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Butterflies of south east Africa’s mountains (Mozambique and Malawi).

Authors:
  • African Butterfly Research Institute
METAMORPHOSIS
ISSN 1018-6490
CONTENTS
By ......................
Butterflies of south east Africa's mountains (Mozambique and Malawi)
Colin Congdon, Steve Collins and Julian Bayliss 46
Front cover: Cymothoe sp. nov. from Mt. Namuli: J. Bayliss
Back cover: Cymothoe sp. nov. from Mt. Mabu: J. Bayliss
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 45
Butterflies of so u th east Africa's mountains
(Mozambique and Malaŵi)
(1)Colin Congdon (Colin.congdon@gmail.com)
(1)Steve Collins (scollins@acdivoca-kenya.or.ke)
(1,2,3)Julian Bayliss (jlbayliss@yahoo.co.uk)
(1)African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Box 14308, 0800 Nairobi, Kenya
(2)Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT), P.O. Box 139, Mulanje, Malaŵi
(3)Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK
1. Introduction
This publication deals with three issues. Firstly it details the results of a series of
butterfly surveys as part of the Darwin Initiative project (15/036) 'Monitoring and
managing biodiversity loss in south-east Africa's montane ecosystems'. Members
from the African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), based in Nairobi, visited
the project sites in northern Mozambique and southern Malaŵi on several
occasions to undertake a series of butterfly surveys. Most sites were visited
several times to create a more thorough sampling regime as species emerge at
different times of the year. The checklist of butterflies known from the study sites
in northern Mozambique and southern Malaŵi totals 401 species.
Secondly it revises the existing checklist of the Butterflies of Mozambique
(Borboletas de Moçambique) that was published by Augusto Cabral (2000) in line
with current nomenclature, leaving it with 261 species.
Thirdly, and most significantly, it presents a comprehensive, accurate and up-to-
date checklist of the Butterflies of Mozambique (Table 3), covering all habitats
and using all known historical data sources as well those collected through this
study. This checklist, which must be considered provisional, contains 523 species.
In this report a brief history of butterfly research in Mozambique is also presented
based on all available historical records. The butterfly fauna from each mountain
visited in the course of the project is listed, and species and subspecies of interest
are discussed. The biogeography of the region (southern Malaŵi and northern
Mozambique) as a whole is considered in terms of its butterfly fauna and relevant
botanical links.
46 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
1.1 Project background
This project emerged out of work that was occurring on Mt. Mulanje in southern
Malaŵi through the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT). At that time
(2005) an interest was expressed to assess the degree of biological similarity
between Mt. Mulanje and the neighbouring mountains over 1500 m in northern
Mozambique. Throughout 2005 a concept proposal, entitled “Monitoring and
Managing Biodiversity Loss on South-East Africa's Montane Ecosystems”, was
developed and the sites were selected (using Google Earth). Funding was secured
through the Darwin Initiative, a British Government award administered through the
Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The award was a
collaborative effort between the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (RBGKew) and
BirdLife International in UK, the Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique
(IIAM), the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT) and the Forest
Research Institute of Malaŵi (FRIM).
A series of scientific expeditions was organised to selected high altitude mountains
(>1500 m) in northern Mozambqiue (and southern Malaŵi) until the project closed
in June 2009. The African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), based in Nairobi,
became involved following the discovery of a significant number of new butterfly
species in the early stages of the project.
1.2 Historical Note on the Study of Butterflies in Mozambique
In comparison with most other African countries there has been relatively little study
on the Lepidoptera, including butterflies, of Mozambique. However, this section
outlines those records that are known.
Russell Badham is known to have collected extensively in Mozambique in the
middle of the last century, and many of his specimens are now in the Transvaal
Museum.
Augusto Cabral made an extensive collection of butterflies which is now probably
looked after by his family (it is not in the Museum of Natural History in Maputo),
and published 'Butterflies of Mozambique' (Cabral, 2000) - see Table 2. Until now,
this constituted the only known checklist of the butterflies of Mozambique, and we
are indebted to him for a number of new records.
David M. Cookson (1914 – 1966) lived near the Mozambique border, and is known
to have collected in the Manica Highlands towards the end of his life.
Bevan Cox (1878 – 1946) collected in the Amatongas and Dondo forest.
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 47
Margaret Fontaine (1862 – 1940) made expeditions into Mozambique in the period
1907 to 1909, and her work on the life histories of a number of species is well known
- she is the subject of the book 'Wild and Fearless' by Natascha Scott-Stokes, and of
the autobiographical 'Love among the Butterflies' compiled from her diaries.
Henri Junod (1863 – 1934) collected around Rikatla Mission from 1893, and gave
his name to Graphium (Arisbe) junodi, a Mozambican endemic butterfly.
Joseph Last (1847–1933), made an expedition into northern Mozambique in 1887. A
full list of his discoveries is not available, but it is certain that he collected butterflies
in the course of his travels. Two butterfly species were named in his honour (Anthene
lasti (Grose-Smith and Kirby, 1894) and Charaxes lasti Grose-Smith, 1889), the
former at least being present in Mozambique.
Ernest Lannin (1872 – 1945) was based in Mutare, Zimbabwe, from where he made
collecting trips into Mozambique. He gave his name to Stygionympha wichgrafi
lannini.
Rose Monteiro published in 1891 'Delagoa Bay: Its Natives and Natural History'. A
keen butterfly collector, with several discoveries to her name, including Acraea
esebria f. monteironis and Charaxes ethalion f. rosae. She must also have been a
botanist, as we find Artabotrys monteiroae (Annonaceae) described from Delagoa
Bay.
Frederick Courteney Selous (1851 1917). According to his biographer Millais
(1918), Selous passed through Manica in 1881. He collected butterflies assiduously
all his life, presenting his collection to the South African Museum, Cape Town,
where R. Trimen was curator at the time.
Percy Sheppard (1875 – 1958) was for a time based near the Dondo forest before
moving to Manica.
Bill Teare (1907 – 1982) made expeditions into Mozambique from South Africa,
looking for species rare further south.
1.3 Site Descriptions
Since October 2005 expeditions ranging from several days to several weeks have
been made to selected mountains in Zambezia and Niassa Provinces of Mozambique
north of the Zambezi, as well as southern Malaŵi, as part of this Darwin Initiative
project. A number of species of butterfly were found, many of which were believed
to be first records for the country. However it became apparent that this could not be
said with any confidence, as no comprehensive checklist was available. We have
48 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
therefore attempted to supply this need (Table 3). Species collected in the course of
our expeditions are listed in Table 1. Most of the earlier butterfly collecting in
Mozambique was undertaken by South Africans, mainly working in the south of the
country around Delagoa Bay. Very little collecting has been done north of the
Zambezi, and no doubt many more species remain to be found there. It is hoped that
the present paper will stimulate interest in this region and provide a platform for
further work.
Plate no. 1, Fig.1. Map covers the region of study (southern Malaŵi and northern
Mozambique) showing all the study sites.
Very little collecting time was spent on either Mt. Inago or the Njesi Plateau, and
further work would undoubtedly increase the number of species from these areas.
The areas visited are listed from north to south (Plate no. 1, Fig. 1).
Site 1. The Njesi Plateau.
o o
A single, three day, exploratory visit was made to this area (12 45' S, 35 20' E) by
Bayliss and Congdon in late February, 2009. It is a high plateau rising to 1870 m. The
plateau is divided by a deep valley, and is mainly rolling grassland. There is evidence
that this was once forest, as there are numerous Albizia saplings, kept small by
repeated burning, and also Rhoicissus, a liana, which is usually associated with
forest. For the most part the soil in these areas is a dark humic loam. There are forest
patches in areas protected from fire. These are depauperate, probably as a result of
infrequent fire events. Remaining trees are mainly Albizia gummifera and A.
schimperiana. A few Bersama were seen, and some Fagaropsis and Bridelia.
Shrubs and small trees included Maesa lanceolata, Tecomaria capensis, Clausena
anisata, Maytenus sp., Dracaena laxissima and Dracaena aff. steudneri. The forest
undergrowth was mainly of Triumfetta, Mimulopsis and various Acanthaceae,
sterile at the time of our visit. Lianas included Toddalia asiatica, Rhoicissus
tridentata, Tylophora sp., Urera hypselodendron and Gouania longispicata. We
found two species of hemiparasitic Loranthaceae, Englerina inaequilatera and
Erianthemum schelei.
The grasslands were of several species including Hyparrhenia up to 3 m tall. In areas
of shorter grass we found Clematopsis, Helichrysum, Dombeya burgessiae, and
Protea spp.
The path to the plateau passed through typical Zambesian Brachystegia woodland at
about 1370 m, with some almost pure stands of Uapaca kirkiana. In this valley
potatoes were extensively grown and there was evidence of this on a commercial
scale during the colonial period. This area has previously been visited by Ryan &
Spottiswoode (2003) who investigated the avifauna.
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 49
Site 2. Mt. Inago
Mt. Inago (15°2'42"S, 37°23'46"E) is approximately 50 km north east of Mt.
Namuli (Plate no. 1, Fig. 1). There are several main peaks but the highest rises to
1870 m. This massif consists of a series of granitic domes separated by what must
once have been forested valleys. Little now remains of the original forest cover,
and what remains is rapidly disappearing. There are still some riverine strips, and
some forest remnants in steep gullies and along the base of the granite domes.
Most of these remnant forest patches have been reduced to sizes ranging from 1 to
10 hectares.
The main habitat types are woodland, riverine forest, montane forest, and rock face
grassland.
The woodland occurs below 1000 m. Dominant species, with heights 10 15 m, are
Parinari curatellifolia, Brachystegia sp., Albizia adianthifolia, Burkea africana and
Syzygium cordatum. The shrub layer contains species such as Protea sp., Protea
petiolaris, Cussonia arborea, Vitex doniana and Strychnos sp. The ground layer is
composed basically by grass and herbaceous species, with species such as Themeda
trianda and Hyparrhenia sp.
The riverine forest would appear to be the remnants of a much larger forest reduced
to elements bordering the water courses. It is dominated by species between 25-30
m such as: Khaya anthotheca, Breonadia salicina, Englerophytum sp. and Newtonia
buchananii. Also present at mid-canopy (8 -15 m) are Sterculia africana, Cussonia
spicata, Trema orientalis and Anthocleista sp.
The medium-altitude forest (1500 m) has largely been cleared and reduced to small
patches of between 1 10 hectares. These are dominated by species with heights
above 20 m, and composed of Drypetes gerrardii, Cussonia umbellifera, and
Newtonia buchananii. Mid canopy species are mainly composed of Chrysophyllum
sp., Myrianthus sp., Bridelia sp., and Garcinia sp.
Rock face vegetation is a mixture of grass (Cyperus sp.) and herbaceous and shrub
species. These are mainly species of Euphorbia, Aloe, Encephalartos, and Crassula.
Of particular note is the presence of a cycad (Encephalartos sp.) similar to the
species found on Mt. Mulanje in southern Malaŵi (Encephalartos gratus) but
growing in different habitat. To the best of our knowledge the area had not been
visited by biologists before (Bayliss et al., 2010).
Site 3. Mt. Namuli
o o
Mt. Namuli (15 21'30"S, 37 03'40"E), is perhaps the best known of the mountains
50 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
we visited. The forests now descend to about 1500 m, but must once have been more
extensive as the surrounding area is under cultivation. The lower forest, Khara, is
rich in Sapotaceae, including Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Englerophytum
magalismontanum and Synsepalum sp. Common trees are Albizia gummifera,
Newtonia buchananii, and Ficus spp.
The more extensive 'Manho' forest lies between about 1700 and 1950 m. The canopy
is closed at around 20–25 m high, with emergents to 30 or even 40 m. Emergent
trees include Faurea wentzeliana, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Olea capensis and
Ekebergia capensis. Common canopy trees, in addition to the emergent species, are
Albizia gummifera, Anthocleista grandiflora, Aphloia theiformis, Apodytes
dimidiata, Bersama abyssinica, Cassipourea malosana, Canthium vulgare,
Cussonia spicata, Drypetes gerrardii, Eugenia capensis, Garcinia kingaensis, Ilex
mitis (along streams), Macaranga capensis, Maytenus acuminata, Podocarpus
latifolius, Polyscias fulva, Prunus africana, Rapanea melanophloeos, Schefflera
umbellifera, and Tabernaemontana stapfiana.
Below 1700 m Chrysophyllum gorungosanum appears, with Myrianthus holstii in
the understorey. Epiphytes and ferns are common, indicating the high year-round
humidity derived from frequent low cloud and rain outside of the main rainy season.
Mistletoes include Englerina (two species), Helixanthera sp. nov. and Actinanthella
menyharthii. Understorey trees and woody shrubs include: Alchornea hirtella
(common), Allophylus chaunostachys, Canthium oligocarpum, Carissa bispinosa,
Chassalia parvifolia, Diospyros natalensis, Dracaena laxissima, Erythroxylum
emarginatum, Ixora scheffleri, Lasianthus kilimandscharicus (very common),
Metarungia pubinervia, Mimulopsis solmsii, Mostuea brunonis, Ochna holstii,
Oxyanthus speciosus, Pauridiantha paucinervis, Peddiea africana, Psychotria
zombamontana, Rawsonia lucida, Rytigynia uhligii, Tricalysia sp. and Xymalos
monospora. Large woody lianas are characterised by Schefflera goetzenii, and
Rutidea orientalis is also very common. Perhaps the commonest plant in the herb
layer is Anisotes pubinervis.
On the Muretha plateau at 1850–1900 m there are numerous small forest patches,
2
ranging in size from 30 m to several hectares with a canopy at around 15–20 m and
emergents to 20–25 m. These patches are more exposed to fires and contain more
secondary, partly fire-resistant species. The most apparent species here are those
from forest margins, including Aphloia theiformis, Maesa lanceolata, Peddiea
africana and, especially, Morella serrata. This last is host to the hemiparasitic
Erianthemum schelei. Along streams Ilex mitis and Choristylis rhamnoides are
common, with Syzigium cordatum, Aeschynomene, and Kotschya.
There are extensive areas of tussock grass on the Muretha Plateau at between 1850
and 1900 m, the main grass species being Loudetia simplex. From this plateau
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 51
emerge enormous granite domes, the highest of which reaches 2419 m. The slopes of
these domes and other areas of exposed rock are characterised by clumps of the
sedge Coleochloa setifera. See Timberlake et al. (2009) for a detailed description of
the biodiversity of Mt. Namuli.
Site 4. Zomba Mountain
o o
Zomba Mountain (15 19'22"S, 37 17'07"E) is badly degraded. It rises to 1800 m and
there are significant areas of plantation forestry (Eucalyptus and Pinus spp.) that
have been planted since the colonial period. Small stands of the Mulanje Cedar
(Widdringtonia whytei) were also planted in colonial times. There are also many
exotic and invasive species. The natural forest has now been reduced and confined to
valleys and along river courses.
According to White et al. (2001), the forest is about 600 hectares in extent. It has a
rather broken canopy at 1525 m. The forest flora is impoverished compared with
forests further north, but trees include Albizia gummifera, Bersama abyssinica,
Bridelia micrantha, Cassipourea malosana, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum,
Craibia brevicaudata, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Cussonia spicata, Ekebergia
capensis, Ficus thonningii, Macaranga mellifera, Maytenus acuminata,
Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Parinari excelsa, Podocarpus latifolius, Polyscias fulva,
Prunus africana and Rawsonia lucida. Lianas include Ipomoea involucrata,
Landolphia buchananii, Secamone alpini, and Toddalia asiatica.
Site 5. Mt. Mulanje
Mt. Mulanje is the second highest in southern Africa rising to over 3000 m. Located
o o o o
in southern Malaŵi (15 50'–16 03'S and 35 30–35 47'E), close to the Mozambique
border, Mt. Mulanje was formed 130 million yeras ago (Dixey, 1927) and represents
2
a refuge for many endemic species. The area is relatively large (approx. 650 km ),
and exhibits an altitudinal zonation in the region between 600 – 3000 m asl.
It is important site due to the high levels of endemism found through the many
biomes that exist on the mountain. The most significant endemic species is the
Mulanje Cedar (Widdringtonia whytei), which represents the flagship species
(Bayliss et al., 2007). Because of its relatively large area Mt. Mulanje exhibits a wet
side (south-eastern) and a dry side (north-western) due to the prevailing
Mozambique winds. This constitutes a range of biomes within the mountain
ecosystem.
The major habitat types covering Mount Mulanje have been documented since the
first account of the area in 1891 (Whyte, 1893). Primarily these are miombo
52 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
woodland around the base, Eucalyptus plantation, lowland forest, mid-altitude
forest (Newtonia buchananii), afro-montane forest (Widdringtonia whytei), and
high altitude grasslands.
On the dry, western slopes of Mulanje there is Miombo woodland from near the base
at Likabula Mission to near the lip of the plateau. The vegetation includes
Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii, B. utilis, B. floribuna, Uapaca kirkiana,
Faurea saligna, with Protea spp in rocky areas. Nearer the top, Afromontane
species include Aeschynomene megalophylla, Agarista salicifolia, Catha edulis,
Cussonia spicata, Diospyros whyteana, Dombeya burgessiae, Kotschya
scaberrima, Nuxia congesta, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Rhamnus prinoides, and
Tecomaria capensis.
Collectively the evergreen forest on Mulanje totals approximately 7000 ha, 5000 ha
of which is above 1500 m (White et al., 2001) but fragmented into many patches.
Dominant at lower levels is Newtonia buchananii, with Albizia gummifera, A.
schimperiana, Cassipourea malosana, Celtis gomphophylla, Chrysophyllum
gorungosanum, Cola greenwayi, C. mossambicensis, Drypetes gerrardii, Ficus
modesta, F. sur, Funtumia africana, Homalium africanum, Khaya anthotheca,
Polyscias fulva, Prunus africana, Rauvolfia caffra, Trilepisium madagascariense,
Vepris amaniensis, and Zanha golungensis. Rawsonia lucida and the Mulanje
endemic Rawsonia burtt-davyi are characteristic of the forest understorey.
At high elevations, above 1850 m, afromontane species include Bersama
abyssinica, Ilex mitis, Kiggelaria africana, Maesa laceolata, Morella humilis,
Nuxia africana, Prunus africana and Rapanea melanophloeos, with the Mulanje
endemic Widdringtonia whytei as the dominant emergent. There is bamboo,
Arundinaria alpina, on the Lichenya Plateau (see Strugnell, 2002).
The butterfly fauna will not be discussed in detail, although the butterfly species are
listed for comparison with the Mozambique Mountains, and will form part of the
biogeography discussion. Gifford (1965) presented a summary of the Malaŵi
endemics known at that time. However since this text was written many of these
Mulanje (and Malaŵi) endemics have been recorded in Mozambique. Of particular
note is the recording of species previously thought to be endemic to Mt. Mulanje on
the neighbouring Mozambican mountains, such as Cymothoe melanjae (Figure 3),
Charaxes margaretae, and Axiocerses bamptoni.
Site 6. Mt. Mabu
The forests of Mt. Mabu (16°17'56"S, 36°23'44"E) were first brought to the
attention of scientists by J. Bayliss when climbing towards the main peak (1710 m)
in November, 2005. On rounding the shoulder of the mountain he saw the forests
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 53
spreading away to the eventual horizon. It was immediately obvious that this was an
important find. If one looks from the summit of Mt. Mabu in a north-westerly
direction, stretching into the distance is probably the largest continuous tract of mid-
altitude rainforest in southern Africa.
The approaches to Mabu reveal a great dome of grey rock with lower slopes of scant
vegetation falling into woodland with forested gullies. Riverine forests dominated
by Newtonia buchananii and Albizia adianthifolia run down to as low as 300 m a.s.l.,
but the main forest block lies to the north of the main peak, at between 950 and 1600
m. The presence of forest at such a relatively low altitude can be accounted for by the
conjunction of two rainfall systems. Convectional rain falls when the Intertropical
Convergence Zone covers the area, usually November to April, and this is followed
by relief rainfall as moist air from the Indian Ocean is swept up the mountain by the
prevailing South East Trade Winds in May and June (the Chiperone weather
system).
A full description of the forest vegetation has been provided by Dowsett-Lemaire &
Dowsett (2009). The forest consists of a series of steep ridges and valleys with an
2
area estimated to be in excess of 60 km , making it probably the largest single block
of medium altitude forest in the whole of southern Africa. The canopy, which is
generally closed apart from a few windfalls and stream gullies, is from 45 m in the
richer areas and lower elevations to 25 m on ridges near the top edge. The upper edge
of the forest is at about 1600 – 1650 m, above which is rock with clumps of sedges
(Coleochloa setifera) and grasses, with some Xerophyta.
There is Mid Altitude forest from the lower edge to around 1350 1400 m, above
which there is an abrupt change to Afromontane rain forest. Strombosia scheffleri is
common at lower elevations, along with Chrysophyllum gorungosanum,
Cryptocarya liebertiana, Drypetes gerrardii, Ficus sansibarica, F. thonningii,
Garcinia kingaensis, Maranthes goetzeniana, Newtonia buchananii, and Trichilia
dregeana. Smaller trees in the understorey include Allophylus sp., Canthium sp.,
Oxyanthus speciosus, Rawsonia lucida, Tabernaemontana ventricosa, Vepris
stolzii, small saplings of Cola greenwayi, Drypetes and Maranthes, and in the
subcanopy Drypetes gerrardii, Garcinia kingaensis, and Myrianthus holstii.
Smaller trees are Drypetes natalensis and a small Pavetta sp.
At about 13501400 m the forest changes to Afromontane. Newtonia drops out,
and Albizia adianthifolia is replaced by A. gummifera. Other trees and shrubs
include Aphloia thiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Cassine aethiopica, Cassipourea
malosana, Cola geenwayi, Craibia brevicaudata, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Faurea
racemosa, Garcinia sp., Macaranga capensis, Myrianthus holstii, Nuxia congesta,
Ochna holstii, Olea capensis, Parinari excelsa, Pittosporum viridiflorum,
Polyscias fulva, Prunus africana, Syzigium guineense, Tabernaemontana
stapfiana and Vepris stolzii, and on the extreme top edge of the forest Diospyros
54 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
whitei. Misteltoes include Agelanthus, Erianthemum, Helixanthera, and Viscum.
The butterflies of Mabu have been studied on a number of visits since December
2005. These were conducted by J. Bayliss while in the process of investigating the
Mt. Mabu area as a potentially suitable site for this current Darwin Initiative project.
These visits occurred in December 2005, January 2006, and June and September
2008.
Visits in October 2008 (with Congdon and Bampton) and May 2009 (with Congdon
and Collins) took the total of species collected and recorded from the Mabu area to
200. These included species not only found in the wet forest but from the main Mabu
peak, the woodland and mixed habitat at the base of the peak and forest edge, and
also from the derelict tea estate in the foothills of the mountain. It is believed that
there are still many more species to be recorded resulting in a list estimated at close
to 250 species, in line with the number of species recorded from Mt. Mulanje in
Malaŵi (approximately 75 kilometres away in a direct line). Out of the 200 species
recorded three were found to be new species, two were new subspecies, and 37 were
new records for Mozambique.
Site 7. Mt. Chiperone
o o
Mt. Chiperone (16 28'44"S, 35 42'88"E) in northern Mozambique is situated
approximately 50km south of the Mt. Mulanje massif in southern Malaŵi and rises
to 2054 m. The general vegetation patterns and composition are similar to those
recorded from Mt. Mulanje (Chapman & White, 1970) with miombo woodland
surrounding the base of the mountain leading to wet forest between 1000 – 2000 m
(Spottiswoode et al. 2008).
According to Timberlake et al. (2007) the summit of Mt. Chiperone is covered with a
sclerophyllous thicket vegetation consisting of an impenetrable thicket of Erica cf.
johnstoniana shrubs 2–3 m high, and Aloe arborescens. The succulent, Crassula
swaziensis, was found on rocks, along with the fern Mohria lepigera.
The wet forest above 1600 m is dominated by Peddiea africana, Diospyros
whyteana, Maytenus undata, M. acuminata, Myrsine africana, Ochna holstii,
Vepris (Oricia) bachmannii and Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa. Other common
spec i e s inc l u d e Gar cinia ki ngaensis , Tr i calysia sp., La sianthus
kilimandscharicus, Psychotria zombamontana, Rawsonia lucida, Xymalos
monospora, Tabernaemontana stapfiana, Schefflera goetzenii, Rinorea
angustifolia subsp. ardisiifolia and Rapanea melanophloeos. Various species of
fern and Selaginella kraussiana are more common here than lower down. Trees
more typical of medium altitude forest also found at 1600 m include Diospyros cf.
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 55
abyssinica, Khaya anthotheca, Strombosia scheffleri, Syzygium guineense subsp.
afromontanum, Rawsonia lucida, Myrianthus holstii, Garcinia volkensii, and
Drypetes gerrardii.
The wet forest between 1000 1600 m is dominated by Newtonia buchananii
(particularly prominent on ridges), Strombosia scheffleri (with purplish flaking
bark), the thinner-stemmed Rinorea convallarioides, fluted trunks of
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum and scattered large individuals of Khaya
anthotheca, some of them quite magnificent. There are very few emergents.
Large strangling Ficus trees are few and scattered throughout. Other common
trees include Rothmannia urcelliformis, Drypetes gerrardii and Myrianthuis
holstii, while somewhat smaller or sub-canopy trees include the large-leaved
Funtumia africana, Rawsonia inermis, Rinore a ferruginea, Garcinia
kingaensis, G. volkensii, Trilepisium madagascariense and Pleiocarpa
pycnantha. The understorey vegetation is not thick and is characterised by
Dracaena fragrans and Pseuderanthemum subviscosum, along with scattered
forest grasses and the scrambling Behnia reticulata. There are many young
re gene rati ng pla nts an d seed lin gs of Ch r yso phyl lum an d Rino re a
convallarioides. Lianas such as Agelaea pentagyna are not very common.
The Miombo woodland is dominated by Brachystegia spiciformis, with a 10–15
m high canopy containing species such as Bridelia micrantha, Combretum molle,
Pericop sis angolen sis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Eryth rina abyssi nica,
Cussionia arbore a, Uapaca kir ki an a, Uapaca nit id a, Psorospermum
febrifugum, Parinari excelsa, Faurea saligna, and some typical forest edge
species such as Harungana madagascariensis and Albizia gummifera. Most
wooded ridges were dominated by B. spiciformis, others were somewhat drier or
dominated by trees of Brachystegia utilis 8–10 m high, owing to more shallow,
less moisture-retentive soils. Associated species were Julbernardia globiflora,
Uapaca kirkiana, Protea welwitschii, Pterocarpus angolensis and Monotes
africana, with one patch of the fine-leaved Brachystegia tamarindoides subsp.
microphylla.
Fifty-six butterfly species were collected and sent to the African Butterfly
Research Institute (ABRI) in Nairobi, Kenya for formal identification. There
appear to be no previous records of Lepidoptera collected from Mt. Chiperone,
and therefore the list presents the first records from this site.
The range of butterflies typically represents a wet forest, forest edge and Miombo
woodland collection. Of particular note was the capture of Cymothoe melanjae,
an endemic previously only known from Mt. Mulanje (Gifford, 1965), Eurema
senegalensis, Eurema floricola, Bicyclus vansoni, Anthene lunulata and
Platylesches rasta. These are the first records of these species from Mozambique.
56 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
2. Results
Of the 295 species of butterfly collected or observed in the course of the project, 65
species or 22% were new records for Mozambique.
These included seven species new to science, additionally three subspecies were
also discovered.
New Species:
New Subspecies:
2.1 Biogeography
In considering the biogeography of the region we examined the butterfly fauna from
mountains above 1500 m. The most northerly site was the Njesi plateau rising to
o o
1870 m (12 45'S, 35 20'E) approximately 120km south of the Tanzanian border, and
o o
the most southerly site was Mt. Chiperone (16 28'44"S, 35 42'88"E). The distance
between the two sites in a straight line is 410km. All study sites are east of the Rift
Valley and north of the Zambezi River.
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 57
Inago, Namuli, Mabu
Mabu, Namuli, Inago
Namuli
Namuli
Namuli
Mabu, Namuli, Inago
Namuli
Namuli
Mabu
Mabu
Baliochila sp. nov.
Baliochila woodi ssp. nov.
Cymothoe sp. nov.
Neocoenyra bioculata ssp. nov.
Iolaus (Epamera) sp. nov.
Papilio pelodurus ssp. nov.
Iolaus (Philiolaus) sp. nov.
Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) sp. nov.
Pseudathyma sp. nov.
Uranothauma sp. nov.
Locality
Locality
Species
Subspecies
2 & 3
3, 1 & 2
1 & 2
3 & 4
1 & 2
3
1 & 2
1
3 & 4
5
5
6
6
7
Plate Figures
The research concentrated on the affiliations between this region and neighbouring
ecoregions. Specifically we investigated influences from the following
ecoregions:
The Zanzibar Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic.
The Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania.
Moreau's (1966) Tanganyika Nyasa Montane Chain.
The Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe.
Our results show that there is a clear divergence in the butterfly fauna (and also
aspects of the botany) between the Njesi plateau and all other study sites. The Njesi
plateau appears to be affiliated with montane areas further north in Tanzania and
west in Malaŵi. Particularly the surrounding woodlands of the Njesi plateau
appeared to have links with Zambian and Tanzanian Brachystegia (Miombo)
woodland.
The other mountain study sites comprise a unique assemblage of butterfly faunas.
These assemblages constitute a biogeographical entity which may provide evidence
towards the creation of a new ecoregion involving the montane inselbergs of this
part of Africa. The greatest influence on this new ecoregion is from the north,
particularly from Moreau's Tanganyika Nyasa Montane Chain. There are few
obvious links with the Zanzibar – Inhambane coastal forests. The paucity of links
with the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe suggests that the Zambezi valley is an
effective ecological barrier, although several species with mainly northern
distributions do also occur in the Eastern Highlands, Issoria smaragdifera and
Anthene lasti among them.
Northern links:
Significant northerly links include the following butterfly species:
Celaenorrhinus handmani, Metisella decipiens, Metisella formosus, Metisella
medea, Papilio desmondi, Papilio pelodurus, Papilio thuraui, Eurema
mandarinula, Mylothris similis, Acraea conradti, Acraea goetzei, Bicyclus
simulacris, Neocoenyra ypthimoides, Neptis incongrua, Neptis nina, Pseudacraea
deludens, Charaxes aubyni, Cigaritis nyassae, Pilodeudorix jacksoni, Virachola nr
vansomereni, Anthene hobleyi, Tuxentius ertli.
Southern links:
Significant southerly links include the following butterfly species:
Neptis swynnertoni, Teriomima williami, Anthene barnesi.
58 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Coastal links:
Significant coastal forest links include the following butterfly species:
Coeliades sejuncta, Graphium colonna, Bebearia orientis, Axiocerses punicea,
Anthene lasti, Oboronia bueronica.
Locally endemic species:
Butterfly species endemic to the South East Africa Montane Inselberg Ecoregion
include:
Cymothoe melanjae; Cymothoe zombana; Cymothoe sp. nov.; Pseudathyma sp.
nov.; Charaxes margaretae; Charaxes martini; Alaena lamborni; Alaena ochracea;
Cooksonia aliciae; Mimacraea costleyi; Baliochila nyasae; Baliochila woodi;
Baliochila sp. nov.; Axiocerses bamptoni; Iolaus (Epamera) sp. nov.; Iolaus
(Philiolaus) sp. nov.; Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) handmani; Leptomyrina
(Gonatomyrina) sp. nov.; Uranothauma confusum; Uranothauma sp. nov.;
Lepidochrysops delicata; Lepidochrysops neavei.
These butterflies are discussed in more detail below.
Alaena lamborni is a lycaenid butterfly in the tribe Liptenini. This is a tribe endemic
to Africa, and containing over 600 species. As far as is known, the larvae of all
species feed on cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) either alone or in symbiotic
association with fungi in the form of lichens. The Liptenini are the only butterflies
known to utilise this food source. Alaena lamborni was previously known only from
southern Malaŵi, but has now been discovered on Namuli and Inago, being
particularly common on the latter. Alaena ochracea is a southern Malaŵi endemic.
Axiocerses bamptoni was known from Mulanje, and has now been found on Namuli
and Mabu. It is one of a group of forest species which have reduced red markings on
the upperside of the male forewing. Other members of the group range from coastal
Kenya through the Eastern Arc to the Nyika Plateau in northern Malaŵi.
Baliochila woodi from Mulanje and now Mabu, and the new species from Mt. Mabu
are related to B. pringlei from the East Usambara Mountains and B. mwanihanae
from the Udzungwas (mwanihanae was originally described as a subspecies of
woodi). All four species are from medium to low elevations (up to about 1400 m in
the case of woodi on Mabu) and the species group is absent from the Southern
Highlands of Tanzania and the Nyika Plateau. This suggests a linkage to the Eastern
Arc. Baliochila nyasae is another Mulanje endemic, although more of a woodland
species.
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 59
Two specimens of a new species of Baliochila (Plate no. 1, Figs 2 & 3) were taken
in early June, 2009 (by Congdon, Collins, and Hussan), and more were seen. The
upperside resembles that of woodi, while the underside is closer to that of the
Tanzanian species. It is strange to find two species in the same group in the same
forest, but the new one was found at lower elevations in riverine forest. The habits
of the two are different. woodi males perch around open spaces on ridges i n the
forest, and are relatively easily netted, while those of the new species circle high
under the canopy. It is probable that woodi from Mabu represents a
new subspecies.
Charaxes margaretae was described from Mulanje Mountain. Butterflies close to
margaretae have been found as far north as south western Tanzania, but true
margaretae was thought to be a Mulanje endemic. It has now been found on Inago,
Namuli and Mabu, where larvae were found on Dalbergia lactea.
Charaxes martini is a local endemic found on Mulanje and Zomba. It is a member of
a group of Charaxes species, the larvae of which feed on Diospyros natalensis.
Charaxes gallagheri is widespread in Zimbabwe, and there are locally endemic
species in eastern Zambia and south central Tanzania.
Cooksonia aliciae is known only from the Fort Johnston area of southern Malaŵi.
This species and Mimacraea costleyi from Mulanje are also in the Liptenini, as are
the Baliochila species, below.
There is a large group of related montane Cymothoe species occurring from the
Taita Hills in Kenya (C. teita), through Kilimanjaro (C. collinsi), the Pare
Mountains, Usambaras and Ngurus (C. magambae, C. amaniensis), the Uluguru,
Rubeho and Udzungwas (C. aurivillii) and the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
and the Nyika Plateau of Malaŵi (C. cottrelli). Cymothoe melanjae (Plate no. 2,
Figs 1 & 2) and C. zombana (Plate no. 3, Figs 1 & 2) are part of this series.
The new species of Cymothoe from Mts Inago, Namuli and Mabu (Plate no. 3, Fig.
3 and Plate no. 4, Figs 1 & 2) represents a separate group unrelated to the more
northerly species, and neither is it close to C. vumbui from the Eastern Highlands
of Zimbabwe. It was first collected by J. Bayliss on Mt. Namuli in November 2007
and Mt. Mabu in September 2008. Males were found commonly on Namuli and
Mabu, but females proved elusive. Eggs were found on Rawsonia lucida
(Achariaceae), and larvae from all three mountains were successfully raised to the
adult stage. On Namuli most of the adults seen in the wild were in the lower part
of the forest, below 1600 m. Their altitude preference does not seem to be
host-plant related, as Rawsonia is found throughout the larger forest areas. This i n
turn suggests that the original range of this butterfly included f orests at lower
elevations in areas now under cultivation (e.g. the Malema valley). M ales f rom
Mabu are paler yellow than those from Inago and Namuli, and the yellow areas of
60 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
the Namuli males are heavily dusted with black (Plate no. 4, Fig. 1). Nevertheless
it appears that they are all races of the same species.
Montane Cymothoe characteristically reside in forest clearings; they are relatively
sedentary and generally do not move between forest patches if separated by a
significant distance, although C. melanjae (Plate no. 2, Figs 1 & 2) has now been
found on Mt. Chiperone, a distance of approximately 50 km.
There is a group of related species in Iolaus (Epamera) which includes silanus,
nolaensis and helenae. A new species of Epamera (Plate no. 5, Figs 1 & 2) was
discovered on Namuli below 1600 m in Khara forest, although unfortunately no
male was caught. It was collected by C. Congdon. Other members of this group
have been found on the Upper Sangha River, Congo Republic, on the Usambara,
Nguru and Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania, and on the Mafinga Mountains in
northern Malaŵi and neighbouring Zambia, as well as in coastal Tanzania. The
discovery of the new species extends the range of the group southwards. The
Namuli species has bolder black lines on the underside, and a black spot near the
base of the hindwing underside, missing in the other members of the group. These
features indicate clearly that this is a full species. Females were observed to lay on
Actinanthella menyharthii (Loranthaceae). This plant is known from Zimbabwe,
Zambia and Mozambique, between the Ligonha and Limpopo rivers (Polhill &
Wiens, 1998).
Two specimens of a new species of Philiolaus were collected in November 2008
from Mt. Namuli, one female by J. Bayliss and one male by I. Bampton (Plate no.
5, Figs 3 & 4). Iolaus (Philiolaus) stewarti was described from the Mafinga
Mountains in northern Malaŵi and eastern Zambia. It is also known from the
Southern Highlands of Tanzania and the Nyika Plateau in Malaŵi. The species
from Namuli, although close to stewarti, differs in several respects. A larva of this
species was found on Erianthemum aff. schelei, a common hemiparasite on the
abundant Morella sp., characteristic of small forest patches in the Muretha peat
grasslands. A larva of possibly this species was found on the upper edge of the
forest on Mabu, 1600 m, but unfortunately it could not be raised to the imago.
Lepidochrysops delicata and L. neavei are members of a genus of over 125 species
the larvae of which spend most of their lives in the nests of ants. Both are found
around Mulanje, with neavei ranging to the lower slopes of Mt. Chiperone.
Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) handmani was described from southern Malaŵi.
There are records from northern and north western Zambia, but these may refer to
another species. A new species of Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) from Inago (Plate
no. 6, Figs 1 & 2), Namuli and Mabu is darker and with more rounded wings. The
hindwing lacks the tornal attenuation of handmani. This species was first caught on
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 61
Mt. Mabu summit in October 2008 by J. Bayliss.
Pseudathyma sp. nov. A solitary female of a new species of Pseudathyma (Plate
no. 6, Fig. 3) was taken in the Khara forest on Mt. Namuli by C. Congdon in
November 2008. Members of this genus are uncommon, local or rare. There are
no Pseudathyma known from South Africa, Zimbabwe or Malaŵi, and the nearest
relative of the Namuli one would appear to be P. plutonica from Uganda, Kenya,
DRC and western Tanzania, the nearest known locality of which is 1400 km to the
north. Larvae of these butterflies are known to feed on Sapotaceae, several species
of which were abundant in the forest.
Uranothauma confusum from Zomba and Mulanje, and the possible new species
from Namuli are part of a series running southwards from the Usambaras
(Uranothauma usambarae), the Ngurus (U. nguru), the Ulugurus (U. uganda and
lukwangule) and the Udzungwas to the Nyika (U. crawshayi). Larvae of all these
species feed on Choristylis rhamnoides, a shrub often found along rocky streams at
high elevations. The new Uranothauma species from Mt. Namuli (Plate no. 7, Figs
1 & 2) was first collected by J. Bayliss in November 2007.
Other butterflies of interest
Acraea goetzei is a typical eastern montane species, occurring from south west
Uganda through eastern DRC, Tanzania and Zambia to Malaŵi. Larvae feed on
Triumfetta. We found it quite commonly on Mt. Namuli, and on the Njese Plateau.
Anthene barnesi was previously known only from the Eastern Highlands of
Zimbabwe, and is one of the few links to that area.
Charaxes xiphares is a widespread montane species not previously recorded from
Mozambique, but present in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malaŵi and Tanzania. The
subspecies on Namuli is woodi, described from southern Malaŵi.
Issoria smaragdifera is an eastern highland forest species, known from Tanzania,
Malaŵi, Zambia and the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe, so it is not surprising that
it should be found in a similar habitat in Mozambique. The Palaearctic members of
the genus feed on violets, and smaragdifera is no exception, the larvae feeding on
Viola abyssinica.
Neocoenyra bioculata was first described from the Tsenga Mountains, Mwanza,
southern Malaŵi, and until recently was believed to be a Malaŵi endemic. It has
now been found on Mts Inago, Namuli and Mabu. It flies in areas of tussock sedge
on sloping rock, keeping close to the ground. The Mozambique populations
differ from the Malaŵi insects in having yellowish forewing ocelli, and
62 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
represent an undescribed subspecies. Inago specimens are smaller and darker
than other populations. It was first collected from Mt. Namuli in November 2007
by J. Bayliss.
We identified a probable new subspecies of Papilio pelodurus first collected from
Mt. Namuli in November 2007 by J. Bayliss. Larvae of this butterfly feed on
Cryptocarya liebertiana (Lauraceae) and the first three larval instars are
aposematic (as the laurels are full of alkaloids). Males were collected which show
differences from their Malaŵi counterparts; the Namuli and Mabu males show a
complete yellow forewing band and most are missing the orange tornal spot on the
hindwing. This species was also observed on Inago. A larger series including the
female is needed before determining its exact status as the Malaŵi race is somewhat
variable. It was seen flying at canopy level in the Manho and Khara forests on
Namuli, and mud puddling along the banks of the Rio Malema.
Papilio desmondi is a northern species, from Kenya down through Tanzania. The
records from Mabu and Namuli are a considerable range extension.
Pilodeudorix jacksoni. This is another northern butterfly, known from Uganda,
Kenya, Tanzania and northern Zambia. A female was taken on the top edge of the
Mt. Mabu forest, investigating a plant of Erianthemum (Loranthaceae), a known
host-plant of the species. It represents a very considerable range extension.
Pseudacraea deludens. A single specimen of this species was taken on the last day
of our last visit to Mabu. It is clearly of the same subspecies as that on Mulanje,
which is the type locality of the species. This is a new record for Mozambique.
Several day-flying moths were also captured and most await identification. The
capture of the geometrid moth Cartaletis nigricosta is an indicator of much wetter
forest. It was originally described from Mt. Mulanje which was the only known
locality until specimens were collected from Mt. Rungwe (Tanzania) and now Mt.
Chiperone (Hermann Staude, pers. comm.).
Conclusion
The large number of local endemic species from this ecoregion suggests a long
period of isolation. Currently the total exceeds twenty, and more species are
expected to be discovered. Out of all the study sites only Mts Mulanje and Zomba
in Malaŵi have been thoroughly studied. To the best of our knowledge the
butterfly fauna of the study sites in northern Mozambique had never been
investigated prior to this project. Many more endemics are expected from the
mountains in northern Mozambique with further study effort, perhaps doubling
the current figure.
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 63
The total of 22 endemic butterfly species from this south-east African ecoregion
compares with 16 endemic butterfly species in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe,
and 68 endemic butterfly species in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and
Tanzania (Table 1).
The origins of some of the endemic species suggest ancient linkages with the north,
specifically the Eastern Arc Mountains and Moreau's Tanganyika–Nyasa Montane
Chain. However there is more of an influence from the latter of these with
significant elements from the mountains in northern Malaŵi and southern
Tanzania.
Table 1.
Checklist of the butterflies of the Njesi Plateau, Inago, Namuli, Mulanje, Chiperone,
Mabu and Zomba Mountains.
Butterflies were collected for identification under the auspices of the Darwin
Project. In addition, Alan Gardiner collected at lower elevations on Namuli. In a
short exploratory visit to the Njesi Plateau by Bayliss and Congdon, records are from
observation only. We include Mulanje and Zomba Mountains for completeness, as
they are part of the southern Malaŵi – northern Mozambique montane biome. A total
of 401 species are recorded.
64 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Coeliades anchises
Coeliades forestan
Coeliades libeon
Coeliades pisistratus
Coeliades sejuncta
Celaenorrhinus galenus
Celaenorrhinus handmani
Tagiades flesus
Eagris nottoana
Eagris sabadius
Eretis melania
Eretis umbra
Species
HESPERIIDAE
Coeliadinae
Pyrginae
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 65
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Sarangesa phidyle
Sarangesa maculata
Sarangesa lucidella
Sarangesa astrigera
Sarangesa ruona
Caprona pillaana
Spialia depauperata
Spialia diomus
Spialia dromus
Spialia mafa
Spialia spio
Abantis arctomarginata
Abantis paradisea
Abantis venosa
Abantis zambesiaca
Gomalia elma
Metisella decipiens
Metisella formosus
Metisella medea
Metisella midas
Metisella orientalis
Metisella quadrisignatus
Astictopterus stellata
Ampittia capenas
Kedestes callicles
Kedestes marshalli
Kedestes mohozutza
Kedestes wallengrenii
Teniorhinus harona
Pardaleodes incerta
Acada biseriata
Parosmodes moranti
Acleros mackenii
Hesperiinae
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
66 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Andronymus caesar
Semalea pulvina
Semalea arela
Acleros ploetzi
Chondrolepis niveicornis
Zophopetes dysmephila
Artitropa erinnys
Artitropa reducta
Caenides leonora dux
Monza cretacea
Monza punctata
Meza larea
Fresna nyassae
Platylesches affinissima
Platylesches galesa
Platylesches langa
Platylesches picanini
Platylesches rasta
Platylesches robusta
Platylesches tina
Zenonia anax
Zenonia zeno
Pelopidas thrax
Borbo borbonica
Borbo detecta
Borbo fatuellus
Borbo gemella
Borbo holtzi
Borbo micans
Borbo perobscura
Parnara monasi
Gegenes hottentota
Gegenes niso
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 67
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Papilio dardanus
Papilio constantinus
Papilio demodocus
Papilio desmondi
Papilio echerioides
Papilio nireus
Papilio ophidicephalus
Papilio pelodurus
Papilio phorcas
Papilio thuraui occiduus
Graphium angolanum
Graphium colonna
Graphium leonidas
Graphium policenes
Graphium porthaon
Graphium taboranum
Catopsilia florella
Colias electo
Eurema (E.) brigitta
Eurema (E.) desjardinsii
Eurema (E.) mandarinula
Eurema (E.) regularis
Eurema (T.) floricola
Eurema (T.) hapale
Eurema (T.) hecabe
Eurema (T.) senegalensis
Pinacopteryx eriphia
Nepheronia argia
Nepheronia thalassina
3
3
3
3
?3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
PAPILIONIDAE
PIERIDAE
Papilioninae
Coliadinae
Pierinae
68 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Colotis euippe
Colotis eris
Colotis aurora
Eronia leda
Colotis evenina
Belenois aurota
Belenois creona
Belenois gidica
Belenois rubrosignata
Appias epaphia
Appias sabina
Appias sylvia
Mylothris agathina
Mylothris rubricosta
Mylothris rueppellii
Mylothris sagala
Mylothris similis
Mylothris yulei
Leptosia alcesta
Acraea acrita
Acraea aganice
Acraea anemosa
Acraea asema
Acraea calderena
Acraea egina
Acraea insignis
Acraea machequena
Acraea natalica
Acraea neobule
Acraea nohara
Acraea oncaea
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
33
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
NYMPHALIDAE
Heliconiinae
Acraeini
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 69
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Acraea bomba
Acraea acerata
Acraea zetes acara
Acraea pseudolycia
Acraea cabira
Acraea conradti vumbui
Acraea encedon
Acraea eponina
Acraea esebria
Acraea goetzei
Acraea igola
Acraea induna
Acraea johnstoni
Acraea obeira
Acraea pentapolis
Acraea perenna
Acraea pharsalus
Acraea sotikensis
Issoria smaragdifera
Phalanta phalantha
Lachnoptera ayresii
Pardopsis punctatissima
Danaus chrysippus
Amauris niavius
Amauris albimaculatus
Amauris echeria
Amauris ochlea
Amauris tartareus
Gnophodes betsimena
Melanitis leda
Melanitis libya
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Argynnini auct.
Danainae
Satyrinae
70 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Bicyclus campinus
Bicyclus anynana
Bicyclus angulosus selousi
Aphysoneura pigmentaria
Bicyclus cottrelli
Bicyclus ena
Bicyclus safitza
Bicyclus simulacris
Bicyclus vansoni
Henotesia perspicua
Henotesia ubenica
Ypthima granulosa
Ypthima impura
Ypthima pupillaris
Ypthimomorpha itonia
Physcaeneura pione
Neocoenyra bioculata
Neocoenyra gregorii
Neocoenyra ypthimoides
Hypolimnas misippus
Salamis anacardii
Hypolimnas deceptor
Hypolimnas anthedon
Salamis parhassus
Precis actia
Precis antilope
Precis archesia
Precis ceryne
Precis octavia
Precis tugela
Junonia artaxia
Junonia natalica
Junonia oenone
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
33
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
33
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Nymphalinae
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 71
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Catacroptera cloanthe
Junonia terea
Junonia sophia
Junonia orithya
Cynthia cardui
Antanartia dimorphica
Antanartia schaeneia
Byblia ilithyia
Neptidopsis ophione
Eurytela dryope
Eurytela hiarbas
Sevenia boisduvali
Sevenia moranti
Sevenia rosa
Cyrestis camillus
Neptis alta
Neptis gratiosa
Neptis incongrua
Neptis laeta
Neptis saclava
Neptis serena
Neptis nina
Neptis melicerta
Neptis swynnertoni
Neptis trigonophora
Cymothoe corana
Cymothoe melanjae
Cymothoe zombana
Cymothoe sp. nov.
Pseudacraea boisduvali
Pseudacraea deludens
Pseudacraea eurytus
Pseudacraea lucretia
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Limenitidinae
72 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Crenidomimas concordia
Euryphura achlys
Pseudathyma sp. nov.
Euptera kinugnana
Euphaedra neophron
Bebearia orientis
Hamanumida daedalus
Pseudargynnis hegemone
Aterica galene
Charaxes achaemenes
Charaxes acuminatus
Charaxes aubyni
Charaxes baumanni
Charaxes bohemani
Charaxes brutus
Charaxes candiope
Charaxes castor
Charaxes cithaeron
Charaxes dilutus
Charaxes fionae
Charaxes guderianus
Charaxes ethalion
Charaxes druceanus
Charaxes jasius
Charaxes macclounii
Charaxes margaretae
Charaxes martini
Charaxes nichetes
Charaxes pollux
Charaxes protoclea
Charaxes pythodorus
Charaxes varanes
Charaxes violetta
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Charaxinae
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 73
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Alaena amazoula
Charaxes zoolina
Charaxes xiphares
Charaxes wakefieldi
Apaturopsis cleochares
Libythea labdaca
Alaena lamborni
Alaena ochracea
Alaena picata
Pentila pauli
Pentila tropicalis
Ornipholidotos peucetia
Mimacraea costleyi
Teriomima puella
Teriomima williami
Baliochila hildegarda
Baliochila nyasae
Baliochila woodi
Baliochila neavei
Baliochila lipara
Baliochila sp. nov.
Deloneura ochrascens
Spalgis lemolea
Lachnocnema emperamus
Lachnocnema sp.
Lachnocnema sp.
Myrina dermaptera
Myrina silenus
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Apaturinae
Libytheinae
LYCAENIDAE
Lipteninae
Miletinae
Theclinae
74 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Axiocerses bamptoni
Cigaritis homeyeri
Cigaritis mozambica
Cigaritis apelles
Aphnaeus erikssoni
Cigaritis natalensis
Cigaritis nyassae
Cigaritis trimeni
Lipaphnaeus aderna
Axiocerses amanga
Axiocerses punicea
Axiocerses sp.
Axiocerses tjoane
Crudaria leroma
Epamera alienus
Epamera bakeri
Epamera sidus
Epamera violacea
Epamera sp. nov.
Iolaphilus trimeni
Philiolaus stewarti
Philiolaus aff stewarti
Argiolaus silarus
Argiolaus lalos
Aphniolaus pallene
Stugeta bowkeri
Hemiolaus caeculus
Hypolycaena buxtoni
Hypolycaena philippus
Leptomyrina hirundo
Gonatomyrina gorgias
Gonatomyrina handmani
Gonatomyrina sp. nov.
Pilodeudorix caerulea
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 75
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Virachola sp. nr vansomereni
Virachola antalus
Virachola caliginosa
Pilodeudorix zeloides
Pilodeudorix jacksoni
Virachola dariaves
Virachola dinochares
Virachola dinomenes
Virachola diocles
Virachola lorisona
Capys brunneus
Capys connexivus
Capys disjunctus
Lycaena phlaeas
Anthene amarah
Anthene barnesi
Anthene butleri
Anthene crawshayi
Anthene definita
Anthene lasti
Anthene lunulata
Anthene kersteni
Anthene hobleyi
Anthene princeps
Cupidopsis cissus
Cupidopsis jobates
Pseudonacaduba sichela
Lampides boeticus
Uranothauma antinorii
Uranothauma confusum
Uranothauma falkensteini
Uranothauma nubiferum
Uranothauma poggei
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Polyommatinae
76 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Mabu Zomba
Chiperone
Mulanje
Namuli
Inago
Njesi
Locality
Tuxentius calice
Cacyreus lingeus
Cacyreus tespis
Uranothauma sp. nov.
Uranothauma vansomereni
Cacyreus virilis
Leptotes brevidentatus
Leptotes jeanneli
Leptotes pirithous
Leptotes pulchra
Tuxentius ertli
Tuxentius melaena
Zizeeria knysna
Zizina antanossa
Actizera lucida
Zizula hylax
Azanus jesous
Azanus mirza
Azanus moriqua
Azanus natalensis
Euchrysops malathana
Euchrysops osiris
Euchrysops barkeri
Eicochrysops hippocrates
Euchrysops subpallida
Lepidochrysops aethiopia
Lepidochrysops delicata
Lepidochrysops intermedia
Lepidochrysops kocak
Lepidochrysops neavei
Thermoniphas micyclus
Oboronia bueronica
Oboronia guessfeldti
Chilades trochylus
3
?3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Table 2. Cabral's Mozambique Checklist, 2000, updated.
Some of the names used in Cabral's list have been subject to revision. We have
therefore updated his list in order to make it compatible with the present paper.
The revised version of his checklist is given below. Where there is concern that
there may have been some misidentification, the taxon is shown in boldface. After
revision, the list remains with 261 species.
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 77
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
Eretis djaelaelae
Coeliades forestan
Coeliades pisistratus
Celaenorrhinus mokeezi
(Stoll, 1782)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Fabricius, 1781)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Sharpe, 1890)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1864)
(Butler, 1870)
Trimen and Bowker, 1889
(Plötz, 1884)
(Trimen, 1862)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1870)
(Mabille, 1891)
(Trimen, 1873)
(Wallengren, 1857) An interesting range extension from South
Africa
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Westwood, 1881)
(Mabille, 1893)
(Trimen, 1868)
Tagiades flesus
Eagris nottoana
Calleagris jamesoni
Sarangesa motozi
Caprona pillaana
Netrobalane canopus
Abantis paradisea
Abantis venosa
Spialia dromus
Gomalia elma
Metisella willemi
Tsitana tsita
Kedestes lepenula
Kedestes mohozutza
Kedestes barberae
Astictopterus stellata
Teniorhinus harona
Acada biseriata
Acleros mackenii
Author and Date Notes
HESPERIIDAE
Coeliadinae
Pyrginae
Hesperiinae
78 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Gegenes hottentota
Zophopetes dysmephila
Andronymus caesar
Semalea pulvina
Artitropa erinnys
Fresna nyassae
Platylesches moritili
(Trimen, 1868)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Plötz, 1879)
(Trimen, 1862)
(Hewitson, 1878)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen,1864)
(Fabricius, 1798)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Latreille, 1824)
Ward, 1871
Brown, 1776
Esper, 1798
Trimen, 1868
Linnaeus, 1758
(Goeze, 1779)
Oberthür, 1878
(Cramer, [1779])
(Ward, 1873)
(Trimen, 1893)
(Fabricius, 1793)
Now angolanum.
(Angas, 1849)
(Cramer, [1775])
(Grose-Smith, 1889)
(Hewitson, 1865)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Linnaeus, 1773)
(Stoll, [1780])
(de Boisduval, 1833)
Zenonia zeno
Pelopidas mathias
Borbo borbonica
Papilio constantinus
Papilio dardanus
Papilio demodocus
Papilio echerioides
Papilio nireus
Graphium angolanum
Papilio ophidicephalus
Graphium antheus
Graphium leonidas
Graphium morania
Graphium junodi
Graphium colonna
Graphium policenes
Graphium polistratus
Graphium porthaon
Graphium pylades
Catopsilia florella
Colias electo
Eurema brigitta
Eurema desjardinsii
PAPILIONIDAE
PIERIDAE
Papilioninae
Coliadinae
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 79
Colotis antevippe
Colotis aurora
Colotis celimene
Pinacopteryx eriphia
Eurema hapale
Nepheronia argia
Nepheronia buqueti
Nepheronia thalassina
(Godart, [1819])
(Mabille, 1882)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
Hübner, 1823
(de Boisduval, 1847)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Cramer, [1775])
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Cramer, [1780])
(Lucas, 1852)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Klug, 1829)
(Angas, 1849)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Klug, 1829)
(Godart, [1819])
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Trimen, 1863)
(Reiche, 1850)
Was eucharis.
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Cramer, [1776])
(Godart, [1819])
(Hopffer, 1855)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Linnaeus, 1764)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Godart, [1819])
Vári, 1976
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Spiller, 1884)
Eronia cleodora
Eronia leda
4Colotis amata
ssp. calais
Colotis danae
Colotis eris
Colotis erone
Colotis euippe
Colotis eunoma
Colotis evenina
Colotis evagore
Colotis ione
Colotis vesta
Belenois aurota
Colotis regina
Colotis pallene
Belenois creona
Belenois gidica
Belenois thysa
Belenois zochalia
Pontia helice
Dixeia charina
Dixeia doxo
Dixeia leucophanes
Dixeia pigea
Dixeia spilleri
Pierinae
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
80 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Leptosia alcesta
Mylothris agathina
Appias sabina
Appias epaphia
Mylothris carcassoni
Mylothris chloris
Mylothris poppea
(Cramer, [1779])
(Felder and Felder, 1865)
(Cramer, [1779])
van Son, 1948
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Cramer, [1777])
Grose-Smith, 1886
(Butler, 1869)
(Stoll, [1781])
Hewitson, 1865
Hewitson, 1865
Hewitson, 1852
Hewitson, 1877
Westwood, 1881
Grose-Smith, 1889
(Hewitson, 1861)
(Cramer, [1775])
Grose-Smith, 1887
de Boisduval, 1847
de Boisduval, 1847
agathina was formerly considered to be a
subspecies of chloris.
Hopffer, 1855
de Boisduval, 1847
Ward, 1873
Ward, 1871
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Hewitson, 1874
Hopffer, 1855
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Cramer, [1780])
Hewitson, 1861
Mylothris sagala
Mylothris trimenia
Acraea acrita
Acraea admatha
Acraea aganice
Acraea asema
Acraea axina
Acraea cuva
Acraea cerasa
Acraea egina
Acraea nohara
Acraea oncaea
Acraea natalica
Acraea machequena
Acraea petraea
Acraea rabbaiae
Acraea satis
Acraea zetes
Acraea acerata
Acraea cabira
Acraea encedon
Acraea eponina
Acraea esebria
This is a western species.
This is a western species, not in Mozambique.
This is another western species, the nearest
known locality being in Uganda.
Thi s re co rd repr esent s a no rt hward
extension of the range of this species.
NYMPHALIDAE
Heliconiinae
Acraeini
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 81
Amauris ochlea
Gnophodes betsimena
Melanitis leda
Acraea pentapolis
Acraea obeira
Acraea johnstoni
Acraea pharsalus
Danaus chrysippus
Ward, 1871
Hewitson, 1863
Godman, 1885
Ward, 1871
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Stoll, [1790])
(de Boisduval, 1847)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Distant, 1882
(Butler, 1868)
(Butler, 1879)
(Aurivillius, 1901)
(Hewitson, 1877)
(Trimen, 1873)
(Westwood, 1850)
(Hewitson, 1865)
Godman, 1880
(de Boisduval, 1833)
Trimen, 1879
(Doubleday, 1847)
(Drury, [1773])
(Doubleday, 1845)
(Trimen, 1873)
(Linnaeus, 1764)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Drury, 1782)
Distant, 1880
Amauris niavius
Amauris echeria
Melanitis libya
Bicyclus angulosa
Bicyclus anynana
Bicyclus campinus
Bicyclus ena
Henotesia perspicua
Bicyclus safitza
Ypthimomorpha itonia
Pardopsis punctatissima
Lachnoptera ayresii
Physcaeneura pione
Phalanta eurytis
Phalanta phalantha
Hypolimnas anthedon
Hypolimnas deceptor
Hypolimnas misippus
Salamis anacardii
Salamis cacta
Salamis parhassus
Precis actia
Originally columbina.
Was dubius.
Satyrinae
Argynnini auct.
Nymphalinae
Danainae
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
82 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Junonia oenone
Junonia orithya
Junonia terea
Junonia touhilimasa
Precis ceryne
Precis archesia
Precis antilope
Precis octavia
Precis tugela
Junonia artaxia
(de Boisduval, 1847)
(Cramer, [1779])
(Feisthamel, 1850)
(Cramer, [1777])
Trimen, 1879
Hewitson, 1864
(Fabricius, 1798)
(Felder and Felder, 1860)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Drury, [1773])
Vuillot, 1892
(Stoll, [1781])
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Drury, [1773])
(Cramer, [1775])
(Cramer, [1777])
(Drury, 1782)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1881)
(Hewitson, 1877)
(Fabricius, 1781)
Overlaet, 1955
Overlaet, 1955
de Boisduval, 1833
Butler, 1878
Bethune-Baker, 1926
(Doubleday, 1845)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Cramer, [1775])
(Trimen, 1868)
(Grose-Smith, 1889)
Junonia hierta
Junonia natalica
Catacroptera cloanthe
Vanessa cardui
Byblia anvatara
Byblia ilithya
Eurytela dryope
Neptidopsis ophione
Eurytela hiarbas
Sevenia rosa
Cyrestis camillus
Sevenia boisduvali
Sevenia morantii
Neptis alta
Neptis laeta
Neptis saclava
Neptis trigonophora
Cymothoe vumbui
Pseudacraea boisduvali
Pseudacraea eurytus
Pseudacraea lucretia
Pseudacraea tarquinea
Euptera kinugnana
Now included as a subspecies of lucretia
Limenitidinae
This is a western species, unlikely to occur
in Mozambique.
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 83
Charaxes acuminatus
Charaxes baumanni
Charaxes blandus
Charaxes bohemani
Bebearia cocalia
Euphaedra neophron
Euryphura achlys
Bebearia orientis
Hamanumida daedalus
Aterica galene
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Karsch, 1895)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Brown, 1776)
Felder and Felder, 1867
Thurau, 1903
Rogenhofer, 1891
Rothschild, 1897
Felder and Felder, 1859
Butler, 1895
(Cramer, [1779])
(Godart, [1824])
(Cramer, [1775])
Rothschild, 1900
(Godart, 1824)
Butler, 1869
(de Boisduval, 1847)
Henning, 1977
(Dewitz, 1879)
(Trimen, 1862)
(Linnaeus, 1767)
Trimen, 1894
Grose-Smith, 1883
Hewitson, 1877
(Cramer, [1775])
Feisthamel, 1850
Charaxes achaemenes
Charaxes macclounii
Charaxes brutus
Charaxes candiope
Charaxes castor
Charaxes cytila
Charaxes etesipe
Charaxes druceanus
Charaxes ethalion
Charaxes jahlusa
Charaxes jasius
Charaxes fionae
Charaxes guderianus
Charaxes manica
Charaxes nichetes
Charaxes phaeus
Charaxes pollux
Charaxes protoclea
Charaxes rothschild
Originally boueti
Originally listed as viola, a northern species.
We can find no reference to this taxon in the
literature.
This was described as a form of C.
etheocles, now included in C. chintechi
Charaxinae
This is more of a western butterfly. Probably
the very similar orientis.
The type locality of C. blandus is in southern
coastal Tanzania. Only the unique type
specimen has ever been taken there, leaving
the status of this butterfly in doubt. If blandus
has now been found in Mozambique, this
would be a most interesting find, but needs
confirmation.
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
84 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Alaena nyassa
Ornipholidotos peucetia
Mimacraea marshalli
Teriomima puellaris
Charaxes wakefieldi
Charaxes violetta
Charaxes varanes
Charaxes zoolina
Libythea labdaca
(Ward, 1873)
Grose-Smith, 1885
(Cramer, [1777])
(Westwood, 1850)
Westwood, 1851
Hewitson, 1877
(Hewitson, 1866)
Trimen, 1898
(Trimen, 1894)
Bennett, 1954
(Trimen, 1873)
(Trimen, 1898)
Trimen, 1906
Butler, 1899
Cottrell, 1981
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Westwood, 1851)
(Trimen, 1873)
(Bertoloni, 1850)
(Plötz, 1880)
(Westwood, 1881)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1864)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1870)
Euthecta cooksoni
Baliochila aslanga
Cnodontes pallida
Deloneura millari
Aslauga marshalli
Aslauga atrophifurca
Myrina silenus
Cigaritis natalensis
Lachnocnema bibulus
Cigaritis phanes
Cigaritis mozambica
Lipaphnaeus aderna
Axiocerses amanga
Axiocerses tjoane
Chrysoritis phosphor
Aloeides taikosama
Aloeides molomo
Another range extension from South Africa.
Probably a misidentification of A. marshalli
This record represents a range extension for
the species.
Lipteninae
Liphyrinae
Miletinae
Theclinae
Libytheinae
Originally listed as bambana, a species not
recorded from Mozambique. Of the two
species with which it might be confused,
tjoane is the most frequently taken.
LYCAENIDAE
Epamera aemulus (Trimen, 1895) Probably E. apatosa
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 85
Pseudiolaus poultoni
Hypolycaena amanica
Hypolycaena philippus
Gonatomyrina gorgias
Epamera sidus
Epamera apatosa
Stugeta bowkeri
Hemiolaus caeculus
Argiolaus lalos
Argiolaus silas
Argiolaus silarus
(Trimen, 1864)
Stempffer, 1952
(Trimen, 1864)
(Hopffer, 1855)
Druce, 1896
(Westwood, 1851)
(Druce, 1885)
Riley, 1928
Stempffer, 1951
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Stoll, [1790])
(Druce, 1890)
(Grose-Smith, 1887)
(Grose-Smith, 1887)
(Hewitson, 1869)
(Hewitson, 1862)
(Guérin-Méneville, 1849)
(Butler, 1899)
(Cramer, [1780])
(Gerstaecker, 1871)
(Grose-Smith and Kirby, 1894)
(Trimen, 1894)
(Trimen, 1893)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Linnaeus, 1767)
Butler, 1898
(Linnaeus, 1767)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Trimen, 1864)
(Trimen, 1883)
(Trimen and Bowker, 1887)
Pilodeudorix caerulea
Virachola dinochares
Virachola dinomenes
Virachola diocles
Virachola lorisona
Anthene amarah
Anthene definita
Anthene lasti
Anthene lunulata
Anthene larydas
Anthene kersteni
Anthene millari
Pseudonacaduba sichela
Lampides boeticus
Cacyreus marshalli
Leptotes pirithous
Tuxentius calice
Zintha hintza
Actizera lucida
Tuxentius melaena
Another range extension
Probably A. silarus
Polyommatinae
This is more of a western butterfly. Probably
the very similar kersteni.
Originally listed as Syntarucus telicanus.
Sy nta ru cus B utl er , 190 1 h as be en
synonymised with Leptotes Scudder, 1876.
Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775)
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
Table 3. Checklist of the Butterflies of Mozambique
In compiling the checklist, a search of the relevant literature was conducted. Species
are either specifically mentioned as recorded from Mozambique, or their
distribution is such that their occurrence in Mozambique can be assumed. In the
latter category are distributions such as 'The whole of sub-Saharan Africa' 'Widely
a
distributed in east, central and southern Africa' etc. These species are marked .
nd
Primary records are from Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa, 2 edition
1994 (Pringle et al. (Eds)).
Other authorities consulted are:
1Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania
2Ackery et al. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies
3Williams' Butterflies and Skippers of the Afrotropical Region an Encyclopaedia
(2003 edition)
4Cabral, A. (2000) Mozambique Checklist
5d'Abrera, B. (1980) Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region
6Alan Gardiner, unpublished records.
7Darwin Project records, North Central Mozambique (Chiperone, Inago, Mabu,
Namuli), Njesi Plateau (Bayliss and Congdon).
8Libert, M., Recent revisions of Epitola and Deudorix.
9Paris Museum Expedition to Northern Coastal Mozambique, XI.2009
The arrangement follows Carcasson's African Butterflies, but taking account of
some recent changes in nomenclature.
The list contains 523 species, but it is certain that more will be added as a result of
further collecting.
Subspecies are listed if known.
86 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
Oboronia guessfeldti
Chilades trochylus
Azanus natalensis
Azanus jesous
Eicochrysops hippocrates
Euchrysops malathana
Euchrysops osiris
Lepidochrysops patricia
Oboronia bueronica
(Trimen and Bowker, 1887)
(Guérin-Méneville, 1849)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Trimen and Bowker, 1887)
Karsch, 1895
(Dewitz, 1879)
(Freyer, [1843])
This is more of a western species, bueronica
being the coastal one.
Author and Date Notes
FAMILY, Subfamily
& Species
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 87
Celaenorrhinus bettoni
3 Coeliades anchises anchises
3 Coeliades forestan forestan
Coeliades keithloa keithloa
Coeliades libeon
(Gerstaecker, 1871)
(Stoll, [1782])
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Druce, 1875)
Evans, 1947
(Fabricius, 1793)
Butler, 1902
(Fabricius, 1793)
Collins and Congdon, 1998
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Strand 1911)
(Gray, 1832)
Lathy, 1901
Riley, 1921
Evans, 1937
(Fabricius, 1781)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Sharpe, 1890)
(Wallengren, 1857)
Mabille, 1891
(Trimen, 1862)
(Mabille, 1891)
(Mabille, 1891)
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Walker, 1870)
Strand, 1909
Wallengren, 1857
(Trimen, 1864)
Collins and Larsen, 1994
(Butler, 1870)
Hopffer, 1855
Trimen and Bowker, 1889
(Westwood, 1874)
3Coeliades lorenzo
Coeliades pisistratus
Celaenorrhinus galenus galenus
7Celaenorrhinus handmani
Celaenorrhinus mokeezi
separata
6,7Eagris sabadius
ochreana
1Eretis herewardi
rotundimacula
3Tagiades flesus
Eagris nottoana nottoana
Calleagris jamesoni jamesoni
Eretis djaelaelae
Eretis melania
1Sarangesa maculata
Sarangesa motozi
7Sarangesa lucidella
Eretis umbra umbra
Sarangesa phidyle
Sarangesa seineri seineri
Caprona pillaana
Netrobalane canopus
3Abantis bamptoni
Abantis paradisea
Abantis tettensis
1,4Abantis venosa
Abantis zambesiaca
Author and Date Notes
HESPERIIDAE
Coeliadinae
Pyrginae
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
88 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
3Metisella aegipan
Spialia depauperata depauperata
Spialia delagoae
Spialia confusa confusa
Spialia diomus diomus
1,6Spialia dromus
3,6Spialia spio
(Strand, 1911)
(Trimen, 1898)
Evans, 1937
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Plötz, 1884)
(Linnaeus, 1764)
(Trimen, 1862)
(Trimen, 1868)
(Butler, 1896)
Butler, 1894
(de Boisduval, 1833)
Evans, 1937
Evans, 1937
(Linnaeus, 1764)
Evans, 1937
(Mabille, 1891)
(Trimen, 1894)
(Aurivillius, 1925)
(Butler, 1894)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1870)
(Hewitson, 1868)
(Trimen, 1873)
(Hewitson, 1868)
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1862)
Aurivillius, 1925
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Trimen, 1883)
(Butler, 1894)
Holland, 1896
(Westwood, 1881)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Snellen, 1872)
(Mabille, 1893)
Gomalia elma elma
7Metisella decipiens
7Metisella formosus formosus
Metisella malgacha
7Metisella medea
nyika
Metisella metis
paris
Astictopterus stellata
mineni
3Metisella orientalis
6,7Metisella midas
2Metisella willemi
2Tsitana tsita
Kedestes callicles
4Kedestes lepenula
4Kedestes barberae barberae
Ampittia capenas capenas
Kedestes macomo
7Kedestes marshalli
4,7Kedestes mohozutza
Kedestes wallengrenii wallengrenii
Gorgyra johnstoni
1Gorgyra subflavidus
Teniorhinus harona
Teniorhinus herilus
7Pardaleodes incerta
Acada biseriata
Author and Date Notes
Hesperiinae
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 89
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
Chondrolepis niveicornis niveicornis
Acleros ploetzi
Acleros mackenii
Parosmodes morantii morantii
Semalea arela
Semalea pulvina
Mabille, 1890
(Trimen, 1868)
(Trimen, 1873)
(Mabille, 1891)
(Plötz, 1879)
(Plötz, 1884)
(Butler, 1870)
(Plötz, 1883)
(Trimen, 1868)
Aurivillius, 1925
(Aurivillius, 1910)
(Hewitson, 1878)
(Trimen, 1862)
Riley, 1925
(Evans, 1937)
(Evans, 1949)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Trimen and Bowker, 1889)
Strand, 1921
(Hewitson, 1877)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Hewitson, 1877)
(Holland, 1894)
Evans, 1937
Neave, 1910
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
Evans, 1937
Evans, 1937
(Trimen,1864)
(Fabricius, 1798)
(Hübner, 1821)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Evans, 1937)
(Trimen, 1893)
(Gaede, 1916)
(Hopffer, 1855)
Andronymus neander neander
Moltena fiara
Zophopetes dysmephila
3,7Artitropa reducta
7Monza punctata punctata
Fresna nyassae
3Artitropa erinnys errinys
6,7nyasae
Borbo fanta
barnesi
Andronymus caesar
philander
Platylesches ayresii
Platylesches affinissima
Platylesches galesa
3Platylesches moritili
2Platylesches neba
Platylesches robusta robusta
Platylesches shona
7Platylesches rasta
Platylesches picanini
7Zenonia anax
Zezonia zeno
Pelopidas mathias
3,7Pelopidas thrax
Borbo borbonica borbonica
Borbo chagwa
Borbo detecta
Borbo fallax
Borbo fatuellus fatuellus
Author and Date Notes
90 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
Gegenes niso niso
Borbo holtzi
1Borbo gemella
Borbo lugens
Borbo micans
1,6Borbo perobscura
(Plötz, 1883)
(Mabille, 1884)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Holland, 1896)
(Druce, 1912)
(Trimen and Bowker, 1889)
(Latreille, 1824)
(Linnaeus, 1764)
Ward, 1871
(Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
(Mabille, 1878)
van Someren, 1939
(Koçak, 1980)
Linnaeus, 1758
Doubleday, 1845
Cramer, [1775]
Rothschild and Jordan, 1903
Brown, 1776
Stoll, [1790]
Kirby, 1880
Trimen,1868
van Son, 1956
(Hancock, 1987)
Oberthür, 1878
van Son, 1939
Gifford, 1961
(Aurivillius, 1925)
Evans, 1956
Esper, 1798
Butler, 1896
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Goeze, 1779)
(Cramer, [1779])
(Ward, 1873)
(Trimen, 1893)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Angas, 1849)
(Ward, 1873)
(Cramer, [1775])
Parnara monasi
Gegenes hottentota
Papilio (Princeps) constantinus constantinus
Gegenes pumilio
gambica
7Papilio (Princeps) desmondi
7usambarensis
Papilio (Princeps) nireus
lyaeus
1,6Papilio (Princeps) phorcas
nyikanus
Papilio (Princeps) dardanus
cenea
6,7
tibullus
3,6Papilio (Princeps) echerioides
chirindanus
7
shirensis
Papilio (Princeps) ophidicephalus
9
ophidicephalus
chirinda
nr. mkuwadzi
Borbo ferruginea
dondo
3Papilio (Princeps) demodocus
3,6Papilio (Princeps) pelodurus pelodurus
Graphium (Arisbe) angolanum angolanum
3Graphium (Arisbe) antheus
Graphium (Arisbe) colonna
Graphium (Arisbe) junodi
Graphium (Arisbe) leonidas leonidas
3Graphium (Arisbe) morania
1,5Graphium (Arisbe) philonoe philonoe
Graphium (Arisbe) policenes policenes
Author and Date Notes
PAPILIONIDAE
Papilioninae
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 91
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
3Eurema (Eurema) mandarinula
Eurema (Eurema) regularis
Eurema (Terias) hapale
Graphium (Arisbe) porthaon porthaon
Graphium (Arisbe) polistratus
3,6Catopsilia florella
3Colias electo electo
(Hewitson, 1865)
(Grose-Smith, 1889)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Linnaeus, 1773)
(Stoll, [1780])
(Holland, 1892)
(Butler, 1876)
(Mabille, 1882)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Butler, 1898)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Butler, 1875)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Suffert, 1904)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Suffert, 1904)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Cramer, [1775])
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Cramer, [1780])
(Klug, 1829)
(Lucas, 1852)
(Hewitson, 1866)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Godart, [1819])
(de Boisduval, 1836)
Hübner, [1823]
(de Boisduval, 1847)
New to Mozambique
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Lucas, 1852)
(Butler, 1897)
(Klug, 1829)
(Angas, 1849)
3Eurema (Eurema) brigitta brigitta
6Eurema (Terias) senegalensis
1Eurema (Eurema) desjardinsii
marshalli
Eurema (Terias) hecabe
solifera
Nepheronia argia
mhondana
Nepheronia thalassina
sinalata
4Colotis amata
calais
3Colotis antevippe
gavisa
1,4 Colotis aurora
evarne
3,4Colotis celimene
amina
Colotis danae
annae
6Eurema (Terias) floricola
3Pinacopteryx eriphia eriphia
Nepheronia buquetii buquetii
Eronia cleodora cleodora
3,5Eronia leda
3Colotis agoye agoye
3Colotis auxo
3,5Colotis dissociatus
Colotis eris eris
4Colotis erone
Author and Date Notes
PIERIDAE
Pierinae
Coliadinae
92 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
1Colotis subfasciatus subfasciatus
3Belenois aurota aurota
Colotis eunoma eunoma
Colotis evenina evenina
Colotis ione
2Colotis lais
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Godart, [1819])
(Butler, 1876)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Trimen, 1863)
(Swainson, 1833)
(Fabricius, 1793)
(Reiche, 1850)
(Butler, 1877)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Godart, [1819])
(Klug, 1829)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Cramer, [1776])
(Stoll, [1781])
(Godart, [1819])
(Lucas, 1852)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Godart, [1819])
Talbot, 1943
(Cramer, [1779])
(Butler, 1888)
(Felder and Felder, 1865)
(Butler, 1901)
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Butler, 1897)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
(Linnaeus, 1764)
(de Boisduval, 1836)
Vári, 1976
(Spiller, 1884)
(Grose-Smith, 1889)
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Cramer, [1779])
van Son, 1948
(Mabille, 1890)
(Koch, 1865)
Colotis pallene
Colotis regina
3,4,5Colotis vesta
argillaceus
3Colotis euippe
omphale
3Colotis evagore
antigone
3Belenois creona
severina
Belenois gidica
abyssinica
3,5Dixeia charina
simana
3Dixeia doxo
parva
Appias (Glutophrissa) epaphia
contracta
Appias (Glutophrissa) sabina
phoebe
7Appias (Glutophrissa) sylvia
nyasana
Belenois thysa thysa
Belenois zochalia zochalia
3Pontia helice helice
Dixeia pigea
Dixeia leucophanes
Dixeia spilleri
3,5Appias (Glutophrissa) lasti lasti
Mylothris agathina agathina
aMylothris carcassoni
1,3,5Mylothris rubricosta rubricosta
Mylothris rueppellii
Author and Date Notes
Mylothris sagala
3,5
umtaliana
7
dentata
Grose-Smith, 1886
d'Abrera, 1980
Butler, 1896 New to Mozambique
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 93
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
Acraea (Acraea) aganice aganice
Acraea (Acraea) aglaonice
Acraea (Acraea) anemosa
Acraea (Acraea) asema
Acraea (Acraea) axina
4Mylothris trimenia
Mylothris yulei yulei
6Mylothris similis similis
(Butler, 1869)
Butler, 1897
Lathy, 1906
Hewitson, 1865
Hewitson, 1852
Westwood, 1881
Hewitson, 1865
Hewitson, 1877
Westwood, 1881
(Stoll, [1781])
Bernardi, 1959
(Cramer, [1775])
Mabille, 1889
Distant, 1880
van Son, 1963
Ward, 1873
Henning & Henning, 1996
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Hewitson, 1865
Wichgraf, 1914
Hewitson, 1877
(Hewitson, 1861)
Grose-Smith, 1889
Stevenson, 1934
Grose-Smith, 1887
Hopffer, 1855
de Boisduval, 1847
Doubleday, 1847
de Boisduval, 1847
New to Mozambique
de Boisduval, 1847
Ward, 1871
de Boisduval, 1847
Hewitson, 1877
Hewitson, 1874
Grose-Smith, 1889
Acraea (Acraea) acrita acrita
Leptosia alcesta
inalcesta
Acraea (Acraea) egina
areca
Acraea (Acraea) insignis
gorongozae
Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae rabbaiae
rabbaiae perlucida
1,4Acraea (Acraea) zetes
acara
Acraea (Acraea) boopis boopis
Acraea (Acraea) caldarena caldarena
Acraea (Acraea) cerasa cerasa
Acraea (Acraea) cuva cuva
Acraea (Acraea) dondoensis
Acraea (Acraea) machequena
Acraea (Acraea) oncaea
Acraea (Acraea) natalica
Acraea (Acraea) neobule neobule
Acraea (Acraea) nohara
Acraea (Acraea) petraea
Acraea (Acraea) satis
Acraea (Acraea) violarum
9Acraea (Acraea) zonata
Acraea (Actinote) acerata
5Acraea (Actinote) bomba
Author and Date Notes
NYMPHALIDAE
Heliconiinae
Acraeini
94 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
6Acraea (Actinote) induna induna
Acraea (Actinote) johnstoni johnstoni
1,5Acraea (Actinote) conradti
Acraea (Actinote) encedana
Acraea (Actinote) encedon encedon
Acraea (Actinote) eponina
Acraea (Actinote) esebria
7Acraea (Actinote) goetzei
4,7Acraea (Actinote) cabira
Oberthür, 1893
Pierre, 1976
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Cramer, [1780])
Hewitson, 1861
Thurau, 1903
Hopffer, 1855
Trimen and Bowker, 1889
Trimen, 1895
Godman, 1885
Hewitson, 1863
Butler, 1896
Ward, 1871
Oberthür, 1893
Doubleday, 1847
Oberthür, 1893
Ward, 1871
Holland, 1892
(Drury, [1773])
(Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(von Schreber, 1759)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Trimen, 1879
Butler, 1875
Talbot, 1940
(Stoll, [1790])
(Sharpe, 1890)
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Butler, 1880)
de Boisduval, 1833
Sharpe, 1892
(de Boisduval, 1833)
Trimen, 1879
(Doubleday, 1847)
(Butler, 1895)
(Doubleday, 1847)
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(de Boisduval, 1847)
1Acraea (Actinote) igola
1Acraea (Actinote) obeira
burni
1,5Acraea (Actinote) pentapolis
epidica
7Acraea (Actinote) perenna
thespirio
Acraea (Actinote) pharsalus
pharsaloides
3Phalanta phalantha
aethiopica
3Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus
aegyptius
Amauris (Amauris) niavius
dominicanus
3Amauris (Amaura) albimaculatus
7latifascia
3Amauris (Amaura) echeria
lobengula
Gnophodes betsimena
diversa
Acraea (Actinote) rahira rahira
7Acraea (Actinote) sotikensis
Pardopsis punctatissima
Lachnoptera ayresii
aPhalanta eurytis eurytis
7Issoria smaragdifera smaragdifera
3Tirumala petiverana
Amauris (Amaura) ochlea ochlea
Author and Date Notes
Argynnini auct.
Danainae
Satyrinae
New to Mozambique
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 95
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
7Bicyclus simulacris
7Bicyclus vansoni
Henotesia perspicua perspicua
1,5Henotesia simonsii
7Henotesia ubenica ubenica
Ypthima antennata antennata
Melanitis libya
Bicyclus anynana anynana
1,5Bicyclus campina campina
1,5Bicyclus ena
Distant, 1882
(Butler, 1879)
(Aurivillius, 1901)
(Hewitson, 1877)
(Westwood, 1850)
Kielland, 1990
Condamin, 1965
(Trimen, 1873)
(Butler, 1877)
Thurau, 1903
van Son, 1955
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Westwood, 1851)
Karsch, 1894
Le Cerf, 1919
(Butler, 1868)
(Trimen, 1895)
Elwes and Edwards, 1893
Ungemach, 1932
van Son, 1955
van Son, 1966
(Doubleday, 1845)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Trimen, 1881
(Klug, 1832)
Kielland, 1982
Butler, 1883
Butler, 1888
(Hewitson, 1865)
(Trimen, 1862)
(de Boisduval, 1847)
Godman, 1880
Carcasson, 1964
Butler, 1894
van Son, 1955
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Trimen, 1873)
(Linnaeus, 1764)
3Bicyclus safitza safitza
Melanitis leda
helena
Aphysoneura pigmentaria
nr. latilimba
1,4Bicyclus angulosus
selousi
Ypthima impura
paupera
Stygionympha wichgrafi
lannini
Hypolimnas anthedon
wahlbergi
Salamis anacardii
nebulosa
aYpthima asterope asterope
1Ypthima condamini condamini
Ypthima granulosa
Ypthima pupillaris pupillaris
Ypthimomorpha itonia
Coenyra hebe
Physcaeneura panda
Physcaeneura pione
7Neocoenyra bioculata
6Neocoenyra ypthimoides
2,3Pseudonympha cyclops
Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor
3Hypolimnas misippus
Author and Date Notes
Nymphalinae
Both Williams and Ackery et
al. give Protogoniomorpha
as a synonym of Salamis.
96 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
3Precis sinuata sinuata
1Precis tugela tugela
4Junonia artaxia
Junonia natalica natalica
3Junonia oenone oenone
Salamis parhassus
Precis actia
1,4,6Precis antilope
1Precis archesia archesia
Precis ceryne ceryne
Precis cuama
(Drury, 1782)
Distant, 1880
(Feisthamel, 1850)
(Cramer, [1779])
(de Boisduval, 1847)
(Hewitson, 1864)
Plötz, 1880
Trimen, 1879
Hewitson, 1864
(Felder and Felder, 1860)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Fabricius, 1793)
Henning & Joannou, 1994
(Cramer, [1777])
Trimen, 1883
(Fabricius, 1798)
Trimen, 1870
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Guenée, 1865
(Fabricius, 1793)
Butler, 1888
(Drury, [1773])
Hewitson, 1864
(Trimen, 1879)
Howarth, 1966
(de Boisduval, 1833)
Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
(Cramer, [1777])
Grünberg, 1911
(Cramer, [1775])
Aurivillius, 1898
(Drury, 1782)
Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
(de Boisduval, 1833)
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Stoll, [1781])
Howarth, 1966
(Drury, [1773])
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Karsch, 1892)
Salamis cacta
eileenae
Precis octavia
sesamus
1,4Junonia hierta
cebrene
Junonia orithya
madagascariensis
7Junonia sophia
7infracta
Junonia terea
elgiva
7Antanartia schaeneia
dubia
Neptidopsis fulgurata
platyptera
Neptidopsis ophione
nucleata
Eurytela dryope
angulata
Eurytela hiarbas
lita
Byblia anvatara
acheloia
3Vanessa (Cynthia) cardui
6Catacroptera cloanthe cloanthe
6,7Antanartia dimorphica dimorphica
1 Byblia ilithyia
Sevenia boisduvali boisduvali
2,3Sevenia garega
Author and Date Notes
Limenitidinae
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 97
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
Neptis jordani
Neptis kiriakoffi
Neptis laeta
1Neptis melicerta
7Neptis nina
Neptis penningtoni
Sevenia natalensis
Sevenia morantii
Sevenia rosa
Neptis alta
Neptis carcassoni
Neptis goochii
1,3Neptis gratiosa
(de Boisduval, 1847)
(Trimen, 1881)
(Hewitson, 1877)
Overlaet, 1955
van Son, 1959
Trimen, 1879
Overlaet, 1955
Neave, 1910
Overlaet, 1955
Overlaet, 1955
(Drury, [1773])
Staudinger, 1896
van Son, 1977
(Fabricius, 1781)
Lathy, 1901
de Boisduval, 1833
Hopffer, 1855
Doubleday, 1848
(Fox, 1968)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Oberthür, 1893
(Cramer, [1775])
(Butler, 1878)
(Doubleday, 1845)
Butler, 1874
Butler, 1878
Trimen, 1912
Overlaet, 1955
Bethune-Baker, 1926
Bethune-Baker, 1926
Neave, 1912
Grose-Smith, 1889
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Grose-Smith, 1889)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Hopffer, 1855)
(Hopffer, 1855)
Cyrestis (Azania) camillus
sublineata
Neptis saclava
marpessa
1Harma theobene
?superna
2Pseudacraea eurytus
conradti
Pseudacraea lucretia
expansa
Pseudacraea boisduvalii
trimenii
Neptis trigonophora trigonophora
Neptis swynnertoni
Neptis serena serena
7Cymothoe melanjae
Cymothoe vumbui
7Cymothoe sp. nov.
7Pseudacraea deludens
Cymothoe coranus coranus
7Pseudathyma sp. nov. (Namuli)
Euptera kinugnana kinugnana
Euryphura achlys
Crenidomimas concordia
Euphaedra (Neophronia) neophron neophron
Author and Date Notes
Treated as a synonym of Neptis
melicerta by Ackery et al.
98 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
7Charaxes aubyni
Charaxes bohemani
Charaxes candiope
Bebearia orientis orientis
Euphaedra (Euphaedrana) orientalis
Hamanumida daedalus
1,6Pseudargynnis hegemone
Charaxes achaemenes achaemenes
(Karsch, 1895)
Rothschild, 1898
(Fabricius, 1775)
(Godart, [1819])
Felder and Felder, 1867
van Someren & Jackson, 1952
Felder and Felder, 1859
(Godart, [1824])
(Brown, 1776)
Hopffer, 1855
Thurau, 1903
van Someren, 1963
Rogenhofer, 1891
Butler, 1894
(Cramer, [1779])
Staudinger, 1885
(Cramer, [1775])
Butler, 1895
Butler, 1869
Joicey & Talbot, 1922
Grose-Smith, 1883
Butler, 1895
(Cramer, [1775])
van Someren, 1967
Feisthamel, 1850
(Hewitson, 1877)
(Trimen, 1862)
Westwood, 1864
(Linnaeus, 1767)
Butler, 1866
(de Boisduval, 1847)
Rothschild, 1898
Felder and Felder, 1859
Rydon, 1980
Trimen, 1894
Butler, 1895
(Dewitz, 1879)
Henning, 1977
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
Hewitson, 1877
van Someren, 1975
Aterica galene
theophane
4,6,7Charaxes acuminatus
mlanji
Charaxes baumanni
whytei
Charaxes brutus
natalensis
Charaxes castor
flavifasciatus
4,7Charaxes druceanus
proximans
Charaxes nichetes
leoninus
Charaxes pollux
gazanus
Charaxes protoclea
azota
Charaxes jahlusa
argynnides
Charaxes jasius
saturnus
Charaxes ethalion ethalion
7Charaxes dilutus dilutus
7Charaxes cithaeron
Charaxes macclounii
7Charaxes margaretae
Charaxes manica
Charaxes guderianus guderianus
Charaxes fionae
Charaxes phaeus
Charaxes pseudophaeus
Author and Date Notes
Charaxinae
June 2010 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 99
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
Charaxes varanes varanes
Charaxes tavetensis
Charaxes violetta violetta
Charaxes wakefieldi
Charaxes zoolina zoolina
(Cramer, [1777])
Rothschild, 1894
Grose-Smith, 1885
(Ward, 1873)
(Westwood, 1850)
(Stoll, [1781])
van Someren 1964
(Hewitson, 1873)
Schmidt, 1921
Westwood, 1851
Trimen, 1879
(de Boisduval, 1847)
Hawker-Smith, 1933
Staudinger, 1888
Aurivillius, 1898
(de Boisduval, 1847)
Henning & Henning, 1994
Sharpe, 1896
Hawker-Smith, 1933
Stempffer and Bennett, 1961
Hewitson, 1877
Gifford, 1965
Henning & Henning, 2004
Bennett, 1954
(Trimen, 1894)
Kirby, 1887
(Hewitson, 1866)
Trimen, 1898
Hawker-Smith, 1933
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Trimen, 1873)
Stempffer and Bennett, 1953
Stempffer and Bennett, 1953
Stempffer and Bennett, 1953
Stempffer and Bennett, 1953
(Riley, 1943)
7Charaxes xiphares
7woodi
Apaturopsis cleochares
schultzei
Libythea labdaca
laius
1,5Alaena amazoula
nyasana
7Pentila pauli
nyassana
Pentila tropicalis
fuscipunctata
6Alaena picata
interrupta
Pentila swynnertoni
Alaena nyassa nyassa
6Alaena lamborni
Teriomima puella
7Teriomima williami
Euthecta cooksoni cooksoni
2Teriomima puellaris
Ornipholidotos peucetia peucetia
4Mimacraea marshalli ?marshalli
1Teriomima parva parva
Baliochila aslanga
Baliochila barnesi
Baliochila lipara
Baliochila neavei
Baliochila nyasae
7Baliochila woodi
Author and Date Notes
Apaturinae
Libytheinae
LYCAENIDAE
Lipteninae
100 METAMORPHOSIS, VOL. 21, No. 2 June 2010
FAMILY, Subfamily & Species
3,4Cnodontes pallida
7Baliochila sp. nov.
Cnodontes penningtoni
8Cephetola australis
Aslauga marshalli marshalli
1,6Spalgis lemolea
Lachnocnema bibulus
Lachnocnema sp.
(Trimen, 1898)
Bennett, 1954
Libert, 1999
Butler, 1899
Druce, 1890
(Fabricius, 1793)
Trimen and Bowker, 1887
Trimen, 1906
Pennington, 1953
(Fabricius, 1775)
Trimen, 1879
Trimen, 1891
Aurivillius, 1909
(Plötz, 1880)
(Aurivillius, 1916)
(Trimen, 1864)
(Quickelberge, 1972)
(Hewitson, 1865)
(Oberthür, 1878)
Trimen and Bowker, 1887
(Wallengren, 1857)
(Butler, 1884)
(Neave, 1910)
(Trimen, 1873)
(Dewitz, 1887)
(Westwood, 1851)
(Bertoloni, 1850)
(Butler, 1884)
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
New to Mozambique
(Trimen, 1873)
(Westwood, 1881)
Henning & Henning, 1996