Contribution of the Parents’ Authoritarian Parenting to the Primary School Children Stress

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Contribution of the Parents’ Authoritarian Parenting
to the Primary School Children Stress
Wiwit Muhammad Husni
Yorgyakarta State University
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
wiwit.husni12@gmail.com
Wuri Wuryandani
Yogyakarta State University
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
wuri_wuryandani@uny.ac.id
Mardjuki
Yogyakarta State University
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
mardjuki@uny.ac.id
Abstract—Authoritarian parenting is one form of parenting
applied by parents in educating their children. Through
authoritarian parenting, parents have full authority in
determining the various actions that the child should perform.
Communication is a one-way walk that is parents to children.
Children are less likely to be given the opportunity to determine
what action to take on a self-made decision. These conditions are
considered to give negative pressure on the child. Responding to
the issue, this study aimed to determine the contribution of
parents authoritarian parenting to the stress of the fifth graders
of elementary school in the central area of Yogyakarta. This
study applied quantitative approach with correlational research
type. The sample of this research were 155 fifth graders from 6
elementary schools in the central area of Yogyakarta City. The
sampling technique used proportional random sampling. The
form of the scale instrument was used to collect the data. The
findings of this study were analyzed using Pearson product
moment then displayed in the form of statistical figures
supplemented with interpretation. The results show that
parents' authoritarian parenting style contributed to stress
raising in the fifth-grade elementary school students in
downtown Yogyakarta. Parents’ authoritarian parenting
contributes to stress in children by 37.9%, while the other 62.1%
is contributed by other factors. The parenting form of parents
by demanding the children to get a high score report into the
form of parents authoritarian parenting that most bring out
stress conditions in primary school children.
Keywords—parents’ authoritarian parenting, stress
I. INTRODUCTION
Parents’ Authoritarian parenting became one of the
important issues in the world of international education related
to the children development. Activity in educating children
with fully parental authority does not always have a good
impact on children. Based on research in one of the developed
Asian countries, Japan, shows that authoritarian parents have
negative effects on children's mental health [1]. Some
teenagers in Japan have poor mental health after being cared
for by parents with authoritarian parenting. Similar conditions
are also found in China, in the study [2] found that the
damaging effects of authoritarian parenting are mediated by
children's negative coping strategies, , which suggests that the
detrimental effects of authoritarian parenting may be
universal and that an authoritarian parenting style is relevant
to the development of aggressive behaviour in Chinese young
children. "
Poor mental development of children and aggressive
behaviour are possible to bring a bad impact on the social life
of children. In addition to the perceived mental stress, the child
also does not have sufficient opportunities to interact with
peers. This tends to exacerbate the mental condition of
children who are already under stress due to the authoritarian
attitude of the parents. The mental condition is possible
continue to occur as long as the parents still apply
authoritarian parenting to their children.
Previous research on the impact of parents' authoritarian
parenting on children needs follow-up. Although the study
explains that authoritarian parents have a negative impact on
the mental health of children, it has not been explained in
detail how much the contribution of parental authoritarian
parenting to the child's condition. Research findings tend to
focus on the differences in the impact of three types of
parenting, namely authoritative or democratic, authoritarian
and permissive. Respondents studied were confined to
adolescents.
Based on the results of the analysis of problems and
previous research reviews, researchers intend to review
further the contribution of parents authoritarian parenting to
stress in primary school children. Parental authoritarian
parenting contributions are the focus of this research and are
explained through numerical data. The amount contribution of
authoritarian parenting can provide a description of the impact
of authoritarian parenting scientifically. Parents’ authoritarian
parenting has certain characteristics that need to be studied
and researched. The results were expected to provide
information to the public about the characteristics of parents’
authoritarian parenting that had a negative impact on children.
The importance of discussion about parents authoritarian
parenting is due to childhood developmental tasks that
children do at their age. Developmental tasks in late childhood
(7-12 years), among others: 1) learning the physical skills
needed to play, 2) learning to get along with peers, 3)
developing inner words, morals and value scales; and 4)
developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions [3].
Less playing children grow into stiff, depressed, and stressful
children [4]. Stress that appears in children has a chance in
causing a change of state in the body that can be characterized
by two symptoms namely, physical symptoms and psychic
symptoms. Symptoms of physical disorders that often arise
are chest pain, diarrhoea, headache, nausea in the stomach,
heart palpitations, fatigue, easy sleeping and others.
Meanwhile, the symptoms of psychic disorder that often arise
are irritability, weak memory, difficulty concentrating,
difficulty completing tasks, impulsive behaviour, reduced
ability, unable to relax at the right time, not resistant to noise
Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
6th International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018)
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or other disturbance [5]. Thus, the authoritarian parenting
patterns of parents in educating children tend to provide
emotional stress in the form of stressful that results in hasty
conditions for the child.
Authoritarian Parenting Style is defined as a low-response,
highly demanding parenting style, characterized by strict
control and limited emotional support [3]. When parents show
a more authoritarian parenting style they tend to be more
demanding and directive with their children [6]. The
authoritarian style is reflected in a rigorous assessment of
attitudes and behaviour. The child is made to understand that
there are certain ways of behaving that must be obeyed;
otherwise, there will be consequences in the form of
punishment [2]. The authoritarian parent strives to make his
son obedient with all the instructions given by the parents, so
it can be said that the pattern of authoritarian parenting is a
parenting pattern that is identical to the form of parental
supervision to the child to obtain obedience and submission of
children [7]. Thus, authoritarian parenting generally can be
interpreted as a parenting pattern that shows the full authority
of the parent in managing all matters relating to the child
followed by the submission of the child.
The authoritarian family also emphasizes strength and
conformity; consequently creating an atmosphere in which
fear and anger predominate [8]. Children in authoritarian
families are expected to be seen and admired by the crowd.
The child's desire is not heard by the parents and the child
must obey the parents to do something like the parents want.
There is no room for negotiation, the rules are handed down
from the parent to the child and there is little allowance for
discussion or emotional openness [2]. Children are described
as parents as good and quiet children, and displayed by parents
as objects, not people. Parents tend to compete in showing the
superiority of their children than their friends, relatives,
neighbours, and anyone else associated with them [9]. Most of
the obedience and tranquillity of these children is their fear of
the demands and punishments parents will be given when
children disobey their parents. Although the child looks calm
in doing the parents 'wishes, the parents' authoritarian
parenting style provides a great deal of distress to the child and
this will be fatal to the child's development if it is going for a
long time.
Developmental conditions of children will be different if
getting parenting patterns that gives rights and demand
obligations on children in balance. Parents who are good at
nurturing and demanding are called dilatative or ideal parents,
whereas lowly parenting and demanding parents are classified
as negligent [7]. Authoritative parenting is also called
democratic parenting. Children living in an authoritative
family environment tend to receive the optimal balance
between parental care and persistence and, as a result, often
display the best behavioural, emotional, and psychological
adjustments. This style manifests in the control of family
conditions at a time of equal disagreement with guidance,
explanation, flexibility, openness to negotiation, tolerance and
acceptance of individuality [3]. Equal care and demands are
the main characteristics of authoritative parenting. By
contrast, authoritarian and permissive parents are the most
unbalanced, least committed parents, and found that their
children are the most incompetent and less well-conditioned
[10]. Authoritarian and permissive parents do not understand
the portion of child care and tutoring. As a result, the child
becomes difficult to cooperate with the willingness of parents.
Permissive parenting is the opposite of authoritarian
parenting. When comparing authoritarian parents with
permissive parents, the first is to be weak in building enabling
environments (such as physical and verbal affection, engaging
in the activities of their children), but they are obsessive in
creating a climate of demands (including monitoring and
setting limits) [7]. Permissive parents try to behave not to be
an acceptor, and to affirmative of the impulses, desires, and
actions of children. They make little demands for household
responsibilities and orderly behaviour. Permissive parent
authorities seek to direct children activities but rationally,
problem-oriented. These parenting patterns show a high
degree of responsiveness to children and low levels of child
obedience [3]. Conversely, authoritarian parents provide an
emotional environment different from the permissive home
environment, tend to be less appreciative of children.
Authoritarian parents seek to establish, control, and evaluate
the behaviour and attitudes of children according to a set of
behaviour standards, usually absolute standards, theologically
motivated and formulated by higher authorities [1]. Therefore,
permissive parents tend to spoil their children, obey the wishes
of the child and provide many opportunities for children to
show their potential, but lack the firmness in cracking down
on children.
Authoritarian parents can be identified through the
characteristics of authoritarian parenting. Authoritarian
parenting has special characteristics that distinguish it from
other parenting patterns. A Research [9] found that the main
features of the authoritarian personality described can be
understood through four criteria that include, 1) power
orientation, 2) dichotomous concepts, 3) emotional and
intellectual violence, and 4) authoritarian submissions .
Authoritarianism consists of high demands and strict
enforcement without democratic support and caution and
parental or cautious support, while "authoritative" consists of
high demands and law enforcement with democratic gifts and
support while at the same time encouraging children's
independence, and parents support [1]. The lack of democratic
attitudes and support for the wishes of the child becomes the
main characteristic that is easily observed in an authoritarian
parenting style.
The application of authoritarian parenting also has a
different form with authoritative and permissive parenting.
The form of parents’ authoritarian parenting includes all
aspects of the activities undertaken by the child. The scope of
children education included in the world of children which
most get authoritarian parental treatment [11]. The forms of
authoritarian parental attitudes toward their children in the
field of education are, firstly, parents have high ideals towards
their children, so parents give orders to their children to
achieve such goals parents want. Second, parents often force
their children to read or learn things to attract the attention of
parents. Third, the children should get high scores in their
report book, the child must be able to play music, and so forth.
In accordance with that statement, [3] the characteristics of
parental authoritarian attitudes include: 1) all things related to
children arranged by parents, 2) children are always dependent
on parents, and 3) children have power creativity is low
because of the restrictions in thinking and behaving.
Authoritarian parents tend to rule the child to do everything
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the parent wants on the ground that the child can reach many
achievements or become someone the parent wants.
Implementation of parental authoritarian parenting that is
not in accordance with the wishes of children can adversely
affect the child. The negative effects of parents’ authoritarian
parenting are more dominant than positive ones. The research
findings in [1] explain that parents’ authoritarian parenting has
many negative effects on later child mental health. Supporting
the findings of the study in [12], it is mentioned that parents'
authoritarian parenting has a negative impact on children,
among others: 1) the child feels the loss of his personality by
being forced to follow the wishes of his parents, 2) the child
has feelings of hate against the parents , 3) the child becomes
deprived of enthusiasm, and 4) the child's learning motivation
changes, the child learns not because of his plans and desires
anymore, but merely because of his obedience to the parents.
Furthermore, in [11] the impacts arising from the parenting
authoritarian parenting of children's education are: 1) the child
may not be happy because his or her direction and purpose are
not his or her own; 2) children who are less able to realize the
wishes of their parents to feel depressed; 3) the child can
develop into an awkward child in association, always tense,
worried, indecisive and even unstable; 4) while studying in
school, children easily run to cheat, do dishonesty, rebel
against their parents in secret, or become an apathetic child; 5)
the child will have feelings of inferiority, and lose self-
confidence and 6) the child does not dare to take responsibility
because since childhood is used to fear and obedience to
parents. The negative impact of parents’ authoritarian
parenting is dominant in the deteriorating mental condition of
children such as feeling depressed, worried, tense, fearful, low
self-esteem, loss of confidence and apathy.
Various literature reviews suggest that authoritarian
parenting is associated with stress that appears in children.
Based on the review of various literatures, this study was
conducted with the aim to examine the contribution of parents'
authoritarian parenting to stress in primary school children.
The amount of contribution on parental authoritarian
parenting can provide a clear picture of the impact of
authoritarian parenting patterns scientifically. The amount of
data on parents' authoritarian parenting contributions to stress
on the child will be useful as important information for
education and parents specifically to formulate the best
parenting pattern that should be given to the child.
The rest of this paper is organized as follow: Section II
describes proposed research method of this work. Section III
presents the obtained results and following by discussion in
section IV. Finally, Section V concludes this work.
II. PROPOSED METHOD
This study used a quantitative approach. In quantitative
research, it is necessary to identify a research problem based
on trends in the field or the need to explain why something
happened [13]. Quantitative methods involve some form of
numerical measurement [14]. This study tries to reveal the
relationship of two variables or called correlational research
[15]. Research is done by researching specific populations or
samples, collecting data, using instruments, analysing data to
test predefined hypotheses. Collecting data methods used
survey methods to obtain data from a certain place that is
natural (not artificial) by giving some treatment on the object
of research [16]. Surveys rely on individuals’ self-reports of
their knowledge, attitudes, or behaviours [17]. Research
sampling used proportional random sampling technique,
taking samples from each sub population by considering the
size of some sub populations in random [18]. In this study, the
researcher tried to describe the relationship between parents’
authoritarian parenting patterns with stress using data taken
and obtained from the respondents in the form of numbers.
The population included in this research is the fifth graders
of elementary school with the number of 284 students
scattered in one area which is located in the central of
Yogyakarta city. The Samples that were taken in this study as
many as 155 students from the total population of 284 students
spread across six elementary schools, both public and private.
Collecting data techniques that used in this research are
Scale. Scale is a set of numerical values assigned to a subject,
object or behaviour with the aim of measuring properties [19].
The scale is used in the form of rating scale. Tool to collect
data in the form of scale contains statements that must be
answered by the respondent. Scale is an efficient collecting
data technique when researchers know with certainty the
variables to be measured, how to measure the variables and
know what can be expected from the respondents. In making
the scale of measured items can come from a population or
sample. In behavioural or educational research items that are
measured usually emphasize more on items derived from the
research sample [20].
In this study the scale is used on one independent variable
(independent) namely the authoritarian attitude of parents, and
one dependent variable (dependent) that is stress. Thus, the
technique of collecting data of all variables using a scale.
Scale validity is tested using content validity. The meaning
of the content validity is the extent to which the elements in a
measuring instrument are really relevant and are
representations of the constants corresponding to the purpose
of measurement [17]. Technically, the content validity testing
is assisted by using the instrument grille. To test the validity
of more instrument items, it should be consulted with experts,
to be tested and analysed by item analysis [21].
Implementation of empirical test instrument in this research
was conducted in one primary school outside the research area
that is still located in downtown Yogyakarta with the fifth
class respondents as many as 30 students. Based on the results
of the instrument test, obtained a number of 22 items of valid
30 items of statement items on the parental authoritarian
attitude variable. Meanwhile, on the stress variable, obtained
a number of 28 items of valid items from 30 items of the tested
statements.
After instrument validity is obtained, then the next step is
to calculate instrument reliability. Reliability is calculated
using the alpha Cronbach formula. The results of the trial to
measure the reliability of the parental authoritarian attitude
showed an alpha value of 0.914. Thus, the parental
authoritarian parental attitude variable instrument can be said
to be very reliable, or has a very high reliability because 0.914
≥ 0.6. The results of the trial to measure students' stress show
an alpha value of 0.915. Thus, it can be said that the stress
variable instrument that has been tested is very reliable, or has
a very high reliability because 0.915 ≥ 0.6.
Data analysis starts from prerequisite analysis test. Test
Prerequisite analysis consists of test data normality. Normality
N
Valid
155
Missing
0
Mean
63,15
Std. Error of Mean
,825
Median
64,00
Mode
64
Std. Deviation
10,265
Variance
105,378
Minimum
36
Maximum
88
Sum
9789
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test data in this study was conducted using Kolmogorov-
Smirnov. The data is said to be normally distributed when the
sig value or significance is greater (>) than 0.05, and the data
is not normally distributed if the sig value or significance is
less (<) of 0.05. The result of normality test showed that the
parental authoritarian parent variable has a number of 0.301
and for the stress variable has a number of 0.630. Thus, it can
be concluded that parents' authoritarian parenting data and
stress are normally distributed because the calculation results
show larger numbers (>) than 0.05 (see Table I).
TABLE I. INTERPRETATION OF CORRELATION STRENGTH
III. RESULTS
Data obtained from the scale that has been spread to the
respondent, then analyzed based on the total score. The results
of data analysis show various forms of information about
parents’ authoritarian parenting data. The results of the
complete parents’ authoritarian parenting data descriptions are
listed in the following table.
After the data passed through the prerequisite analysis test,
the data is then processed in the hypothesis test using a simple
correlation test. A simple correlation test is calculated using
the Pearson Product Moment formula The calculation results
of SPSS show simple correlation (r) and significance (sig)
values. Furthermore, the value of significance is compared
with the value of p = 0.05. If the value of significance value is
smaller (<) than 0.05, then there is a significant correlation
between independent variables (X) with dependent (Y).
Meanwhile, for the interpretation of the strength of the
relationship refers to the table below [25], see Table II.
TABLE II. PARENT AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING DATA STATISTICS
The highest score of parents’ authoritarian parenting
variables obtained is 76 of the highest possible score of 88.
The lowest score of 29 from the lowest possible score is 22.
The analysis results obtained the average value or mean of
51.37; median value of 51; frequent values or modes of 52;
and the standard deviation of 10.101. The results of the
description of the complete stress data are contained in the
following table.
The highest score of stress variables obtained is 83 of the
highest score that may be achieved by 112. The lowest score
obtained by 36 from the lowest score that may be achieved for
22. The analysis results obtained average value or mean of
59.14; median value of 58; often emerging values or modes
of 59; and the standard deviation of 10.798.
The result of the relationship between parents’
authoritarian parenting with stress was obtained the amount of
correlation coefficient number (recount) by 0.616. Correlation
coefficient is positive . The number of significance by 0.000
(0,000 <0.05), meaning there is a significant relationship
between the authoritarian attitude of parents with stress. Based
on the analysis, it can be concluded that there is a positive and
significant relationship between parental authoritarian
parenting with the stress of the fifth grade students of
elementary school in the central area of Yogyakarta City.
These results indicate that there is a contribution of parental
authoritarian parenting to stress.
To know the contribution of parents’ authoritarian
parenting to stress, can be checked through the number of
rhitung obtained by 0.616 with positive correlation
coefficient. The correlation coefficient number of 0.616
indicates that the relationship between parental authoritarian
parenting with stress is strong. The contribution of
authoritarian parenting to stress is determined based on the
coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.379. These figures show
that parents’ authoritarian parenting contributes to the stress
of students at 37.9%, while the other 62.1% is contributed by
other factors. Thus, parental authoritarian parenting can be
said to contribute strongly to stressing the child, in this case
particularly the fifth grader of elementary school.
IV. DISCUSSION
Data on the field shows that parenting patterns that
demand full adherence to children have a great opportunity to
bring stress conditions in children. This fact indicates that
authoritarian parenting has a character that is not appropriate
and difficult to be accepted by children. It was found [6] in the
research that when parents show a more authoritarian
parenting style, they tend to be more demanding and directive
with their children. Parents tend not to hesitate to give orders
that are considered to be done by the child. The child is
deemed not to have sufficient knowledge to select, perform,
and pursue the various activities he needs; so that parents feel
the need to take preventive action as early as possible so that
children do not act wrong. High parental worry is able to raise
a lack of confidence in the child's abilities, causing parents to
feel the need to regulate their attitudes and actions.
Authoritarian parenting of children in the family
environment is closely related to the social background and
knowledge of parents. The study found [4] that parents with
relatively higher levels of work and education are more likely
to use authoritative practices and tend not to resort to
authoritarian practice in child care. The difference in the level
of parental insight will be followed by differences in the level
of authoritarian education towards his son. Therefore, the
authoritarian form of education which is shown to the child
will be different in each family. Various forms of parental
authoritarian parenting are: 1) having high ideals for their
Interval Coefficient
Level of Correlation
0,00 – 0,199
Very Low
0,20 – 0,399
Low
0,40 – 0,599
Middle
0,60 – 0,799
Strong
0,80 – 0,100
Very Strong
N
Valid
155
Missing
0
Mean
51,61
Std. Error of Mean
,808
Median
51,00
Mode
52a
Std. Deviation
10,056
Variance
101,122
Minimum
29
Maximum
76
Sum
8000
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children, 2) suppressing their children to read or learn things
to attract parents' attention, and 3) demanding that children get
high scores in the report book and can play music [11]. This
form of authoritarian parenting is a form of parenting that is
often encountered in authoritarian families. This study
attempts to explore the dominant pattern of parenting adopted
by authoritarian parents. Based on the data obtained in the
field, the form of parenting by “demanding a child get a high
score report” into the most selected form of parents’
authoritarian parenting by respondents as the cause that bring
out stress condition in children compared to other parents
authoritarian parenting forms.
The data shows that parents have high demands on
children, especially in education. The world of education is
becoming the world most occupied by children, so
authoritarian parents exert their full attention on children's
education. High parental expectations of child report books
indicate that parents want their children able to have
competitiveness in the classroom with other children.
Children are required to be able to get high repetition value,
achievement in school or outside school. The high chance of
children competing in schools stimulates parents to demand
that their children compete with each other in order to gain
recognition that their children have an edge. A finding [9]
explains that authoritarian parents tend to compete in
demonstrating the superiority of their children over their
friends, relatives, neighbours, and whoever relates to them.
Thus, many parents are flocking to put their children into
educational institutions outside the school in the hope that
children are getting smarter. Various ways are willing to be
taken by authoritarian parents so that their children are able to
excel in the classroom.
In its implementation, authoritarian parents often exercise
high levels of supervision over activities or actions by the
child. Every action a child undertakes is required to match the
expectations of the parents. It was found [1
] that parents seek to shape, control, and evaluate children's
behaviour and attitudes according to a set of behaviour
standards. Behaviour and attitude that do not match the wishes
of parents will try to eliminate parents in various ways, either
verbally or through punishment. There are parents who are not
tired of giving comments to children and some are giving
immediate punishment when the child is against the wishes of
parents. Strength and conformity is greatly emphasized;
consequently creating an atmosphere in which fear and anger
predominate [9]. When the child is filled with stress, it will be
bad for his mental condition.
The impact of parents authoritarian parenting cannot be
underestimated. This is because the condition of children who
are experiencing growing and development. At this time,
children really need a variety of good nutrition for growth,
stimulation and a good response from the family environment,
school, and community. If at this stage the child is given great
pressure, undesirable activity, and various forms of
suppression; then most likely the child will experience
problems or disorders in its growth and development.
It was found [] that authoritarian parents had various
negative effects on children's mental health later. The child
can be exposed to mental degradation due to fear and distress
experienced. The negative impacts that could arise include: 1)
the child feels the loss of his personality by being forced to
follow the wishes of his parents, 2) the child has feelings of
hatred towards parents, 3) the child becomes depressed, and
4) the child's learning motivation is changing, the child learns
not because plans and desires again, but solely because of his
obedience to the parents [12]. Furthermore, authoritarian
parenting can make the child feel unhappy, the child is
depressed, the child becomes awkward in the social, the child
is easy to do bad deeds in secret, the child is not confident, and
the child dare not take responsibility [11]. It can be said that
the negative impact of parents’ authoritarian parenting is very
dominant to create mental degradation in children.
Meanwhile In other findings, the negative impact of
authoritarian parenting actually also makes children act more
aggressively against the authoritarian parents. It was found
[1] that the influence of authoritarian parenting on child
aggressive behaviour is mediated by negative coping
strategies of children. The way authoritarian parents treat their
children, both from the way they speak and act, and then
imitated by their children. The child finds it fair to do the same
thing that the parents do even if it is rude to others. The result
is the child has the courage to take aggressive actions against
the parents to oppose the parent's orders, such as snapping,
crying, fighting with blows, running away from home, and so
on.
The impacts arising from the parents’ authoritarian
parenting that experts have suggested are forms of psychic
stress symptoms. The symptoms of psychic disorder that often
arise are irritability, weak memory, difficulty concentrating,
difficulty completing tasks, impulsive behaviour, diminished
ability, unable to relax at the right time, cannot stand the sound
or other disturbances, and uncontrollable emotions [14]. Thus,
it can be analysed that the consequences arising from parents’
authoritarian parenting have conformity to the symptoms that
arise during stress. Symptoms that can be observed is the form
of psychic symptoms that can be raised through the behaviour
of children. If the parents act authoritarian to the child, then
the child may experience symptoms of stress. The symptoms
of stress that appear is a symptom of stress that is not good or
called distress. The higher parents’ authoritarian parenting
pattern toward the child will be followed by an increase in
stress conditions in the child.
Based on the results of correlation calculations and
analysis of the opinions of experts above, it can be concluded
that there are parents’ authoritarian parenting contribute to
bring out stress condition in the fifth grade primary school
students in the central area of Yogyakarta. Authoritarian
parenting is able to contribute 37.9% to the emergence of
stress in elementary school children. The parenting form of
parents by “demanding the children to get a high score report”
into the form of parents authoritarian parenting that most bring
out stress conditions in primary school children. Nevertheless,
the calculation results have not fully represent the condition of
the respondents in the field. That is, the contribution figures
authoritarian parenting of child stress is still likely to rise if
followed up with more mature research.
Limitations in the study in this study is the scale of the
content that has not been maximized, so it provides the
response results that have not been exactly as the researchers
expected. Students as respondents also need to be given a
gradual understanding so that students are able to provide the
maximum response. When students are able to respond well,
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it will get the real data that represents the real conditions of
the students.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research is not an easy research because it takes a lot
of time and parties involved, so researcher really want to thank
to many parties who have helped researcher in completing this
research. This study is dedicated to the education department
as additional data about child psychology in educational
practice. Many thanks also researcher say to teachers and
students who have volunteered to assist researcher in data
collection during the research process. Researcher hope, the
results obtained data can provide important information for
the world of education, so it can be a consideration for
education department in making education policy.
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