant, 1882

(Butler, 1879)

(Aurivillius, 1901)

(Hewitson, 1877)

(Westwood, 1850)

Kielland, 1990

Condamin, 1965

(Trimen, 1873)

(Butler, 1877)

Thurau, 1903

van Son, 1955

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Westwood, 1851)

Karsch, 1894

Le Cerf, 1919

(Butler, 1868)

(Trimen, 1895)

Elwes and Edwards, 1893

Ungemach, 1932

van Son, 1955

van Son, 1966

(Doubleday, 1845)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Trimen, 1881

(Klug, 1832)

Kielland, 1982

Butler, 1883

Butler, 1888

(Hewitson, 1865)

(Trimen, 1862)

(de Boisduval, 1847)

Godman, 1880

Carcasson, 1964

Butler, 1894

van Son, 1955

New to Mozambique

(Trimen, 1873)

(Linnaeus, 1764)

3Bicyclus safitza safitza

Melanitis leda

helena

Aphysoneura pigmentaria

nr. latilimba

1,4Bicyclus angulosus

selousi

Ypthima impura

paupera

Stygionympha wichgrafi

lannini

Hypolimnas anthedon

wahlbergi

Salamis anacardii

nebulosa

aYpthima asterope asterope

1Ypthima condamini condamini

Ypthima granulosa

Ypthima pupillaris pupillaris

Ypthimomorpha itonia

Coenyra hebe

Physcaeneura panda

Physcaeneura pione

7Neocoenyra bioculata

6Neocoenyra ypthimoides

2,3Pseudonympha cyclops

Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor

3Hypolimnas misippus

Author and Date Notes

Nymphalinae

Both Williams and Ackery et

al. give Protogoniomorpha

as a synonym of Salamis.

96 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

3Precis sinuata sinuata

1Precis tugela tugela

4Junonia artaxia

Junonia natalica natalica

3Junonia oenone oenone

Salamis parhassus

Precis actia

1,4,6Precis antilope

1Precis archesia archesia

Precis ceryne ceryne

Precis cuama

(Drury, 1782)

Distant, 1880

(Feisthamel, 1850)

(Cramer, [1779])

(de Boisduval, 1847)

(Hewitson, 1864)

Plötz, 1880

Trimen, 1879

Hewitson, 1864

(Felder and Felder, 1860)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Fabricius, 1793)

Henning & Joannou, 1994

(Cramer, [1777])

Trimen, 1883

(Fabricius, 1798)

Trimen, 1870

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Guenée, 1865

(Fabricius, 1793)

Butler, 1888

(Drury, [1773])

Hewitson, 1864

(Trimen, 1879)

Howarth, 1966

(de Boisduval, 1833)

Rothschild & Jordan, 1903

(Cramer, [1777])

Grünberg, 1911

(Cramer, [1775])

Aurivillius, 1898

(Drury, 1782)

Rothschild & Jordan, 1903

(de Boisduval, 1833)

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

(Stoll, [1781])

Howarth, 1966

(Drury, [1773])

New to Mozambique

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Karsch, 1892)

Salamis cacta

eileenae

Precis octavia

sesamus

1,4Junonia hierta

cebrene

Junonia orithya

madagascariensis

7Junonia sophia

7infracta

Junonia terea

elgiva

7Antanartia schaeneia

dubia

Neptidopsis fulgurata

platyptera

Neptidopsis ophione

nucleata

Eurytela dryope

angulata

Eurytela hiarbas

lita

Byblia anvatara

acheloia

3Vanessa (Cynthia) cardui

6Catacroptera cloanthe cloanthe

6,7Antanartia dimorphica dimorphica

1 Byblia ilithyia

Sevenia boisduvali boisduvali

2,3Sevenia garega

Author and Date Notes

Limenitidinae

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 97

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

Neptis jordani

Neptis kiriakoffi

Neptis laeta

1Neptis melicerta

7Neptis nina

Neptis penningtoni

Sevenia natalensis

Sevenia morantii

Sevenia rosa

Neptis alta

Neptis carcassoni

Neptis goochii

1,3Neptis gratiosa

(de Boisduval, 1847)

(Trimen, 1881)

(Hewitson, 1877)

Overlaet, 1955

van Son, 1959

Trimen, 1879

Overlaet, 1955

Neave, 1910

Overlaet, 1955

(Drury, [1773])

Staudinger, 1896

van Son, 1977

(Fabricius, 1781)

Lathy, 1901

de Boisduval, 1833

Hopffer, 1855

Doubleday, 1848

(Fox, 1968)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Oberthür, 1893

(Cramer, [1775])

(Butler, 1878)

(Doubleday, 1845)

Butler, 1874

Butler, 1878

Trimen, 1912

Overlaet, 1955

Bethune-Baker, 1926

Neave, 1912

Grose-Smith, 1889

New to Mozambique

(Grose-Smith, 1889)

(Hopffer, 1855)

Cyrestis (Azania) camillus

sublineata

Neptis saclava

marpessa

1Harma theobene

?superna

2Pseudacraea eurytus

conradti

Pseudacraea lucretia

expansa

Pseudacraea boisduvalii

trimenii

Neptis trigonophora trigonophora

Neptis swynnertoni

Neptis serena serena

7Cymothoe melanjae

Cymothoe vumbui

7Cymothoe sp. nov.

7Pseudacraea deludens

Cymothoe coranus coranus

7Pseudathyma sp. nov. (Namuli)

Euptera kinugnana kinugnana

Euryphura achlys

Crenidomimas concordia

Euphaedra (Neophronia) neophron neophron

Author and Date Notes

Treated as a synonym of Neptis

melicerta by Ackery et al.

98 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

7Charaxes aubyni

Charaxes bohemani

Charaxes candiope

Bebearia orientis orientis

Euphaedra (Euphaedrana) orientalis

Hamanumida daedalus

1,6Pseudargynnis hegemone

Charaxes achaemenes achaemenes

(Karsch, 1895)

Rothschild, 1898

(Fabricius, 1775)

(Godart, [1819])

Felder and Felder, 1867

van Someren & Jackson, 1952

Felder and Felder, 1859

(Godart, [1824])

(Brown, 1776)

Hopffer, 1855

Thurau, 1903

van Someren, 1963

Rogenhofer, 1891

Butler, 1894

(Cramer, [1779])

Staudinger, 1885

(Cramer, [1775])

Butler, 1895

Butler, 1869

Joicey & Talbot, 1922

Grose-Smith, 1883

Butler, 1895

(Cramer, [1775])

van Someren, 1967

Feisthamel, 1850

(Hewitson, 1877)

(Trimen, 1862)

Westwood, 1864

(Linnaeus, 1767)

Butler, 1866

(de Boisduval, 1847)

Rothschild, 1898

Felder and Felder, 1859

Rydon, 1980

Trimen, 1894

Butler, 1895

(Dewitz, 1879)

Henning, 1977

New to Mozambique

Hewitson, 1877

van Someren, 1975

Aterica galene

theophane

4,6,7Charaxes acuminatus

mlanji

Charaxes baumanni

whytei

Charaxes brutus

natalensis

Charaxes castor

flavifasciatus

4,7Charaxes druceanus

proximans

Charaxes nichetes

leoninus

Charaxes pollux

gazanus

Charaxes protoclea

azota

Charaxes jahlusa

argynnides

Charaxes jasius

saturnus

Charaxes ethalion ethalion

7Charaxes dilutus dilutus

7Charaxes cithaeron

Charaxes macclounii

7Charaxes margaretae

Charaxes manica

Charaxes guderianus guderianus

Charaxes fionae

Charaxes phaeus

Charaxes pseudophaeus

Author and Date Notes

Charaxinae

June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 99

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

Charaxes varanes varanes

Charaxes tavetensis

Charaxes violetta violetta

Charaxes wakefieldi

Charaxes zoolina zoolina

(Cramer, [1777])

Rothschild, 1894

Grose-Smith, 1885

(Ward, 1873)

(Westwood, 1850)

(Stoll, [1781])

van Someren 1964

(Hewitson, 1873)

Schmidt, 1921

Westwood, 1851

Trimen, 1879

(de Boisduval, 1847)

Hawker-Smith, 1933

Staudinger, 1888

Aurivillius, 1898

(de Boisduval, 1847)

Henning & Henning, 1994

Sharpe, 1896

Hawker-Smith, 1933

Stempffer and Bennett, 1961

Hewitson, 1877

Gifford, 1965

Henning & Henning, 2004

Bennett, 1954

(Trimen, 1894)

Kirby, 1887

(Hewitson, 1866)

Trimen, 1898

Hawker-Smith, 1933

New to Mozambique

(Trimen, 1873)

Stempffer and Bennett, 1953

(Riley, 1943)

7Charaxes xiphares

7woodi

Apaturopsis cleochares

schultzei

Libythea labdaca

laius

1,5Alaena amazoula

nyasana

7Pentila pauli

nyassana

Pentila tropicalis

fuscipunctata

6Alaena picata

interrupta

Pentila swynnertoni

Alaena nyassa nyassa

6Alaena lamborni

Teriomima puella

7Teriomima williami

Euthecta cooksoni cooksoni

2Teriomima puellaris

Ornipholidotos peucetia peucetia

4Mimacraea marshalli ?marshalli

1Teriomima parva parva

Baliochila aslanga

Baliochila barnesi

Baliochila lipara

Baliochila neavei

Baliochila nyasae

7Baliochila woodi

Author and Date Notes

Apaturinae

Libytheinae

LYCAENIDAE

Lipteninae

100 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010

FAMILY, Subfamily & Species

3,4Cnodontes pallida

7Baliochila sp. nov.

Cnodontes penningtoni

8Cephetola australis

Aslauga marshalli marshalli

1,6Spalgis lemolea

Lachnocnema bibulus

Lachnocnema sp.

(Trimen, 1898)

Bennett, 1954

Libert, 1999

Butler, 1899

Druce, 1890

(Fabricius, 1793)

Trimen and Bowker, 1887

Trimen, 1906

Pennington, 1953

(Fabricius, 1775)

Trimen, 1879

Trimen, 1891

Aurivillius, 1909

(Plötz, 1880)

(Aurivillius, 1916)

(Trimen, 1864)

(Quickelberge, 1972)

(Hewitson, 1865)

(Oberthür, 1878)

Trimen and Bowker, 1887

(Wallengren, 1857)

(Butler, 1884)

(Neave, 1910)

(Trimen, 1873)

(Dewitz, 1887)

(Westwood, 1851)

(Bertoloni, 1850)

(Butler, 1884)

New to Mozambique

(Trimen, 1873)

(Westwood, 1881)

Henning & Henning, 1996