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Modulation of the intestinal microbiota by apple cider vinegar in rats subjected to cafeteria diet
Abstract
Background
Etiology of obesity is complex and multifactorial. The intestinal microbiota seems to play a major role in the development of this pathology. In addition, environmental factors can modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota and promote or prevent the development of metabolic abnormalities. Our previous work has shown that apple cider vinegar (ACV) improves the serum lipid profile in rats.
Purpose
This study aims to discern whether the ACV could modulate gut microbiota in Wistar rats subjected to a cafeteria diet.
Methods
Twenty-four male adult Wistar rats (145 ± 05 g) were split into 3 groups with 8 rats each: Group (1): received standard laboratory diet and served as a control. Groups (2) and (3) received cafeteria diet for 90 days. Group (3) was daily administered apple cider vinegar (7 mL/kg) by gavage. Anthropometric measurements (weight, body length, BMI) are performed on Day 0 and Day 90. At the end of the experiment, animals are sacrificed and the contents of the colon and feces are freshly collected under sterile conditions to verify their microbial quality by a microbiological study.
Results
Our results show that after 90 days of experimentation, the ACV supplementation leads to a highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) decrease in BMI in rats submitted to cafeteria-diet (0.56 ± 0.01 vs. 0.82 ± 0, 02). This is concomitant with a highly significant decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in Firmicutes (Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium) level both at the colon and feces. These results testify to the effect of the ACV on the Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our results indicate that administration of ACV for 12 weeks can modulate of body weight and gut microbiota in rats subjected to cafeteria-diet. This work can be a successful strategy for weight loss and obesity prevention.
... Bedsides the effects of polyphenols on blood glucose and lipid levels as well as liver and kidney functions as suggested above, it seems to be of growing interest whether polyphenols might modulate gut microbiota and thereby improve health [42,43]. Results from a study by Bouderbala et al. indicated that administrating AV for 12 weeks to rats fed a cafeteria diet can decrease BW by modulating gut microbiota [43]. ...
... Bedsides the effects of polyphenols on blood glucose and lipid levels as well as liver and kidney functions as suggested above, it seems to be of growing interest whether polyphenols might modulate gut microbiota and thereby improve health [42,43]. Results from a study by Bouderbala et al. indicated that administrating AV for 12 weeks to rats fed a cafeteria diet can decrease BW by modulating gut microbiota [43]. Additionally, evidence suggest that these interactions with gut microbiota may also modulate potential impacts on chronic disease risk, by improving insulin sensitivity and the blood lipid profile [42]. ...
... Of the 13 studies on humans included in this review, only three examined and reported adverse effects [7,42,43]. Hlebowicz et al. reported that one patient with T1DM had a higher frequency of hypoglycemic incidents due to delayed GER [7]. Johnston et al. found that 50-56% of participants consuming either AV or pickles reported at least one treatment-emergent adverse event at week 6 versus 11% of reference participants, although the reported frequency did not vary significantly between the groups (p = 0.11). ...
IntroductionApple vinegar (AV) has been proclaimed to have different health benefits, such as a weight loss, the ability to lower blood glucose levels, and reducing the risk of heart diseases. Studies on animals have demonstrated effects of AV consumption, deepening our knowledge of the beneficial effects and side effects.AimThe aims of this study were to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters and body weight in humans, furthermore, to evaluate the safety and side effects of ingesting AV, and additionally to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters, safety, and side effects of AV from studies performed on animals (mammals).MethodsA systematic literature search was performed. The databases PubMed (MEDLINE), PsycInfo (Ebsco), CINAHL (Ebsco), and Embase (Ovid) were searched for relevant articles. Primary outcomes were glycated hemoglobin, postprandial glucose, and synonyms for blood glucose. Secondary outcomes were waist circumference, visceral fat, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Studies performed on humans and animals were included. The included studies performed on humans were quality assessed for risk of bias using a version of the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.ResultsA total of 487 papers were identified in the literature search. Of these, 13 studies performed on humans and 12 studies performed on animals were included. There may be beneficial health effects from the consumption of AV. The risk of side effects when ingested in recommended quantities and in recommended ways seems inconsiderable.Conclusion
Due to inadequate research of high quality, the evidence for the health effects of AV is insufficient. Therefore, more large-scale, long-term clinical studies with a low risk of bias are needed before definitive conclusions can be made.
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