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Dynamics of Sexual Harassment on Social Media

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Faqihul Muqoddam at Trunojoyo University
Faqihul Muqoddam
Virgin Suciyanti Maghfiroh
Virgin Suciyanti Maghfiroh
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Sexual harassment is a currently netizen’s habit on social media. Almost all of their comments on social media contain words to abuse. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the forms of sexual harassment and identifying the factors of sexual harassment on social media. This study uses a qualitative method of narrative tradition with a focus on investigating sexual harassment that occurs on social media. Data collection methods are carried out by observing comments of netizens. The characteristics of the comments that chosen in this study are those written on Instagram and point to the element of sexual harassment. The results show that sexual harassment on social media is happen with; 1. directly (explicitly), 2. indirectly (implicitly) according to the meaning of the sentence. Then, the factors of sexual harassment on social media are; 1. netizens are looking for attention (as evidenced by accounts that are used only fake accounts), 2. photo content or account owner captions that lead netizens to harass. Suggestions based on this study are the need to develop psychoeducation for adolescents and families both as subjects and victims so as to avoid sexual harassment behavior.
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Dynamics of Sexual Harassment on Social Media
Virgin Suciyanti Maghfiroh
1 Airlangga University,
Surabaya Indonesia
2 Airlangga University,
Surabaya Indonesia
Abstract
Sexual harassment is a currently netizen’s habit on social media. Almost
comments on social media contain words to abuse. This study was conducted with the
aim of analyzing the forms of sex
harassment on social media. This study use
with a focus on investigating sexual harassment that occurs on social media. Data
collection methods are carried ou
of the comments that chosen in this study are those written on Instagram and point to the
element of sexual harassment. The results show that sexual harassment on social media is
happen with; 1. dire
the sentence. Then, the factors of sexual harassment on social media are; 1. netizens are
looking for attention (as evidenced by accounts that are used only fake accounts), 2.
photo
content or account owner captions that lead netizens to harass. Suggestions based
on this study are the need to develop psychoeducation for adolescents and families both
as subjects and victims so as to avoid sexual harassment behavior.
Keywords:
Sexual
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
Padang.
Introduction
Social media is the most popular online activity used by individuals today. This is proven by the
increasing number of social media users from time to time and from year to year. Statisca.com (2018)
gets social media user data increasing from 2010 to 2021.
users in 2017 totaling 2.46 billion are expected to increase sharply to 2.77 users in 2019. The increasing
number of users has an impact on the popularity of social media as an online social network in the
world.
P
ROCEEDING of
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32698/25272
Padang,
October 1
Dynamics of Sexual Harassment on Social Media
Virgin Suciyanti Maghfiroh
1, Faqihul Muqoddam2
Surabaya Indonesia
, virgin.suciyanti.maghfiroh-
2018@psikologi.unair.ac.id
Surabaya Indonesia
, faqihul.muqoddam-
2018@psikologi.unair.ac.id
Sexual harassment is a currently netizen’s habit on social media. Almost
comments on social media contain words to abuse. This study was conducted with the
aim of analyzing the forms of sex
ual harassment and identifying the factors of sexual
harassment on social media. This study use
s a qualitative method
with a focus on investigating sexual harassment that occurs on social media. Data
collection methods are carried ou
t by observing
comments of netizens
of the comments that chosen in this study are those written on Instagram and point to the
element of sexual harassment. The results show that sexual harassment on social media is
happen with; 1. dire
ctly (explicitly), 2. indirectly (implicitly) according to the meaning of
the sentence. Then, the factors of sexual harassment on social media are; 1. netizens are
looking for attention (as evidenced by accounts that are used only fake accounts), 2.
content or account owner captions that lead netizens to harass. Suggestions based
on this study are the need to develop psychoeducation for adolescents and families both
as subjects and victims so as to avoid sexual harassment behavior.
Sexual
Harassment, social media, qualitative narrative
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
©2018 by author and Faculty of education, Universitas Negeri
Social media is the most popular online activity used by individuals today. This is proven by the
increasing number of social media users from time to time and from year to year. Statisca.com (2018)
gets social media user data increasing from 2010 to 2021.
The obtained data s
hows that social media
users in 2017 totaling 2.46 billion are expected to increase sharply to 2.77 users in 2019. The increasing
number of users has an impact on the popularity of social media as an online social network in the
ROCEEDING of
International
Conference of Mental Health,
Neuroscience, and Cyberpsychology
https://doi.org/10.32698/25272
October 1
4th - 15th 2018
2018@psikologi.unair.ac.id
2018@psikologi.unair.ac.id
Sexual harassment is a currently netizen’s habit on social media. Almost
all of their
comments on social media contain words to abuse. This study was conducted with the
ual harassment and identifying the factors of sexual
of narrative tradition
with a focus on investigating sexual harassment that occurs on social media. Data
comments of netizens
. The characteristics
of the comments that chosen in this study are those written on Instagram and point to the
element of sexual harassment. The results show that sexual harassment on social media is
ctly (explicitly), 2. indirectly (implicitly) according to the meaning of
the sentence. Then, the factors of sexual harassment on social media are; 1. netizens are
looking for attention (as evidenced by accounts that are used only fake accounts), 2.
content or account owner captions that lead netizens to harass. Suggestions based
on this study are the need to develop psychoeducation for adolescents and families both
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use
, distribution,
©2018 by author and Faculty of education, Universitas Negeri
Social media is the most popular online activity used by individuals today. This is proven by the
increasing number of social media users from time to time and from year to year. Statisca.com (2018)
hows that social media
users in 2017 totaling 2.46 billion are expected to increase sharply to 2.77 users in 2019. The increasing
number of users has an impact on the popularity of social media as an online social network in the
Figure 1: Number of social networks worldwide from 2010 to 2021 in billions
(Source: statista.com)
Some kinds of social media are popular among us such as Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook,
Twitter, Snapchat and some online media that used in communicating with others. The results of a
survey conducted by Aljohani, Nisbet, & Blincoe (2016) revealed that Instagram was one of the most
sought after social media. Of the total 415 respondents, Instagram users reached 253 people.
Popularity of instagram also supported by Alhabash & Ma (2017) which states that from the results of
their research on 396 students, the intensity of Instagram users is still superior compared to Snapchat,
Facebook and Twitter.
The use of social media based on the user’s satisfaction in using the network. This is in
accordance with the opinion of Keipi, Koiranen, Koivula, & Rasanen (2018) who found that the use of
social media, especially Instagram and WhatsApp, has a positive relationship to the level of
individual satisfaction. The more they use social media, the more satisfaction they feel. Individual
satisfaction is part of the personality factors they experience. Because, all activities that occur in the
use of social media reflect personality characteristics experienced by individuals (Waheed, Anjum,
Rehman & Khawaja, 2017).
Instagram is one of the social media that has the characteristics of displaying photos / images,
captions, instories, and comment fields. Of course the most important thing that Instagram offers is
the photo display feature. The intensity of the use of Instagram has an impact on the individual's
objectivity. Someone tends to make Instagram become a self-reflection and modeling, for example
imitating photos of celebrities that they like and internalize themselves (Fardouly, Willburger, &
Vertanian, 2017).
Instagram has an impact on forming or taking photos of individuals, especially women. They feel
interested in the world of photography so that their photos can be displayed on Instagram and get
attention from the public. Instagram doesn't always have a positive impact, it can also have negative
effects such as social pressure that forces someone to change their appearance (Sharifi, Omidi, &
Marzban, 2016). But in reality, social media does not only provide benefits in its application. The use
of social media has a negative impact in relation to social relations. The impact experienced by social
media users in the form of harassment, online isolation and loneliness (Ryan, Allen, Gray,
&McInerney, 2017). Harassment in social media tends to involve sexual elements in its application. A
study of middle-class students shows that they access the internet in an effort to obtain information
about sex-related matters (Gorkemli, 2017).
The rise of sexual harassment that occurs on social media, especially Instagram, raises a question,
namely how is the process of sexual abuse occurring on social media? However, to answer these
questions it is necessary to describe the forms of sexual harassment on social media and the factors
that cause sexual harassment on social media. Of course this discussion is very interesting to describe
in this study, considering that social media users, especially Instagram, have experienced a rapid
increase over time.
Method
This research on sexual harassment dynamics in social media uses the tradition of qualitative
research through a narrative approach. This approach method are used because it is descriptive and
comes from the narrative of individual experiences (Creswell, 2015).
The research procedure follows the view of Neuman (2007) which is divided into seven stages,
namely choosing the topic, focusing the questions, determining the research design, collecting data,
analyzing data, interpreting the data, and ended with making research reports.
This study focuses on investigating the comments of social media users on Instagram. Involving
Instagram user comments as a source of data is based on Carman's (2018) statement which reveals
that Instagram has become one of the most widely used social media by humans. According to him,
Instagram users have reached 1 (one) billion worldwide.
The process of collecting data by observing the comments of Instagram users in responding to
several posts that contain sexual elements, both male and female users of Instagram. We do data
mining every time by observing and looking at a number of Instagram user comments that tend to
lead to sexual harassment of account owners with posts showing an open body and tend to have
sexual characters.
The data obtained from the observations were then analyzed using thematic analysis. Braun &
Clarke (2006) explained that in using thematic analysis in psychology studies must do six steps,
namely familiarizing themselves with data, initializing code, looking for themes, reviewing themes,
defining and naming themes, and submitting reports from the results of the analysis.
Results and Discussion
Social media is a communication tool that functions to connect individuals with others.
Individuals use social media for various purposes ranging from buying and selling business activities
and looking for new friends or old friends. Social media can unite many individuals who are
separated between distance and time getting closer. Communication between parts of the world
becomes easier with social media. However, the current condition of some individuals abusing the
function of social media. Some people use it as a fraudulent medium to bullying. Harassment in social
media tends to involve sexual elements in its application. The impact experienced by social media
users can be in the form of harassment, online isolation and loneliness (Ryan, et al. 2017).
Focusing on this research, social media that is discussed is Instagram. Where Instagram has several
photo, video, instastory upload features; text, live broadcast, normal, boomerang, superzoom,
rewind, hands-free (Instagram application, 2018). Some of these features have a function to show
friends or relationships about activities and feelings that are being experienced by the account owner.
From the upload of some features, this ultimately leads to bullying for account owners. The
culpritsare followers who do not like the owner of the account commonly referred to as haters.
This study looked at several social media accounts including the account @jonatanchristieofficial
whose owner is an Indonesian badminton athlete who won a gold medal at the 2018 Asian Games
after defeating Chou Tien Chen at Istora Gelora Bung Karno (GBK) on August 28 (Detik.com, 2018 )
The other account is @nashwaaaz whose owner is a 2018 Indonesian Idol Junior contestant who is
famous for her beautiful face that makes the audience even the jury impressed.
Form of Sexual Harassment on Social Media
The results showed that the form of sexual harassment on social media was carried out in two
ways;
1. Clearly (explicitly)
This form of sexual harassment is said directly because netizen comments are directly to the point
against the private part of the account owner. This can be seen in the post below:
Based on the photo post above actually the account owner does not show things about sexuality.
Even in the photo, the included caption is "H-2 until ASIAN Games if you don't fight for what you
want, don't cry what you lost". The statement is only a sentence of enthusiasm and motivation for
Jonathan himself. However, what's interesting is the response of some netizens which they discuss
male sensitive organs. According to Aprilia (2017), forms of sexual harassment on social media can
be; praising body shapes, throwing personal questions (regarding personal organs), sending photos,
links or porn videos, asking victims to send naked photos or videos, threats of rape, solicitation of
sexual relations, and acknowledging making the victim's body a sexual image.
Sexual harassment can also be a form of comments that tempt and disturb and make the account
owner uncomfortable is something that is common in the context of the use of social media, especially
Instagram. Not much different from whistles, words and touches that are usually done by
unscrupulous sexual abuse in the real world. Sexual harassment of individuals can also occur on
social media.
2. Indirect (implied) is judged based on the meaning of the sentence
Indirect forms of sexual harassment in this study can be seen from some of the netizen comments
below;
In the photo above, the account owner writes the caption "The real winner is people who stay true
this is the dark & humble in the spotlight. Keep calm and put God first. In the upload, the account
owner just wants to show who is a winner. However some comments actually ask Jonathan to
undress again instead of discuss what was in the upload. This has been considered a form of sexual
harassment because the comment has a tempting nature. Even though before, the owner of the
account when winning the semifinal match had opened his shirt as a form of celebration to express
his joy and happiness. This makes the audience, mostly women, shout (Wening, business sports,
2018). Should be in writing comments, netizens are wiser in accordance with the caption and moment
of the account owner so that it is more polite.
Sexual harassment is an undesirable and unwanted behavior by each individual because it will
cause disruptions. If this is done intentionally and repeatedly, it will cause discomfort, and will
personally make social media users as targets of sexual harassment (Schenk, 2008). Behaviors that can
be classified as acts of sexual harassment are like coercion of sexual activity, statements demeaning
sexuality or se
xually orientedjokes
speech or behavior that connotes sexually, these actio
(implicitly) (Friska, 2017).
Factors for Sexual Harassment on social media
The next result in this study is about the factors of sexual abuse on social media, namely;
1. Looking for attention
Netizens commit sexual
harassment on social media only to seek attention from account owners
and the possibility of wanting to get many followers. It can be seen from one of the accounts below
that
writing comments which lead to sexual harassment
Based on the above account, you can see some comments leading to sexual harassment. One
comment from account A is an expression of sexual harassment directly w
"Miss, let’s f**k
". The researcher tried to open his account, but apparently the account was locked.
Likewise with account B that writes comments that indirectly lead to sexual harassment, namely
"come on dating with me". Then the researcher opened the profile of the accou
that the account was locked as well as account A. Researchers concluded that the owner of account A
was writing comments leading to sexual harassment with the aim of getting attention from the
victim's account and other netizens. It i
followed and account B with details 0 posts, 64 followers, 60 followed and no profile photos.
personally make social media users as targets of sexual harassment (Schenk, 2008). Behaviors that can
be classified as acts of sexual harassment are like coercion of sexual activity, statements demeaning
xually orientedjokes
, requests for sexual acts favored by the perpetrator as well as
speech or behavior that connotes sexually, these actio
ns can be delivered directly or indirectly
Factors for Sexual Harassment on social media
The next result in this study is about the factors of sexual abuse on social media, namely;
harassment on social media only to seek attention from account owners
and the possibility of wanting to get many followers. It can be seen from one of the accounts below
writing comments which lead to sexual harassment
which is a fake account.
Based on the above account, you can see some comments leading to sexual harassment. One
comment from account A is an expression of sexual harassment directly w
ith
". The researcher tried to open his account, but apparently the account was locked.
Likewise with account B that writes comments that indirectly lead to sexual harassment, namely
"come on dating with me". Then the researcher opened the profile of the accou
that the account was locked as well as account A. Researchers concluded that the owner of account A
was writing comments leading to sexual harassment with the aim of getting attention from the
victim's account and other netizens. It i
s based on the details in account A is 1 post, 69 followers, 499
followed and account B with details 0 posts, 64 followers, 60 followed and no profile photos.
personally make social media users as targets of sexual harassment (Schenk, 2008). Behaviors that can
be classified as acts of sexual harassment are like coercion of sexual activity, statements demeaning
, requests for sexual acts favored by the perpetrator as well as
ns can be delivered directly or indirectly
The next result in this study is about the factors of sexual abuse on social media, namely;
harassment on social media only to seek attention from account owners
and the possibility of wanting to get many followers. It can be seen from one of the accounts below
Account A
Account B
Based on the above account, you can see some comments leading to sexual harassment. One
the following words
". The researcher tried to open his account, but apparently the account was locked.
Likewise with account B that writes comments that indirectly lead to sexual harassment, namely
"come on dating with me". Then the researcher opened the profile of the accou
nt, but it turned out
that the account was locked as well as account A. Researchers concluded that the owner of account A
was writing comments leading to sexual harassment with the aim of getting attention from the
s based on the details in account A is 1 post, 69 followers, 499
followed and account B with details 0 posts, 64 followers, 60 followed and no profile photos.
Attention is an activity that focuses mental resources on certain information (Santrock, 2012).
Seeking attention is one of the characteristics of a teenager. Teenagers are not only influenced by
culture, status-economy, and ethnics, but they are also influenced by the media. National research by
Roberts, Foehr & Rideout (2005) found that children and adolescents aged 8-18 years are now
surrounded by social media. Teenagers around the world are increasingly dependent on the internet,
although there are differences in their use in each individual (Shek, Tang, & Lo, 2008).
Research by Pujazon-Zazik & Park (2010) says that children and adolescents have not set special
attention to access to social media information (internet). A national survey found that 42% of
adolescents aged 10-17 years were exposed to pornography (Mitchell, Finkelhor & Wolak 2007).
Because of this phenomenon, harassment through social media tend to increase.
2. Different perceptions of photo content or captions
Photo content and captions of account owners do not lead to sexual matters, but netizens perceive
it as something else.
In the photo above, you can see some comments that do not match the caption and photo of the
account owner. Comments are tempting and can lead to sexual harassment. Both accounts comment
asking about the personal life of the account owner. In this case, it can be said that netizens have
different perceptions with account owners. Perception is the process of regulating and interpreting
sensory information to give a meaning (King, 2013). In this case, perception can arise due to physical
attraction. As we know, individuals have physical attraction towards other individuals directly.
However, research by Frazzetto 2010, Pujazon-Zazik & Park, 2010 said physical attraction not only
occurs because of direct interaction but also through social media. So this encourages individuals to
ask personal questions that can lead to harassment of the account owner because it is tempting and
disturbing.
Conclusions
Sexual harassment is a form o
Forms of sexual harassment on social media can be; praising body shapes, throwing personal
questions (concerning personal organs), sending photos, links or porn videos, asking victims to send
naked photos or videos, threats of rape, solicitation of sexual relations, acknowledging making the
victim's body a sexual image (Aprilia, 2017). This study is focused on sexual harassment on social
media and found two forms; directly (
the meaning of the sentence. Then, to answer the research questions the factors of sexual harassment
on social media, it is known that there are two, namely; attention search and different perceptions
between ima
ges among netizens. This factor occurs because of the large number of social media users
who are teenagers, so they want the attention of the opposite sex due to physical attraction.
Suggestions based on this study are the need to develop
families both as perpetrators and victims so
Developing an intervention, such as psychoeducation, for adolescents and families could be an option
to control individuals behavior
This is because social media is a technology that requires supervision and rules from parents to
teenagers who use it (Santrock, 2012).
Acknowledgments
This research on sexual harassment on social
parties. Thank you researchers for telling the Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surabaya,
which provides full moral and material support. Second, to previous researchers who provided
refere
nces for researchers so as to facilitate this research. Third, thank you researchers for saying to
friends of the master of psychology at Airlangga University who always provide positive support.
This work is our second work and we present it to IcomethNCP
Health, Neuroscience and Cyberpsychology". Critical criticism and suggestions need to improve this
work further.
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P
ROCEEDING of
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32698/25272
Padang,
October 1
Sexual harassment is a form o
f harassment that makes individuals uncomfortable and disturbed.
Forms of sexual harassment on social media can be; praising body shapes, throwing personal
questions (concerning personal organs), sending photos, links or porn videos, asking victims to send
naked photos or videos, threats of rape, solicitation of sexual relations, acknowledging making the
victim's body a sexual image (Aprilia, 2017). This study is focused on sexual harassment on social
media and found two forms; directly (
explicitly in the comments
) and indirectly (implied) based on
the meaning of the sentence. Then, to answer the research questions the factors of sexual harassment
on social media, it is known that there are two, namely; attention search and different perceptions
ges among netizens. This factor occurs because of the large number of social media users
who are teenagers, so they want the attention of the opposite sex due to physical attraction.
Suggestions based on this study are the need to develop
psychoeducation
families both as perpetrators and victims so
they able to avoid sexual harassment behavior
Developing an intervention, such as psychoeducation, for adolescents and families could be an option
between adol
escents and families can be a control for individuals.
This is because social media is a technology that requires supervision and rules from parents to
teenagers who use it (Santrock, 2012).
This research on sexual harassment on social
media will not be realized without the help of several
parties. Thank you researchers for telling the Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surabaya,
which provides full moral and material support. Second, to previous researchers who provided
nces for researchers so as to facilitate this research. Third, thank you researchers for saying to
friends of the master of psychology at Airlangga University who always provide positive support.
This work is our second work and we present it to IcomethNCP
"International Conference of Mental
Health, Neuroscience and Cyberpsychology". Critical criticism and suggestions need to improve this
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ROCEEDING of
International
Conference of Mental Health,
Neuroscience, and Cyberpsychology
https://doi.org/10.32698/25272
October 1
4th - 15th 2018
f harassment that makes individuals uncomfortable and disturbed.
Forms of sexual harassment on social media can be; praising body shapes, throwing personal
questions (concerning personal organs), sending photos, links or porn videos, asking victims to send
naked photos or videos, threats of rape, solicitation of sexual relations, acknowledging making the
victim's body a sexual image (Aprilia, 2017). This study is focused on sexual harassment on social
) and indirectly (implied) based on
the meaning of the sentence. Then, to answer the research questions the factors of sexual harassment
on social media, it is known that there are two, namely; attention search and different perceptions
ges among netizens. This factor occurs because of the large number of social media users
who are teenagers, so they want the attention of the opposite sex due to physical attraction.
for adolescents and
they able to avoid sexual harassment behavior
.
Developing an intervention, such as psychoeducation, for adolescents and families could be an option
escents and families can be a control for individuals.
This is because social media is a technology that requires supervision and rules from parents to
media will not be realized without the help of several
parties. Thank you researchers for telling the Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surabaya,
which provides full moral and material support. Second, to previous researchers who provided
nces for researchers so as to facilitate this research. Third, thank you researchers for saying to
friends of the master of psychology at Airlangga University who always provide positive support.
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... (A female student from a rural area) The booming growth of social media has significantly impacted people's use of various platforms. While it has broken communication barriers, it has also facilitated online bullying, lewd comments, and coercive behaviour, including inappropriate sexual advances (Muqoddam & Maghfiroh, 2019). The impact of social media on individuals is that it has increased the prevalence of online sexual harassment, leading to negative psychological effects and distress. ...
Sexual Harassment in Female Students at Tribhuvan University: A Narrative Inquiry Research
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
Background: Higher education establishments in Nepal also disclose information on sexual harassment incidents. Sexual harassment is a detrimental encroachment onto the educational domain that extends beyond scholarly discussions. It is an undesirable, offensive, and frequently menacing behaviour that jeopardises a student's well-being. Objectives: This study examines the experiences of female students at Tribhuvan University regarding sexual harassment in the classroom. It aims to assess the prevalence of sexual harassment and identify its various forms among female students. Methods: Adopting a qualitative narrative inquiry research design, we included teachers and students from the Central Department of Education, with information collected from selected female students until data saturation was reached. In-depth interviews were used as the primary data collection method, and both primary and secondary sources were qualitatively and descriptively analysed. Results: The findings reveal a disturbing reality where female students at Tribhuvan University faced sexual harassment from their classmates, teachers, and university staff. The study identifies three primary forms of sexual harassment: verbal, physical, and cyber sexual harassment. Cybersexual harassment emerges as the most prevalent form, significantly impacting the physical and mental well-being of the affected students. Conclusion: Sexual harassment occurs in Nepalese higher education institutions, although it is less common among female students who are able to voice their concerns in an articulate and natural way. Those who feel intimidated struggle to voice their opinions or live in fear of facing a higher risk. The detrimental effect of this type of sexual harassment on the personality development of female students is emphasised. Keywords: Girl student, Sexual harassment, Tribhuvan University, Forms of sexual harassment
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... (A female student from a rural area) The booming growth of social media has significantly impacted people's use of various platforms. While it has broken communication barriers, it has also facilitated online bullying, lewd comments, and coercive behaviour, including inappropriate sexual advances (Muqoddam & Maghfiroh, 2019). The impact of social media on individuals is that it has increased the prevalence of online sexual harassment, leading to negative psychological effects and distress. ...
Sexual Harassment in Female Students at Tribhuvan University: A Narrative Inquiry Research
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
Background: Higher education establishments in Nepal also disclose information on sexual harassment incidents. Sexual harassment is a detrimental encroachment onto the educational domain that extends beyond scholarly discussions. It is an undesirable, offensive, and frequently menacing behaviour that jeopardises a student's well-being.
View
Assessing the social media landscape: Online relational use-purposes and life satisfaction among Finns
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2018
This study examines the social Internet use-purposes of Finns along with links to perceived life satisfaction. Here, associations between life satisfaction and various online behaviors linked to socialization are explored among the Finnish adult population, sigh data coming from nationally representative surveys focused on adult populations in Finland (N=1,600). Analysis shows that social media use is linked to both higher and lower levels of overall life satisfaction with differences between platforms used. The use of Instagram and different social messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, was linked higher life satisfaction while Facebook and Twitter use did not show any significant association; notably, Internet forum use showed a negative association with life satisfaction.
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How Social Are Social Media? A Review of Online Social Behaviour and Connectedness
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2017
The use of social media is rapidly increasing, and one of the major discussions of the 21st Century revolves around how the use of these applications will impact on the social relationships of users. To contribute to this discussion, we present a brief narrative review highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social media use on three key aspects of social connectedness: social capital, sense of community, and loneliness. The results indicate that using social media can increase social capital, lead to the formation of friendships and communities, and reduce loneliness. However, some social media site users may experience weakening friendships, online ostracism, and heightened loneliness. Therefore, we argue that the use of social media has contradictory effects on social connectedness. Moreover, the direction of these outcomes is contingent upon who is using the site, and how they are using it. Based on these arguments, possible directions for future research are discussed. It is recommended that discourse be continued relating to the association between online social behaviour and connectedness, as this will enable researchers to establish whether the positive outcomes of social media use outweigh the negative.
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Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways
Article
Full-text available
This study examined the relationship between Instagram use (overall, as well as specifically viewing fitspiration images) and body image concerns and self-objectification among women between the ages of 18 and 25 from the United States (n = 203) and from Australia (n = 73). Furthermore, this study tested whether internalization of the societal beauty ideal, appearance comparison tendency in general, or appearance comparisons to specific target groups on Instagram mediated any relationships between Instagram use and the appearance-related variables. Greater overall Instagram use was associated with greater self-objectification, and that relationship was mediated both by internalization and by appearance comparisons to celebrities. More frequently viewing fitspiration images on Instagram was associated with greater body image concerns, and that relationship was mediated by internalization, appearance comparison tendency in general, and appearance comparisons to women in fitspiration images. Together, these results suggest that Instagram usage may negatively influence women’s appearance-related concerns and beliefs.
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A Tale of Four Platforms: Motivations and Uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat Among College Students?
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2017
The current research explores differences between Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in terms of intensity of use, time spent daily on the platform, and use motivations. The study applies the uses and gratifications (U&G) approach to contrast the four platforms. A cross-sectional survey of college students (N = 396) asked participants to indicate the intensity of using Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat as well as nine different use motivations. Findings show that participants spent the most time daily on Instagram, followed by Snapchat, Facebook, and Twitter, respectively. They also indicated the highest use intensity for Snapchat and Instagram (nearly equally), followed by Facebook and Twitter, respectively. With regard to use motivations, Snapchat takes the lead in five of the nine motivations. Findings are discussed in relation to the U&G approach and uniqueness of different social media and social networking sites (SNSs).
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Investigation of user behavior on social networking sites
Article
Full-text available
Social networking sites (SNS) are used for social and professional interaction with people. SNS popularity has encouraged researchers to analyze the relationship of activities performed on SNS with user behavior. In doing so, the term “user behavior” is rather used ambiguously with different interpretations, which makes it difficult to identify studies on user behavior in relation to SNS. This phenomenon has encouraged this thorough research on the characteristics of user behavior being discussed in the literature. Therefore, in this study, we aim to identify, analyze, and classify the characteristics associated with user behavior to answer the research questions designed to conduct this research. A mapping study (also called scoping study), which is a type of systematic literature review, is employed to identify potential studies from digital databases through a developed protocol. Thematic analysis is carried out for the classification of user behavior. We identified 116 primary studies for full analysis. This study found seven characteristics associated with behavior that have direct influence on SNS use and nine factors that have an indirect effect. All studies were conducted largely under seven areas that set the context of these studies. Findings show that the research on SNS is still in its early stage. The range of topics covered in the analyzed studies is quite expansive, although the depth in terms of number of studies under each topic is quite limited. This study reports that activities performed on SNS are either associated with user behavior or reflect personality characteristics. The findings of this study could be used by practitioners to evaluate their SNS platforms and develop more user-centered applications. These studies can also help organizations to understand better the needs of their employees.
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To Tweet, or Not to Tweet: Gender Differences and Potential Positive and Negative Health Outcomes of Adolescents' Social Internet Use
Article
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Adolescents and young adults are avid Internet users. Online social media, such as social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, MySpace), blogs, status updating sites (e.g., Twitter) and chat rooms, have become integral parts of adolescents' and young adults' lives. Adolescents are even beginning to enter the world of online dating with several websites dedicated to "teenage online dating." This paper reviews recent peer-reviewed literature and national data on 1) adolescents use of online social media, 2) gender differences in online social media and 3) potential positive and negative health outcomes from adolescents' online social media use. We also examine parental monitoring of adolescents' online activities. Given that parental supervision is a key protective factor against adolescent risk-taking behavior, it is reasonable to hypothesize that unmonitored Internet use may place adolescents' at significant risk, such as cyberbullying, unwanted exposure to pornography, and potentially revealing personal information to sexual predators.
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The Impact of Instagram Use on Body Image Concerns among Iranian University Female Students: A Phenomenological Approach
Article
  • Sep 2016
Body image is how we mentally “see” our bodies and has both perceptual and attitudinal components and body image dissatisfaction is acknowledged as a pervasive problem experienced by a large proportion of society. The main scoping of this present work is to investigate the underlying processes between Instagram use and body image concerns. We used a qualitative study with phenomenological approach in this study and purposive sampling to recruit female students (n=12), were aged between 24 and 34. participants were recruited from university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Based upon the findings of this article, the studies show that there are three key themes around body image concerns among Iranian female students. These include: (a) changes in body appearance, (b) health and Beauty and (c) Instagram effects. Taken all, it can be concluded that the there is an essential need to promoting critically thinking among Iranian female students.
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INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN RURAL AREAS
Article
  • Jan 2017
With the developments in the field of technology, significant changes occurred in means of communication. Rapid extension of internet access across the world made it possible for people to communicate each other without time and space limitations. Especially the innovative Web 2.0 technologies, which evolved in the beginning of millennium, made people possible to create and share their own contents. Today, people in all age groups across the world increasingly use internet and social media for several purposes and this development opened the door for new research activities to scholars. Various studies showed that with some geographical and demographical differences, it could be said that internet usage was increasing rapidly in almost everywhere in the world. Based on the argument that internet and social media usage could vary across people with different demographical features, this study was conducted to understand social media and internet usage of secondary school students from three different schools located in rural areas of the city of Konya. Survey was applied to secondary school students whose ages differed from 10 to 15. The schools were in villages, located 37– 87 kilometers far from Konya’s city center. Data collected from students were analyzed with SPSS program. Students’ access to the internet, duration of their internet and social media usage, their social media preferences were interpreted in terms of demographical features and the educational background of the family of the students. No statistically significant relations were found between sex and internet usage, and between family’s education level and internet usage; however, statistically significant relations were found between sex and purpose of internet usage.
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The science of online dating
Article
  • Jan 2010
Can the application of science to unravel the biological basis of love complement the traditional, romantic ideal of finding a soul mate?
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