Textile as a sustainable insulating material for buildings

Abstract

The introduction of the concept of "sustainability" in the construction industry has led to the production of alternative insulation products made of textiles from virgin or recycled materials, besides the conventional ones. Some of them are already present in the European market, while others are still being researched. There is no ideal insulation material, so it is useful to evaluate conventional and alternative insulating materials. The assessment of insulation materials is an issue which needs to be analyzed from different aspects: the physical properties of the material, their effect on people and the environment, installation difficulty and price. In this paper, conventional and alternative insulation materials from textiles are examined in terms of sustainability criteria. Insulation materials from recycled textiles are considered sustainable materials due to the possibility of recycling, reuse and low value of embodied energy. However, as a result of insufficient consumer awareness, insulating materials from textiles are not represented in the markets as much as they deserve to be.

Full text

20
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
ТEXTILE AS A SUSTAINABLE INSULATING MATERIAL
FOR BUILDINGS
Sonja Jordeva1*, Sashka Golomeova Longurova,
Marija Kertakova1, Kiro Mojsov1, Jordan Efremov2
1 University „Goce Delchev“, Shtip, Faculty of Technology
Miro Baraga bb., Probištip, Republic of North Macedonia
2 University „Goce Delchev“, Shtip, Art Academy,
Krste Misirkov 10-A, Štip, Republic of North Macedonia
* e-mail: sonja.jordeva@ugd.edu.mk
Abstract: The introduction of the concept of “sustainability” in the construction industry has led to the produc-
tion of alternative insulation products made of textiles from virgin or recycled materials, besides the convention-
al ones. Some of them are already present in the European market, while others are still being researched. There
is no ideal insulation material, so it is useful to evaluate conventional and alternative insulating materials. The
assessment of insulation materials is an issue which needs to be analyzed from di erent aspects: the physical
properties of the material, their e ect on people and the environment, installation di culty and price. In this
paper, conventional and alternative insulation materials from textiles are examined in terms of sustainability
criteria. Insulation materials from recycled textiles are considered sustainable materials due to the possibility
of recycling, reuse and low value of embodied energy. However, as a result of insu cient consumer awareness,
insulating materials from textiles are not represented in the markets as much as they deserve to be.
Key words: insulation, recycled textiles, evaluation.
TEKSTIL KAO ODRŽIVI IZOLACIONI MATERIJAL ZA ZGRADE
Apstrakt: Uvođenje koncepta “održivosti” u građevinskom sektoru dovelo je do proizvodnje alternativnih izol-
acionih proizvoda od tekstila, osim konvencionalnih. Neki od njih su već prisutni na evropskom tržištu, dok su
drugi još uvijek u fazi istraživanja. Ne postoji idealan izolacioni materijal, zato je korisno napraviti evaluaciju
konvencionalnih i alternativnih izolacionih materijala. Procena izolacionih materijala je pitanje koje treba ana-
lizirati iz različitih aspekata:  zičkih svojstava materijala, njihovog uticaja na ljude i okolinu, težine instalacije i
cene. U ovom radu su ispitivani konvencionalni i alternativni izolacioni materijali od tekstila u kontekstu kriter-
ijuma održivosti. Izolacioni materijali od recikliranog tekstila smatraju se održivim zbog moguć nosti ponovne
upotrebe, recikliranja i niske vrednosti skrivene energije. Međutim, kao rezultat nedovoljne svesti potrošača,
izolacioni materijali od tekstila nisu zastupljeni na tržištima u onolikoj meri koliko zaslužuju.
Ključne riječi: izolacija, recikliran tekstil, evaluacija.
Pregledni rad
UDC: 677.024.074
doi:10.5937/tekstind1902020J
1. INTRODUCTION
There are two dominant groups of convention-
al insulation materials for buildings in the European
market: inorganic  brous-stone and glass wool (60%),
and organic foamy materials – expanded and extrud-
ed polystyrene (27%). The remaining 13% consist
of other materials, [1]. The most important physical
properties of every insulation material are the coef-
 cient of thermal conductivity - λ (W/mK), resistance
to vapour di usion, the sound absorption degree and
density (kg/m3). Most of the typical thermal-insula-
tion materials have a coe cient of thermal conduc-
tivity between λ=0.030–0.045 (W/mK) [1,2].

21
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
There is no ideal insulation material. In addition to
the advantages, each material has some disadvantag-
es. It is therefore useful to make a comparative analy-
sis of insulating materials. There are many di erences
in the physical properties of inorganic and organic
conventional insulation materials due to their di er-
ent nature and chemical composition. Both materials
are characterized by their very low thermal conduc-
tivity. Stone wool outperforms extruded polystyrene
in a few important characteristics. It has a wider tem-
perature range of use, high sound-proo ng qualities,
which have become a vital characteristic of building
structures over the last years, and high  re resistance,
which is important in implementing strict  re proc-
tection standards. Furthermore, stone wool is a more
environmental friendly material than extruded poly-
styrene since it presents lower embodied energy and
CO and CO2 emissions during the production process.
Table 1 shows a comparison of stone wool, glass wool
and polystyrene, [3].
Table 1: Comparative analysis of conventional insulating materials, [3]
Material Advantages Disadvantages
Stone wool (rolls)
Non-fl ammable material
Good steam permeability
Excellent sound insulator
Mechanical stability
High price
Poor pressure resistance
Poor waterproofi ng
Stone wool (panels)
Non-fl ammable material
Good steam permeability
Excellent sound insulator
Mechanical stability
High price
Poor pressure resistance
Poor waterproofi ng
Requires installation
Glass wool
Non-fl ammable material
Good steam permeability
Excellent sound insulator
Resistant to microorganisms
High price
Poor pressure resistance
Poor waterproofi ng
Requires installation
Polystyrene hard foam
Low price
Lightweight material
Good resistance to pressure
Flammable material
Poor permeability of steam
Poor sound insulator
The production of ecological products with reduced
harmful e ects on the environment has become a pri-
ority in the countries of the European Union. Ecologi-
cal labeling of the products in the EU started with the
application of EEC num. 880/92 EU Council in 1992,
aiming to motivate the business sector to develop
products that would  t in the scheme of ecological
products Eco-labels are awarded according to unique
ecological criteria that show that products do not
contain ozone-depleting chloro uorocarbons, can be
recycled and that they are energy e cient, [4].
The ecological trend, as well as the increasing demand
for insulation materials, has led to the development of
new technologies and a range of new materials such
as transparent thermal insulation, vacuum thermal
insulation, gas insulation materials, nano insulation
materials and dynamic insulation materials. As a good
alternative, insulation materials from textiles and re-
cycled textiles are considered as having no shortcom-
ings in terms of their harmful e ects on human health
and the environment, and on the other hand, they are
much cheaper than vacuum, gas and nano-insulating
materials, [5]. Insulation materials from textiles and re-
cycled textiles are a good alternative as they are con-
sidered to have no shortcomings in terms of harmful
e ects on human health and the environment. In ad-
dition, they are much cheaper than vacuum, gas and
nano-insulating materials.
Textile is traditionally used in buildings for aesthetic
needs, but it also shows a lot of functional performanc-
es. It can be used for thermal and sound insulation due
to its relatively porous structure, especially non-wo-
ven textiles.There is a lot of research conducted on
the insulation characteristics of non-woven textiles,
fabrics and knitwear, however much less research has
been done for the use of textile waste as a insulation
material. The main goal of the paper is to present
state of the art in alternative thermal and acoustic
insulating materials made of virgin and/or recycled
textile materials and their evaluation in context of the
sustainability.

22
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
2. STATE OF THE ART IN ALTERNATIVE
INSULATING MATERIALS FROM VIRGIN
AND/OR RECYCLED TEXTILE MATERIALS
Because of its natural properties, especially its
thermal e ciency, sheep wool is an excellent insula-
tion material. In the research project of the Universi-
ty of Brno and the Technological University of Vienna
[6], the properties of environmentally friendly thermal
insulation materials made of sheep wool have been
examined. The results show that insulation from the
sheep’ wool has characteristics similar to those of
mineral wool, and in relation to the ecological com-
ponents and the impact on human health, it is abso-
lutely dominant. The bene ts of sheep wool include
the following: clean and easy to renew natural mate-
rial source, comfortable and easy to handle without
potential risk to human health (irritation of the skin,
mucous membranes etc.), easy to recycle, eco-friend-
ly, relaxation of the material, there is neither change
in volume nor loss of elasticity, highly hygroscopic (up
to 35%). Moisture absorption is a very important fea-
ture for the functionality of each insulating material.
Due to the high capacity of the wool insulation to ab-
sorb moisture, it prevents condensation and creates
a pleasant atmosphere in indoor spaces. In addition,
the same research shows that the wool insulation is an
excellent acoustic insulator.
Figure 1: Application of wool for insulation of buildings, [6]
Despite all the well-known advantages of wool
insulation for buildings, there are almost no such
materials in practice because of their high price. Not
only wool insulation, but any insulation from natural
textile  bers, for example, cotton, is very expensive. A
better alternative is to use recycled textile waste from
natural textile  bers. Textile waste has already found
a commercial use as an insulation material. However,
only waste suitable for mechanical recycling (easy to
open down to  bers) has been used.
“Inno-Therm”, a company from Great Britain, produc-
es insulation from recycled industrial cotton materi-
al-denim (from rough cotton yarn, Tt =60-100 Tex and
mass of 200-400 g/m²) which is a form of safe and
eco-friendly insulation.The material is processed with
 re-retardant  nish. The products are in the form of
a roll (Figure 2a) or panels. The coe cient of thermal
conductivity is λ = 0.037-0.038 W/mK and the material
has a 10% better sound insulation than the prescribed
ASTM/USA standards. According to the manufacturer
of this insulation, some of the more important rea-
sons for its use are: it is a product under licensed re-
generated insulation, it helps to reduce the amount
of textile waste and represents an ideal eco-product,
it requires much less energy for production than con-
ventional insulation, it meets the standards for  re
resistance, o ers antibacterial and corrosion protec-
tion, and it is a biodegradable material. It also reduces
the size of the structural frame in the inner walls, it
can be used for  oor insulation and as well as sound-
proo ng, it does not contain irritating chemicals, it is
easily manipulated (no need of protective equipment
for installation) and has a pleasant touch, [7].
“Le Relais”, the French recycling company, which col-
lects 45000 tons of used textiles annually, developed
a thermal insulation product called Mettise (Figure
2b). The product contains at least 85% recycled  bers
and consists of cotton (70%), wool / acrylic (15%) and
polyester (15%) which is added as a binder. The ma-

23
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
terial is further processed against fungi and insects,
and the products are in the form of rolls and panels
of various thicknesses and densities. Тhe roll density
is, and the thickness while the density of the panels is,
and the thickness The coe cient of thermal conduc-
tivity of these materials is W/mK. The value of thermal
insulation of Mettise is comparable with the thermal
insulation of glass and stone wool. It is used for insu-
lation of ceilings, roofs and walls. The company also
produces specialized acoustic insulation materials
with a thickness of h = 20 mm for rolls or h = 45 mm
for panels, and the density is in both cases ρ = 45 kg/
m3 [7,8]. In addition to thermal and acoustic insula-
tion, Mettise products have outstanding mechanical
properties, [8].
a) Inno-Therm roll b) Mettise panel
Figure 2: Insulation from recycled cotton material, [7,8]
Appart from the products mentioned above that
have already found a commercial application as insu-
lation materials, there are numerous research projects
to develop alternative insulating materials that come
from the recycling process.Following is a short over-
view of the latest research in this area.
The Scottish research and design studio “Kraft
Architecture” has developed an insulation product –
“Thermobond” [9] which is designed for insulaton of
roofs, exterior walls and  oors. Thermobond is made
from 100% recycled textile that comes from the Scot-
tish wool industry. The wool is combined with 8% pol-
yester as a binder. The product is further processed
against burning and has a thermal conductivity of λ
= 0.034 W/mK.
A new insulation material from textile waste has
been made in Portugal [10]. The textile subwaste (Fig-
ure 3) resulting from the mattress industry is the ther-
mal insulation material that has been designed and
examined. The samples are mainly acrylic and their
particles have a diameter between 8 μm and 15 μm.
The results of the research show the excellent poten-
tial of this material for the use as insulation in double
inner walls.
a) Tissue waste b)Tissue subwaste c) Microstructure of the tissue
subwaste
Figure 3: Textile waste and the microstructure of the textile subwaste, [10]

24
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
A new insulation material of polyester waste from
tailoring materials for underwear has been made in
the form of panels with dimensions of 200×200×5 mm
(length × width × depth) of di erent densities. It was
manufactured in a thermoforming hot plate at a tem-
perature of 190 and by applying constant pressure for
15 min. The thermal insulation properties were eval-
uated by the guarded comparative longitudinal heat
 ow technique. The thermal conductivity of the panels
was obtained in a range between 0.053 and 0.041 W/
mK, depending on the density. The obtained values
were similar to other commercial insulation materials
[11].
Narang’s [12] research was focused on examining
the sound absorption coe cient of polyester materi-
als with regard to mass density and sample thickness
values. The tests were carried out on internal walls,
 lled with materials made of polyester non-woven tex-
tile (felt) with di erent surface masses. A coe cient of
transmission loss (STC), which de nes a transmission
loss class, was determined. The results show that the
addition of cut polyester pieces increases the class
of sound transmission, i.e. sound insulation. STC en-
hancement occurs at all frequencies in the interval of
100 - 500 Hz. To achieve the maximum STC value, the
optimal surface mass of the polyester material is 1000
or more. Whether the material is virgin (original) or re-
cycled, the e ciency of sound absorption materials is
related to the porous structure and thickness of the
elements.
Table 2 shows the results [13] of the acoustic char-
acteristics of conventional and polyester insulating
materials. The polyester material with a thickness of h
= 45 mm and density has a better sound absorption
coe cient, even compared to conventional materials
such as stone and glass wool.
Table 2: Thickness - h, density - ρ and sound absorption coe cient - α of conventional and polyester insulat-
ing materials, [13]
Material h
(mm)
ρ
(kg/m3)
α
250
(Hz)
500
(Hz)
1000
(Hz)
2000
(Hz)
250-2000
(Hz)
Glass
wool 50 50 0.45 0.65 0.75 0.80 0.663
Stone
wool 50 80 0.29 0.52 0.83 0.91 0.638
Polyester
45 20 0.56 0.85 0.98 0.95 0.835
A very interesting example is the production of
thermal insulation materials from recycled PET, that
is, from plastic bottles [14]. The thermal insulation
material is in the form of a panel. The technical per-
formances of the new material are: density ρ = 35.5
kg/m3, coe cient of thermal conductivity =0.0355
W/mK and thermal resistance R=1 m2K/W. The ener-
gy saved when applying the thermal insulation in a
building in Rome is estimated at 87 MJ/m2 per unit
area annually. All the energy used during the pro-
duction of a thermal insulation panel is recovered in
about 2 years. The production consists of three phas-
es: recycling, spinning and formation of non-woven
products. The durability of these insulating panels is
60 years, roughly the lifetime of buildings.
Trajković et al. [15] and Jordeva et al. [16,17,18]
produced an insulating material encasing di erent
fabric mixtures in a 100% polypropylene non-wo-
ven structure. The mix used for this research is 100 %
polyester (blends A and C di ering in the size of the
waste), polyester/cotton/lycra (blend B: 70/25/5) and
polyester/lycra (blend D: 95/5). The obtained λ values
are similar to standard insulation materials (λ=0.030-
0.045 W/mK), as well as commercial insulation struc-
tures from textile  bers (λ=0.039-0.041 W/mK).The
test results also showed that the structure containing
smaller pieces of cutting fabric had the highest ther-
mal insulation. The presence of lycra in the samples
decreased the thermal insulation of the structure.
In addition, Jordeva et al. [19] examined the sound in-
sulation properties of the proposed insulation struc-
ture composed of polyester apparel cutting waste.
The obtained insulation structures exhibit sound
absorption properties typical of  brous materials.
The achieved sound absorption, with a NRC- noise
reduction coe cient ranging from 54.71% to 74.77%
is comparable to commercially used insulators, such

25
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
as glass wool (NRC=66.3% for thickness of 50 mm
and density of 50 kg/m3), stone wool (NRC=63.8% for
thickness of 50 mm and density of 80 kg/m3), polysty-
rene (NRC=51.8% for thickness of 50 mm and density
of 28 kg/m3).
3. EVALUATION OF INSULATION
MATERIALS IN THE CONTEXT OF
SUSTAINABILITY
Тhe evaluation of insulation materials is a mul-
ticriteria problem, which has to be carried out with
respect to their: physical properties (thermal insula-
tion,density, mechanical strength, sound absorption,
resistance to moisture and  re), applicability in spe-
ci c building elements and their cost, environmental
impact and their impact on human health. Physical
characteristics of the insulation materials are deter-
mined based on measurements, and the results are
compared to standard values, so it is relatively easy
to evaluate from this aspect. It’s also not a problem
to evaluate the di culty of installation, as well as the
price of the materials, [1]. There is another group of
less clearly stated, and even less commonly accepted
criteria that deals with the environmental impact of
insulating materials. This group includes properties
like the primary embodied energy, the gas emissions
for the production of the material, the use of additives
against biological impacts, the classi cation of their
treatment as waste, etc., their reusability and recycla-
bility and the environmental impact of the material,
based on the Life Cycle Analysis approach according
to ISO 14025-00, [20].
Finally, there is the group of properties dealing
with public health, during the production, the use
and at the  nal stage of disposal of the materials. This
group includes properties like dust and  bres emis-
sions, biopersistence, toxicity in case of  re, etc. [21].
LCA is often used to assess the sustainability of a
product and its environmental footprint. The relevant
factors in the life-cycle assessment of the product
according to U.S. EPA (SAIC, 2006) are the following
[22]: ozone depletion, global warming (GWP), smog
formation, acidi cation, eutrophication, carcinogenic
diseases in humans, non-cancerous diseases in hu-
mans, ecotoxicity, reduction of fossil fuel reserves, use
of water. Global Warming Potential (GWP is the rela-
tive measure of the amount of heat generated by the
so-called greenhouse e ect in the atmosphere. GWP
is calculated for a speci c time interval, usually 20, 100
or 500 years. GWP is expressed through a carbon diox-
ide factor (whose GWP is standardized at 1). For exam-
ple, GWP of methane for 20 years is 72, which means
that if the same mass of methane and carbon dioxide
is introduced into the atmosphere, the methane will
capture 72 times more heat than carbon dioxide over
the next 20 years [23].
The Life Cycle Assessment of an insulation mate-
rial also includes factors like useful life, availability of
raw materials, resource consumption during produc-
tion, and health e ects during production. One of
the most important aspects though, is the structure’s
energy consumption throughout its useful life, since
(when all is said and done) insulation materials are in-
tended to save energy, [24].
The LCA study developed by DEFRA [25] shows
the advantages of building insulation materials from
natural  bers compared to others, mostly in the area
of GWP, due to the reduction of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere. Another big area where they have
the advantage is climate change. A speci c element
of the study is an evaluation of the potential for op-
timisation of the environmental pro le of natural  -
bre insulation materials. The materials investigated in
this study were Isonat, a hemp/recycled cotton based
material and Therma eece which is produced main-
ly from waste sheep wool.The study was done at the
initial stage of the development of these products
with the aim of using the results to improve the qual-
ity of the product. As a guide data from the previous
research, i.e. analysis of the life cycle of stone wool
produced by KNAUF was used. The basic unit selected
in the research is the insulation of 1m2 of surface. The
impact of Isonate - material was slightly higher than
Therma eece - material in several impact categories.
The results of the study show that density should be
reduced, especially in Isonat materials which o er
excellent acoustic insulation. The main conclusion
of this study is that the analyzed insulation materials
have a positive contribution against global warming
by reducing the amount of and it is recommended to
increase the production and use of these materials
instead of conventional insulating materials. It must
be considered that there is no material that will meet
all the criteria in an evaluation of insulation materials.
Papadopoulos and Idil [1,2,26] have done a lot of
research on insulating materials in the context of the
sustainability criteria. Table 3 is made based on their
investigations.

26
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
Table 3: Evaluation of insulation materials in the context of sustainability criteria [1,2,26]
Sustainability criteria
Inorganic/mineral Organic/Synthetic Organic
Recucled
materials
Stone wool
Glass wool
Polyurethane
XPS (Extruded
Polystirene)
EPS
(Expanded
Polystirene)
Sheep’s wool
Straw
Cork
Cellulise
Embodied
energy (MJ/
kg)
20 35 135 133 125 29 14.5 30 19
λ
(W/mK)
0.035-
0.050
0.035-
0.050
0.030-
0.035
0.028-
0.032 0.04 0.04 0.052 0.045-
0.055
0.035-
0.045
Amount of
reserves
(years)
41 35 - - -
Renewable
resource
Renewable
resource
Renewable
resource
Renewable
resource
Water use in
production
(l/ kg)
1360 1360 - - - - - 25 10
Life cycle
(years) 30-50 30-50 30-50 50 50 - - 50-80 -
Reusability
and
Recyclability
For practical
purposes non
recycable
For practical
purposes non
recycable
Non reusable,
non recycable
Reusable
recycable (as
an additive in
other materials
Reusable
recycable (as
an additive in
other materials
Renewable.
reusable
Renewable.
reusable
Renewable.
reusable
Renewable.
reusable
Use of
Chloro uoro-
carbons (CFC)
---++----
E ects of
environment
and human
health
there is no negative
impact on the
environment, risky
for the health
there is no negative
impact on the
environment, risky
for the health
negative impact on
the ozone layer
negative impact on
the ozone layer
Pollutant of the
environment
-- - -
Global
Warming
potential-
GWP (g CO2-
equ/kg)
1740 1700 14500 21500 3500 500 5 600 230
A good insulating material in terms of sustainability is material that ful ll criteria given in table 3.

27
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
Table 4: Values of sustainability criteria for good insulation material, [1,2,26]
Sustainability criteria
Coeffi cient
of thermal
conductivity
λ (W/mK)
Embodied
energy (MJ/
kg)
Water use in
production
(l/ kg)
Reusability
and
Recyclability
Use of CFC
Effects of
environment
and human
health
Global
Warming
potential-
GWP (g CO2-
equ/kg)
0.02÷0.035 ≤50 none favorable no Without toxic
gases or toxins ≤500
4. CONCLUSION
The introduction of the concept of “sustainabili-
ty” encouraged many studies intended at developing
alternative insulating materials for buildings using
textile materials. Some of them are already present
in the market, while others are still at an early stage
of production or study. Evaluation of insulation ma-
terials according to the sustainability criteria shows
that no single material ful lls all sustainability criteria,
but some materials are more sustainable than others.
Because of the negative e ects they have on human
health along with the degree to which they a ect
global warming and them being either not at all recy-
clable or not being reusable, conventional insulation
materials score rather poorly in terms of sustainability
in the context of the life cycle assessment. Insulation
materials that are organic, innovative and that con-
tain recycled components are more sustainable than
conventional insulation materials. Insulating mate-
rials from recycled textiles are considered to be sus-
tainable materials according to the LCA, mostly due to
the possibility of recycling, reuse and their low value
of embodied energy. Applying textile waste as an in-
sulation material may have environmental, sustaina-
ble and economic advantages. However, as a result of
insu cient consumer awareness, insulating materials
from recycled textiles are not present in the markets
as much as they deserve to be.
REFERENCES
[1] Papadopoulos, A.M. (2005). State of the art in ther-
mal insulation materials and aims for future devel-
opments, Energy and Buildings, 37(1), 77-86.
[2] Papadopoulos, A.M. et al. (2005). Composite insu-
lating materials as a tool for the reduction of cool-
ing loads, International Conference, Passive and Low
Energy Cooling, May, 2005, Santorini, Greece, 803-
808.
[3] Materijali za toplinska izolacija
(http://elektricniaparati.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/
8/7/5487717/materijali_za_toplinska_izolacija.
pdf/ available: 14/03/2019)
[4] Министерство за животна средина и просторно
планирање на Р. Македонија Национален
План за Управување со Отпад 2009–2015,
(http://www.moepp.gov.mk/wp-content/up-
loads/2014/12/Nac.plan-za-upravuvanje-so-ot-
pad-2009-2015.pdf,/available: 14/03/2018)
[5] Jelle, B. P. et al. (2010). The path to the high perfor-
mance thermal building insulation materials and
solutions of tomorrow, Journal of Building Phys-
ics, 34(2), 99-123.
[6] Zach, J. et al. (2012). Performance evaluation and
research of alternative thermal insulations based
on sheep wool, Energy and Buildings, 49, 246-253.
[7] Inno-thermВ®. Natural Thermal and Acoustic Insu-
lation/, (http://www.inno-therm.com/, available:
27.11.2018).
[8] Lerelais.org. (http://www.lerelais.org. /available:
14/03/2014).
[9] Blog. emap.com. EMAP, (http://blog.emap.com/
footprint/2011/08/11/scotlands-waste-tex-
tiles-turned-into-insulation/available: 15.04.2014).
[10] Paiva, A. et al. (2011). Textile subwaste as a ther-
mal insulation building material, International
Conference on Petroleum and Sustainable Devel-
opment, Sinagpore, 2011, 26, 78-82.
[11] Valverde, I.C. et al. (2013) Development of new
insulation panels based on textiles recycled Fab-

28
TEKSTILNA INDUSTRIJA · Broj 2 · 2019
rics, Waste and Biomass Valorization, 4(1), 139-
146.
[12] Narang, P. P. (1995). Material parameter selection
in polyester  bre insulation for sound transmis-
sion and absorption, Applied Acoustics, 45(4),
335-358.
[13] Asdrubali, F. (2007) Green and sustainable mate-
rials for noise control in buildings, 19-th Interna-
tional Congress on Acoustics, Madrid, 2007.
[14] Intini, F. & Kühtz, S. (2011). Recycling in buildings:
An LCA case study of a thermal insulation panel
made of polyester  ber, recycled from post-con-
sumer PET bottles, The International Journal of
Life Cycle Assessment, 6(4), 306-315.
[15] Trajković, D., Jordeva S., Tomovska, E. & Za-
 rova K. (2017). Polyester apparel cutting
waste as insulation material, The Journal of
The Textile Institute, 108(7), 1238-1245, DOI:
10.1080/00405000.2016.1237335
[16] Jordeva S., Tomovska E., Trajković D., Za rova K.
(2014).Textile waste as a thermal insulation ma-
terial. Tekstil, 63 (5-6), 174-178.
[17] Jordeva S., Tomovska E., Trajković D., Za rova K.
(2014). Application of apparel cutting waste as
insulation material, 6-th International Textile Con-
ference, 46-49. Tirana, Albania
[18] Jordeva S, Tomovska E, Trajković D, Za rova K.,
(2016). Some characteristics of a new insulation
structure from recycled apparel cutting waste,
XXIV Congress of chemists and technologists of
Macedonia, Ohrid.
[19] Jordeva S., Tomovska E., Trajković D., Popeski-Di-
movski., Р., Za rova, K.. (2015).Sound insulation
properties of structure designed from apparel
cutting waste, 15th AUTEX World Textile Confer-
ence 2015, 10-12 June 2015, Bucharest, Romania.
[20]http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?-
doi=10.1.1.671.2618&rep=rep1&type=pdf/
available: 27.11.2018).
[21] Anastaselos, D., Giama E., Papadopoulos, A.M.,
(2009). An assessment tool for the energy, eco-
nomic and environmental evaluation of thermal
insulation solutions, Energy and Buildings, 41,
1165-1171.
[22] Srebrenkoska, V., et al. (2013). Treatment оf tex-
tile wastes, Sustainable Technologies and Chemi-
cal Industry, Ed. Jašić M., et. al., Tuzla: Tehnološki
Fakultet, 129-135.
[23] En.wikipedia.org (http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Global-warming_potential#Calculat-
ing_the_global-warming_potential, /available:
14.02.2014).
[24] https://www.egenius.at/ leadmin/user_upload/
daemmsto e_eigenschaften/en/Insulation%20
Materials_Properties.pd/ available: 18.02.2018.
[25] Life Cycle Assessments of Natural Fibre Insulation
Materials, Study funded by DEFRA, Final Report
2008, (http://eiha.org/media/attach/372/lca_ -
bre.pdf, /available: 05.07.2017).
[26] Idil, A. and Tuna, M. (2013). Evaluation of insu-
lation materials in the context of sustainability
criteria, Asian Transactions on Basic and Applied
Sciences, 3(2), 38-46.
_________________________
Rad primljen: 16.05.2019.
Rad prihvaćen: 15.06.2019.