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Sulfur Fertilization and Sulfur Sufficiency Range for Contemporary Cotton Cultivars with High Yielding Potentials
Abstract
Information is lacking on sulfur (S) nutrition characteristics of contemporary cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars and their responses to S fertilization in the United States. The objective of this study was to develop S fertilizer recommendations and S sufficiency ranges for contemporary cotton cultivars with high yielding potentials. Sixteen field trials were conducted on cotton across west Tennessee during 2014–2016. Five S application rates of 0, 11.2, 22.4, 33.6, 44.8 kg ha⁻¹ were examined in a randomized complete block design with four replicates at each location-year. Lint yield was significantly increased by 8.5–9.8% with S applications of 11.2, 22.4, 33.6, 44.8 kg ha⁻¹ in the soils with low S. Soil residual S level after harvest was significantly enhanced only at the highest rate of 44.8 kg S ha⁻¹. However, lint yield or soil residual S did not respond to S application in the medium S soils. Leaf S concentrations of 3.9–8.2 g kg⁻¹ at late bloom were needed for 95–100% of the highest yield in the low S soils, which were different from the current S sufficiency range of 3.0–9.0 g kg⁻¹ being used in diagnosing cotton S nutrition. In conclusion, application of 11.2 kg S ha⁻¹ is beneficial and adequate for cotton grown on low S soils. The S sufficiency range at late bloom was narrower for contemporary cotton cultivars than conventional cotton varieties. Sulfur management needs to be more accurate for contemporary cotton cultivars due to their narrower S sufficiency range.
... This decline reflects the changes in sulfur emissions and atmospheric deposition trends during the specified time frame. Sulfur deficiencies have become more prevalent due to high crop yield that exploits the natural sulfur sources (Yu et al. 2019). ...
The purpose of this article is to provide information to cotton farmers, Extension agents, and crop consultants about the symptoms of sulfur deficiency, the various sources of sulfur, and its interaction with changing rates of other major nutrients such as nitrogen. Written by Hardeep Singh, Ethan Carter, Lakesh Sharma, Sudeep Sidhu, and Peter Omara, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, November 2023.
Major sulphur compounds in plants include amino acids methionine and cysteine, vitamins thiamine and biotin and others of value from the viewpoint of human health, such as aliin (a precursor of alicin), glucisinolates (GSL), glutathione (GSH) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). Of these, methionine and thymine are essential nutrients and humans must obtain these from plant foods. Although cysteine is not an essential amino acid, its derivative - Acetylcystein or N-acetylesystein - is used for the treatment of paracetamol toxicity, mucolytic (mucus dissolving) therapy, acute renal failure and psychiatric disorders. In recent years, the plant food that has received most attention is garlic, responsible for the production of alicin, which is credited for preventing cardiovascular disorders. Similarly, vegetables from the family Brassicae, such as, broccoli, cabbage and turnip rape have gained attention due to the presence of glucosinolates, which are reported to be useful in curing cancer. Glutathionate (GSH) pool is important in preventing diseases where increased oxidative stresses are implicated or where there is protein-energy malnutrition seen as a secondary manifestation, such as in AIDS, cancer, burns, chronic- digestive diseases and alcoholism. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is used for treating arthritis. Since plants obtain their sulphur from soil, adequate sulphur fertilization can play an important role in producing plant products with higher amounts of S-compounds, but there have been very few agronomic studies on this subject. The main objective of this review is to emphasize the need for such studies in India, especially in view of the fact that about 42% soils are deficient in sulphur.
Total sulfur data of various agricultural and food items from the lab of the author, have been compiled to develop an understanding of sulfur levels and ecological cycling in Austria. As sulfur level is not an included factor among the quality criteria of soil and fertilizer composition, the database is rather small. Problems in analytical determinations of total sulfur, in particular digestions, are outlined. As a protein component, sulfur is enriched in matrices of animal origin, in particular in egg white. There is substantial excretion from animals and man via urine. Organic fertilizers (manures, composts) might contribute significantly to the sulfur budget of soils, which is important for organic farming of crops with high sulfur needs. For soils, drainage is a main route of loss of soluble sulfate, thus pot experiments may yield unrealistic sulfur budgets.
Effects of sulfur on photosynthesis in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L. cv. F58-554H1) were studied by inducing sulfur deficiency and determining changes in the photosynthesis of whole attached leaves and of isolated chloroplasts. The rates of photosynthetic CO(2) uptake by intact leaves, photoreduction of ferricyanide, cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation of isolated chloroplasts, and the rate of CO(2) assimilation by ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, decreased with decrease in total leaf sulfur from 2500 to about 500 mug g(-1) dry weight. Sulfur deficiency reduced photosynthesis through an effect on chlorophyll content, which decreased linearly with leaf sulfur, and by decreasing the rate of photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll. There was only a small effect of sulfur deficiency on stomatal diffusion resistance to CO(2) until leaf sulfur decreased below 1000 mug g(-1) when stomatal resistance became a more significant proportion of the total diffusion resistance to CO(2). Light respiration rates were positively correlated with photosynthesis rates and dark respiration was unchanged as leaf sulfur concentrations declined.
Field experiments on sulphur fertilization in cotton cultivar CIM-109 were carried out at Central Cotton Research Institute Multan, Pakistan, in silty loam soils. The treatments consisted of four sulphur doses (0, 7, 14, 28 kg ha -1) and two sulphur sources (gypsum and ammonium sulphate). Sulphur fertilization showed significant increase in seed cotton yield, boll number and boll weight. The addition of 7 kg S ha-1 seemed sufficient to overcome deficiency in silty loam soils for optimum cotton production. There were no differences in seed cotton yield due to sulphur sources. The petiole sulphate-sulphur concentration increased with increasing doses of sulphur fertilizer. The concentration of SO4-S > 2000 ppm seemed sufficient for normal cotton growth and optimum seed cotton yield.
Cotton acreage in the Coastal Plain of the Southeast has increased in recent years. The soils in this region are sandy and typically have a low retention capacity for sulfate S. A 3-yr (1993-1995) field test was conducted in south Alabama on a Lucy loamy sand (loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Kandiudults) to evaluate the response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to the source, rate, and timing of S fertilizer applications. Sulfur was broadcast preplant as either ammonium sulfate, elemental S, potassium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, or K-Mg-sulfate at rates of 0, 10, 20 and 40 lb S/acre. Additionally, ammonium sulfate was applied at first square to evaluate timing effects. Lint yields were increased each year and they peaked at a rate of approximately 20 lb S/acre on this Lucy in soil. Averaged across sources, 20 lb S/acre increased lint yields by an average of 21% as compared with the no S check treatment. Lint yields were not affected by time of S application in 1993 or 1995, but a preplant application of S increased yield compared with S applied at first square in 1994. The response to time of S application was attributed to heavy rainfall that was received soon after the first square application of S. Sources of S did not affect lint yield in 1993 or 1995, but ammonium sulfate and K-Mg-sulfate produced slightly higher yields than those of other sources in 1994, an extremely wet growing season. Lint quality, as measured by high volume instrumentation (HVI), was not affected by any S treatment in 1993 or 1994. In 1995, fiber length increased with S rate, but the differences among sources were inconsistent. Results of this test suggest that cotton produced on sandy Coastal Plain soils that are low in S may require annual applications of 20 lb S/acre to ensure high yields. The S should be applied preplant, although delaying application to first square should not limit yields. For lint production, differences amoug commercial S fertilizer sources should be minimal.
Background
The quantity/quality of essential-oils in plants is influenced by different factor such as genetic-causes, agricultural-practices and environmental-conditions like nutrient-availability. Macronutrients e.g. sulfur (S) are one of the great factors that influence the plant growth/development. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the effect of S-fertilization on the essential-oil composition and antioxidant-activity of Satureja hortensis L.ResultsApplication of 0.05 g S kg−1 soil increased the amount of α-terpinene, p-cymene, myrcene, α-thujene and α-pinene but decreased γ-terpinene. Application of 0.05 g S kg−1 soil was the most suitable for higher percentage of α-terpinene, p-cymene, myrcene, α-thujene and α-pinene, whereas application of 0.1 g S kg−1 soil was preferable for carvacrol. The γ-terpinene was mainly produced in control. Considerable amounts of inhibitory-effects observed from 0.720 g L−1 in control to 0.363 g L−1 with application of 0.1 g S kg−1 soil. Maximum antioxidant effect was observed with application of 0.1 g S kg−1 soil.Conclusion
Results revealed that addition of chemical-fertilizers such as S could improve the antioxidant-activity of plant extract, significantly. Storage of secondary-plant-metabolite mainly essential-oil, is an interesting research area, therefore, further studies is recommended to determine the effect of chemical-fertilizers on essential-oil-composition and antioxidant-activity of other aromatic-plants.
Sulfur deficiencies have increasingly occurred in crops due to declined use of S-bearing fertilizers and reduced atmospheric S deposition. A field trial was conducted on an S-and Zn-deficient soil at Jackson, TN in 2007-2010, to evaluate cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and fiber quality responses to S and Zn applications. Sulfur treatments of 0, 11, 22, and 34 kg S ha(-1) were broadcast before planting. Zinc treatments of 0 and 0.29 kg Zn ha(-1) were foliar applied at matchhead square. Soil S levels were increased by applying 34 kg S ha-1 in 3 out of 4 yr. Leaf S concentrations were increased by S applications. Application of 22 or 34 kg S ha(-1) increased lint yields by 8 to 9% and micronaire by 4 to 5% averaged over the three normal growing seasons (2008-2010). Foliar Zn treatments had no significant effect on leaf Zn levels or lint yields and quality. A container-grown cotton trial was also conducted to study effects of S deficiency on yield components. Plants were fed nutrient solutions with high or low S concentrations. The low S treatment reduced leaf S concentration but tended to increase leaf concentrations of other nutrients. Seedcotton per plant was reduced by S deficiency in 3 of 4 yr, with fewer bolls per plant and fewer locules per boll. Results indicate that application of 22 to 34 kg S ha(-1) may be beneficial for no-till cotton on soils testing low for S in Tennessee and similar environments.
A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field in Mollisols of TARAI soils in Uttarakhand (India), to assess the direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization in wheat-soybean cropping sequence. Four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha−1) were applied to main crop (wheat) along with recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). The direct and residual effect of sulfur at highest level showed 27 and 6 percent increase in grain yield of wheat and soybean over control, respectively. The increase in grain yield of wheat was significant at each sulfur level. The direct as well as residual effect of sulfur showed significant increase in sulfur concentration and its uptake by grain and straw except increase in sulfur concentration and uptake by soybean straw. In wheat-soybean cropping sequence, the agronomic efficiency and apparent sulfur recovery decreased with increase in levels of sulfur, but the percent response increased with increasing sulfur application. Different forms of sulfur such as total sulfur, organic sulfur, calcium chloride extractable sulfur, potassium dihydrogen phosphate extractable sulfur, and non-sulfate sulfur in post-harvest soil increased according to sulfur level applied but it decreased under control and also after residual crops. The buildup of sulfur in surface soils was greater than in the deeper soils. Application of sulfur showed the positive sulfur balance and it increased with increase in sulfur level, while it was negative under control. A major portion (46–62%) of applied sulfur contributed to increase in sulfur content of root zone soil followed by unaccounted component (25–40%) and small portion (11–18%) was absorbed by wheat plant as uptake.
The objectives of this study were to modify the Mehlich 2 (M2) extractant to include Cu among the extractable nutrients, retain or enhance the wide range of soils for which it is suitable and minimize it's corrosive properties. The substitution of nitrate for chloride anions and the addition of EDTA accomplished those objectives. The new extracting solution, already designated Mehlich 3 (M3) is composed of 0.2N CH3COOH‐0.25N NH4N03‐0.015NNH4F‐0.013NHN03‐0.001M EDTA. Extractions from 105 soils using M3, M2, Bray 1 (Bl) and Ammonium Acetate (AA) were compared to evaluate the new extractant. The quantity of F extracted by M3 exceeded that by M2 20% and that by Bl 4% but the results from all extractions were highly correlated. Extractions of both K and Mg by M3 were 6–8% higher than those by AA and 3–4% higher than those by M2, but, again, there was high correlation among methods. Addition of EDTA increased Cu extractions by 170%, Mn by 50% and Zn by 25%. Cu extractions by M3 correlated with those from the Mehlich‐Bowling method. High correlations between Mn, as well as Zn, extracted by M3 and M2 were shown.
to 15 cm, 33% at 30 to 45 cm, and 31% at 45- to 60-cm depths. Ritchey and de Sousa (1997) measured the amount Sulfur deficiency symptoms are more often observed in crops at of SO4-S in two Cerrado soils and recorded values of early stages of growth since S can be easily leached from the surface soil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate some of the popular 5t o 10 mg SO 4-S kg 1 at 0 to 15 cm and 40 to 45 mg rotation crops grown in Brazil for tolerance to low external S levels kg1 at 45- to 60-cm depths. Sulfur deficiency symptoms and to determine the critical tissue concentration for S deficiency more commonly occur at early stages of growth in fields during early stages of growth. Germinated seedlings of soybean (Gly- but disappear at later stages once roots reach deeper cine max (L.) Merr.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), layers of soil where there is substantial amount of accu- field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), mulated S. McClung et al. (1959) examined six Brazilian cotton (Gossypium spp.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), and sun- red-yellow podzolic soils and showed that the organic flower (Helianthus annuus L.) were transferred to water culture with S concentration in the A-horizon soils decreased to one- 0.0 to 32.0 mg S L -1 and were grown for 29 d. The minimum S concen- third over 20 yr of cropping. Presently, increased yields tration required in nutrient solutions was 2.0 mg L 1 for sunflower; may accelerate this tendency. Nuttall and Ukrainetz 1.0 mg L 1 for cotton, sorghum, wheat, and soybean; and 0.5 mg L 1
Crops, as the basic source of essential substances and nutrients, do not always contain sufficient amounts of these essential nutrients to meet dietary requirements. In this review paper, we discussed the effects of fertilization and other agronomic measures on the nutritional quality of cereal, oilseed and protein crops, tuber plants and vegetables. Research indicates that application of N, P, K and S fertilizers generally increases crop yield as well as nutritional quality. For example, fertilizer increased protein concentration in cereals and pulses, oil concentration in oilseed crops, starch concentration in tubers, and concentration of essential amino acids and vitamins in vegetables. However, excessive fertilizer application, especially N fertilizer, can result in undesirable changes such as increases in nitrate, titratable acidity and acid to sugar ratio, while decreasing the concentration of vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble solids, and Mg and Ca in some crops. Other agronomic measures, such as tillage and crop rotation, organic farming, soil moisture management, and crop breeding and genetic engineering can also have a large effect on food crop quality, though the potential benefits of these measures for improving crop quality has not been fully exploited. Research literature on this subject suggests that more information is needed in order to achieve an increase in the concentration of essential microelements, prevent accumulation of toxic levels of elements such as Cu, Mo, Zn, Ni, Se and nitrate, and other dangerous or toxic substances and elements in crops. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Increased food production in West Africa must be linked to increased fertilizer use. However, the increased use of the high analysis sulfur-free materials currently available in the region will lead to increased incidence of sulfur (S) deficiency. In order to determine the S fertilizer requirements of major cereal crops, and compare the fate and efficiency of alternative S sources, experiments were conducted at six sites in semiarid and subhumid West Africa from 1985–1988. Sulfur fertilizers increased grain yields from 10% to 65% (200 to 2000 kg/ha) in 14 out of 20 site-years (at 5 out of 6 sites). Maximum response was generally obtained with only 5–10 kg S/ha. Both powdered (–60 mesh S0) and granular (S0-fortified TSP) elemental S sources were usually as effective as sulfate sources (gypsum or SSP). The residual effectiveness of S0, however, was superior to that of sulfate at most sites. Sulfur-35 balances demonstrated substantial leaching and low crop recovery (5%–10% of S applied) of fertilizer S. Up to 50% of the applied S was lost from sulfate sources, whereas 0 sources. Although S0 sources were at least as effective as sulfate sources, the low S rates required suggest that S deficiencies in the region can be corrected at relatively low cost with sulfate-containing fertilizers, provided they can be supplied at more appropriate nutrient ratios.
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