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An overview of third-generation wireless personal communications: A European perspective
Abstract
An overview of third-generation wireless personal communications
is presented, and the challenges to meet its demands are examined. At
the ITU level, the third generation is known as IMT-2000. In Europe, the
third generation of wireless personal communications is known as UMTS.
Special attention has been paid in giving a brief description of the
research and development, standardization, and regulatory activities.
The UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA) concept is presented. The
different ACTS projects involved in making UMTS a success are introduced
... The first generation of wireless systems was developed during the late 1960s and early 1970s by several different groups across the globe [1][2][3][4][5]. However, their commercial deployment did not occur until the late 1970s and early 1980s. ...
... Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for GSM and Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) for IS136, have begun providing data rates over the range of 50 to 100 Kbps [3,8,14,15]. Multiple Access 2000 (cdma2000), will support a much wider range of services due to significant improvements in radio resource protocols [3,14,16]. ...
... Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for GSM and Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) for IS136, have begun providing data rates over the range of 50 to 100 Kbps [3,8,14,15]. Multiple Access 2000 (cdma2000), will support a much wider range of services due to significant improvements in radio resource protocols [3,14,16]. They will also enable higher bitrates (up to 2 Mbps). ...
... 5. Integrate the UMTS GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) protocol into the WLAN nodes to ensure proper Authorization and Access Control into the UMTS network. 6. Integrate the UMTS Session Management (SM) protocol into the WLAN nodes in order to provide a common data session that is independent of the radio access network. ...
... 3G is a term coined by the global cellular community to indicate the next generation of mobile service capabilities, including higher capacity and enhanced network functionalities. The goal of 3G wireless systems is to provide wireless data service with data rates of 144 to 384 kbps in wide coverage areas, and 2 Mbps in local coverage areas [5] [6]. Possible applications include wireless web-based access, email, as well as video teleconferencing and multimedia services consisting of mixed voice and data streams. ...
... The ITU IMT-2000 standards are being developed with input from regional standards organizations, including the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in the United States, the Association of Radio Industry and Business (ARIB) in Japan, and the Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) in Korea. These regional organizations have proposed IMT-2000 standards that take into account regional concerns such as evolution from existing 2G systems, and current allocation of frequency spectrum [6]. ...
... Wideband CDMA technology is being proposed for third-generation wireless personal communications [1,2,3,4]. A wide range of services will be provided by these systems, with the key being a unified radio infrastructure. ...
... The interest in CDMA systems with different data rates and unequal code lengths is growing. Of particular relevance is the development of third generation PCS systems, which hope to provide a wide range of data rates with variable quality of service [2,4,101,102]. In such systems, the cyclostationary properties of the signals of the different users in the system vary, resulting in the breakdown of the assumptions that lead to the simple complex FIR filter being the optimum TDAF structure. ...
... There is a provision for a flexible physical layer that can support a large range of varying bit rates so that bandwidth can be provided on demand. Furthermore, users with different rates also have different quality of service requirements [4]. Spreading factors are adjusted to yield the same spread bandwidth for all users. ...
The inadequacy of conventional CDMA receivers in a multiple access interference-limited mobile radio environment has spurred research on advancedreceiver technologies. This research investigates the use of adaptive receiversfor single user demodulation to overcome some of the deficiencies of a conventionalreceiver and, hence, enhance the system capacity. Several new adaptivetechniques are proposed. The new techniques and some existing schemes areanalyzed. The limitation of existing...
... 13 toFigure 3.10 shows the significant reduction in the probability of a chopped TDD call, achieved by employing adaptive antenna arrays in conjunction with adaptive lllodulation[43,46] in a log-normal shadow faded environment. The figure demonstrates that even with the aid of a two-element adaptive antenna array, a substantial forced termination probability re(luction was achieved. ...
... 13. In both cases the mean TDD throughput dropped by approximately 0.3 BPS. ...
p>In this thesis we have enhanced the achievable performance of the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based Universal Mobile Telecommunication System's (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) using both adaptive beamformers and adaptive modulation. A Multi-Carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) system is also investigated. A specific family of spreading codes, which are known as Loosely Synchronized (LS) codes exhibits a so-called Interference Free Window (IFW), where both the autocorrelation and cross-correlation values of the codes become zero. Hence, LS codes have the potential of increasing the capacity of CDMA networks. The beneficial effect of LS spreading codes on the UTRA-like Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) CDMA cellular mobile's network performance was also investigated. More specifically, both single-element antennas, as well as two- and four-element adaptive antenna arrays (AAAs) located at the base stations were used. This work was then extended by investigating the achievable network capacity, when combining Adaptive Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (AQAM) techniques and AAAs. The effect of the cell size as well as that of the Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) threshold on the UTRA-like FDD CDMA cellular mobile network's performance was also investigated.
The UTRA TDD CDMA cellular mobile network is potentially more flexible than the FDD mode and hence it has the ability of supporting the asymmetric use of a duplex channel. However, the TDD technique is more vulnerable to cochannel interference than the FDD mode. Hence the attainable performance of the UTRA-like FDD and TDD/CDMA networks was compared in terms of their network capacity, grade of service (GOS) and their mean transmission powers in the context of log-normal shadow faded propagation environments. The key parameters of the UTRA TDD/CDMA Handover (HO) and Power Control (PC) based on the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) were studied. A relative pilot power based hard handover technique and a frame-delay based power adjustment model used in power control were developed. A novel Genetic Algorithm (GA) assisted timeslot scheduling scheme was also proposed, in order to search for the optimal timeslot allocation, which avoided the severe inter-cell interference imposed by using the same carrier for both uplink and downlink transmission in a UTRA TDD/CDMA system. Finally, the performance benefits of GA-assisted timeslot scheduling were quantified.</p
... This increasing demand for bandwidth and throughput has driven the work of third generation standardization committees, resulting in the specification of improved modulation and coding schemes (UTMS, 2005) WCDMA is a Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA system, where the spread spectrum signal is spread in a frequency band much wider than the minimum required band for transmissions. In DS-CDMA system all the system users can use the whole of the defined frequency spectrum at a time, but each user has a distinct code (Ojanpera and Prasad, 1998). In WCDMA the spreading consists of two operations. ...
... Moreover, errors can be easily produced as the number of users is increased and the mobile terminal is subjected to mobility. Thus, it has driven many researches into the application of higher order modulations (Ojanpera and Prasad, 1998) The Long Term Evolution project was initiated in 2004. The motivation for LTE included the desire for a reduction in the cost per bit, the addition of lower cost services with better user experience, the flexible use of new and existing frequency bands, a simplified and lower cost network with open interfaces, and a reduction in terminal complexity with an allowance for reasonable power consumption. ...
Deployment of Long Term Evolution networks have just begun and operators are very optimistic LTE could help address the limitations of the WiMAX networks. There is therefore the need to evaluate the performance of recently deployed networks to determine if they can deliver on their promised performance. This work is aimed at comparing 3G technology with LTE (4G) technology using WCDMA and OFDMA as standards for the technologies respectively. Simulation models were developed for both technologies and simulation were done for both OFDMA and WCDMA. BER, latency and throughput were used as performance metrics, to test for the efficiencies of both technologies. It was discovered that OFDMA is a better standard than WCDMA and would consequently enhance a better performance of LTE (4G) technology if deployed.
... However, the general requirements for thirdgeneration services are defined in terms of bit rate, bit error rate, and delay. In order to offer multimedia applications, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services (UMTS) system should at least be able to support user bit rates of up to 144kb/s in a rural outdoor environment at a maximum speed of 500km/h, 384kb/s with limited mobility in a macro and microcellular suburban outdoor environments at a maximum speed of 120km/h, and 2Mbit/s with low mobility in home and pico-cellular indoor and low-range outdoor environments at maximum speed of 10km/h [5], [6]. In terms of spectral efficiency, the bit rate is expected to be maximised as much as possible using an adaptive system. ...
... The next generation networks have been defined [4] as a network that meets the following five services: However, the general requirements for thirdgeneration services are defined in terms of bit rate, bit error rate, and delay. In order to offer multimedia applications, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services (UMTS) system should at least be able to support user bit rates of up to 144kb/s in a rural outdoor environment at a maximum speed of 500km/h, 384kb/s with limited mobility in a macro and microcellular suburban outdoor environments at a maximum speed of 120km/h, and 2Mbit/s with low mobility in home and pico-cellular indoor and low-range outdoor environments at maximum speed of 10km/h [5], [6]. In terms of spectral efficiency, the bit rate is expected to be maximised as much as possible using an adaptive system. ...
... In each cell the same set of channelization codes is used. UMTS supports data rates ranging from 15 kbps to 1920 kbps for DPDCHs corresponding with SFs ranging from 512 to 4 and data rates ranging from 30 kbps to 1920 kbps for PDSCHs, corresponding with SFs ranging from 256 to 4 [8]. The second spreading operation is the scrambling operation, where a base station specific scrambling code is applied to the already spread signal [9] [10]. ...
... A more compact representation of (7) is expressed in (8). ...
... Telecommunication System (UMTS) were introduced to provide more bandwidth in order to satisfy the QoS requirements [1]. UMTS is a Third Generation (3G) [4] mobile radio access technology and is seen as the successor to 2G and 2.5G systems such as GSM [1] and GPRS [3], respectively. In addition to offering a larger bandwidth, UMTS was designed to allow for global mobility, while maintaining the level of service offered to the user at his/her home network. ...
... Step (4) predicted that the user would not remain in the same WLAN coverage area for the minimum RVD, a timer is triggered to allow for a "wait" period between locationbased evaluation iteration/cycles. This step helps reduce the number of unnecessary iterations and wasting resources. ...
... WCDMA is a Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA system, where the spread spectrum signal is spread in a frequency band much wider than the minimum required band for transmissions. In DS-CDMA system all the system users can use the whole of the defined frequency spectrum at a time, but each user has a distinct code [3]. In WCDMA the spreading consists of two operations. ...
The International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000) is a family of third generation mobile communication systems and it was developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This system is known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) which is the air interface for telecommunication system. In this paper a WCDMA downlink system is simulated using Matlab 7.10. The WCDMA system simulation model includes data modulation, spreading, scrambling, rayleigh multipath fading channels, AWGN noise, data demodulation, de-scrambling, de-spreading and receiver. The bit-error-rate performance for various spreading factors with varying terminal velocity is evaluated for a range of signal-to-noise ratios and has been presented in this paper
... It is possible to use next-generation wireless technologies promising ubiquitous networking and mobile computing on a large scale with high-bandwidth data service and a wireless Internet as suggested by Fasbender & Reichert [7], Gibson [8], Negus, Stephens & Landford [9], and Ojanpera and Prasad [10]. However, there are still numerous challenges such as reliability and quality of service, infrastructure costs, and energy efficiencies. ...
The present study discusses innovative approach ensuring quality assurance taking into account two important aspects namely: pedagogy and evaluation strategies integrating the effective use of technology. Open and distance learning system plays a key role in enhancing the enrollment ratio in higher education. Therefore, sustaining quality assurance is essentially pivotal in the current digital era. Considering these issues, the paper work illustrates one of the effective ways of evaluation strategies. The study is focused on the undergraduate teacher education program (B. Ed) offered mostly through open and distance education in India. As this course attracts students from urban, rural, with or without technology acquaintance should be assessed with transparency by the effective use of technology. The teaching and evaluation procedure used for the students enrolled for the B. Ed degree course includes group discussions integrating brain storming sessions followed by on line tests during their contact classes conducted in the university affiliated institutions. During the evaluation the student's identification should be made authentic by installing software program which detects malpractice. For e.g. if a student logs in to take up online test his/her identification could be detected by the verification of pre-installed photograph. This strategy works out effectively by having proper coordination between the Host University and affiliated institution. Maintaining student's authenticity strategy suggested in the present study prevents malpractices during evaluation and enhances student's involvement as it provides transparency without any bias developing faith amongst students enrolled in distance learning.
... The next generation networks have been defined [4] as a network that meets the following five services: However, the general requirements for thirdgeneration services are defined in terms of bit rate, bit error rate, and delay. In order to offer multimedia applications, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services (UMTS) system should at least be able to support user bit rates of up to 144kb/s in a rural outdoor environment at a maximum speed of 500km/h, 384kb/s with limited mobility in a macro and microcellular suburban outdoor environments at a maximum speed of 120km/h, and 2Mbit/s with low mobility in home and pico-cellular indoor and low-range outdoor environments at maximum speed of 10km/h [5], [6]. In terms of spectral efficiency, the bit rate is expected to be maximised as much as possible using an adaptive system. ...
... But very soon the unique air interface standard is found not applicable all over the world and a set of systems should be considered, as the result of the recognition that 3G systems actually are not disruptive but the evolutional from the legacy 2G system (Bi et al., 2001). Two grouped partnership projects have been formed as the 3GPP and Projects 2 (3GPP2) respectively (Ojanpera and Prasad, 1998;Richardson, 2000;Hjelm, 2000;Bi et al., 2001). China also adopts own 3G air interface within the IMT-2000: Time-Division Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA) (Richardson, 2000). ...
... (Diode, MEMS switch)를 통한 빔 조향 안테나 시스템 [2] 과 안테나들의 배열의 위상변화를 이용한 적응-배열 (adaptive-array) 안테나 시스템이 있다 [3]. 두 ...
In this paper we propose two types of reconfigurable 3-D beam steering antenna for intelligent or smart antenna system. Proposed antennas are composed of triangular(structure1.) or circuler(structure2.) loop structure and bended dipole antenna structure. This antenna can steer beam pattern of 6 direction at xy-plane state (0, 1, 2) and xz-plane state (3, 4, 5) by 4 switch motion with one antenna element. Antenna structure1. is symmetric equilibrium structures based on feeding point. There is no grounding point. As a result, designed antenna's gain is similar to dipole antenna. Also, As unbalanced structure by using CPWG in the form of a semicircular, structure2. is enhanced directivity. The operation frequency of antenna are 2.5 GHz(Structure1.) and 2.55 GHz(Structure2.), maximum gain is 1.04 ~ 2.06 dBi(Structure1. : Omni-directional beam), 1.6 ~ 4 dBi(structure2. : Directional beam). The overall HPBW is about over in the both of the xy-plane and xz-plane at structure1. and over at structure2.
... Hence, advances in communication theory have an increasing potential to bridge the gap between practically feasible channel utilization and the fundamental information theoretic limits on channel capacity. If conquering channel capacity is the manifest destiny of communication technology, the need for efficient use of the channel bandwidth and transmission power is felt mostly actually in wireless communication [1], where the exponentially growing demand for data rate must be accommodated in a finite segment of the radio spectrum. To add to the challenge, information is transmitted not by a single source but by several uncoordinated, bursty, and geographically separated sources. ...
... Wireless multimedia becomes an important research area [9,10] due to the advance of the third generation wide-band wireless technologies [6,11]. To support wireless multimedia applications, a mobile multimedia device is designed to be portable, where any add-on feature needs to be power-cautious [2]. ...
This paper proposes three wake-up approaches to reduce the battery power consumption for a mobile multimedia handset. These approaches switch the system into the sleep mode when the memory queue for the arriving packets is empty. Depending on the approaches, various wake-up mechanisms are considered. The threshold approach switches on the system when the number of packets in the memory queue is above a threshold. The vacation approach wakes up the system when the vacation time expires. The hybrid approach turns on the system either when the memory queue length is above the threshold or when the vacation time expires. Our study indicates that the threshold approach effectively reduces the switch-on rate, while the vacation approach has the lowest mean packet waiting time. To keep both the switch-on rate and the mean packet waiting time below some reasonable small values , the hybrid approach should be selected.
... The International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2000 [1][2][3], also known in Europe as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) [6][7][8], and, in terms of technology, as the third-generation wireless [4], provides the 2110-to 2170-MHz band for use in the forward direction from the base station to mobile receivers [5,6]. The NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) has been operating high-power transmitters in the 2110-to 2120-MHz band according to the allocation of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), with corresponding space-to-Earth receive frequencies in the 2290-to 2300-MHz band. ...
This article presents a case study of potential interference from a 2-GHz
transmitter in the Deep Space Network (DSN) station in Robledo, Spain, to the
International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2000 mobile receivers in the
city of Madrid about 50 km away. This study has included the effect of terrain
between Robledo and Madrid in evaluating the propagation modes, which include
diffraction over the terrain, ducting through the atmosphere, and scattering
by rain. It is a complete revision of a previous study wherein preliminary
analysis of these phenomena was presented without taking the specific terra
in into account. The predicted results concerning diffraction are consistent
with measurements and with predictions of the Longley-Rice model. Because of
attenuation by the hills, the expected power received through diffraction by a
mobile receiver on ground level in Madrid is lower than the interference
thresholds (-109 dBm) when the DSN antenna transmits at the normal power of 20
kW. The hills near the DSN antenna also provide much attenuation to the
emissions propagated through atmospheric ducting. Considering the low duty
cycle (12 percent or less) of about 2 GHz (S-band) transmissions at Robledo,
the expected power of emissions propagated through atmospheric ducting does
not exceed the receiver interference thresholds more than 0.1 percent of the
time. The corresponding effect of rain scattering is estimated to be 0.01
percent of the time. These percentages decrease at larger distances.
... In order to support peoples' appetite CDMA plays an important role in wireless communication. The third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) mobile communications are expected to provide a high-rate data services [4]. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the dominant transmission technology for 3G and OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) becoming very popular and other evolving technology is UWB (Ultra Wide Band). ...
Wireless technology offers new found freedom and the potential for ‘anytime, anyplace’ communications. Communication technology requires being sustainable in the sense of efficiency, not only to preserve the information within the quality requirements, but also to express the same contents with the minimum resources. The Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is an emerging technology for next generation multimedia information of real-time and non real-time traffic and various multi-source multi-traffic communication environments. Multiple inputs multiple output (MIMO) as an adaptive antenna based technology which can improves the capacity of wireless mobile communication. The combined technique has both the advantages of CDMA and MIMO systems. Below the jamming margin CDMA alone works up to satisfactory level but above jamming margin CDMA along with MIMO may be a better proposition for anytime-anywhere communication.
This book provides comprehensive coverage of mobile data networking and mobile communications under a single cover for diverse audiences including managers, practicing engineers, and students who need to understand this industry. In the last two decades, many books have been written on the subject of wireless communications and networking. However, mobile data networking and mobile communications were not fully addressed in a unified fashion. This book fills that gap in the literature and is written to provide essentials of wireless communications and wireless networking, including Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN). The first ten chapters of the book focus on the fundamentals that are required to study mobile data networking and mobile communications. Numerous solved examples have been included to show applications of theoretical concepts. In addition, unsolved problems are given at the end of each chapter for practice. (A solutions manual will be available.) After introducing fundamental concepts, the book focuses on mobile networking aspects. Four chapters are devoted on the discussion of WPAN, WLAN, WWAN, and internetworking between WLAN and WWAN. Remaining seven chapters deal with other aspects of mobile communications such as mobility management, security, cellular network planning, and 4G systems. A unique feature of this book that is missing in most of the available books on wireless communications and networking is a balance between the theoretical and practical concepts. Moreover, this book can be used to teach a one/two semester course in mobile data networking and mobile communications to ECE and CS students. *Details the essentials of Wireless Personal Area Networks(WPAN), Wireless Local Are Networks (WLAN), and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN) &Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage including the latest in standards and 4G technology *Suitable for classroom use in senior/first year grad level courses. Solutions manual and other instructor support available.
Personal Communication Systems (PCS) enable people and devices to communicate independently of their location and while moving from place to place. For providing continuous communication to mobile users every PCS network employs a mobility management composed of two components, location management and handoff management In contrast to the telephone number in traditional telecommunication systems that specifies the location of the end user, the PCS subscriber number does not provide the location of the mobile user. Therefore, the system must maintain a location management mechanism for locating mobile users. This mechanism maps subscriber numbers to the current location of the requested users for call delivery operations. The handoff management enables the PCS network to maintain sessions with mobile users while they change their attach pints with the system’s infrastructure. Such changes are called handoff or handover operations [8,30]. In this chapter we consider only rerouting algorithms for supporting handoff oprations can be found in [6,30,33]. In our discussion we consider only intercell handoff operations that result from user movements to new cells1 that include actions at both the wireless level and the network infrastructure.
The benefit of a locally centralized architecture for resource allocation and management in the micro-cellular environment is investigated for the UMTS TD-CDMA access scheme. Integrated voice and bursty data (e.g. WWW sessions) transmission is studied. Then the performance of a dynamic resource allocation is evaluated through simulations.
As stated in Chapter 1, one of the many advantages of microstrip patch technology over its competitors is its low profile and hence small volume. Another key advantage of this printed antenna is the relative ease in which it can be connected to the feed network, as was highlighted in Chapter 2. For these reasons antenna design engineers deduced that microstrip patch antennas could be utilized for applications requiring where there was very limited space to mount the antenna. One such global application is for wireless communication handset terminals.
Wireless communications have experienced an enormous amount of growth during the last two decades. Here, we review the evolution of wireless communication systems and point out the improvements from one generation to the other.
An important QoS factor for wireless network planning is delay. We should provide enough resources (bandwidth) for conveying the traffic load. Next generation wireless networks is going to be an all IP network. In this path, voice will be changed to packet. In this paper we introduce a queuing model and a radio resource management algorithm which maximize the system throughput (users), then compute their delays and show this delay is less than the mentioned delay in the 3GPP standards.
Wireless Transceiver Systems Design presents the design trade-off challenge from the perspective of the system architect, who is concerned with both an efficient design process and a competitive design result. This includes solutions to the two central design challenges, which are, how to efficiently design a WLAN system and how to prepare for the upcoming challenges of flexible, multi-standard terminals. This book illustrates true cross-disciplinary electronic system-level design with examples in algorithm-architecture co-design, mixed-signal algorithm and architecture co-design, and cross-layer system exploration. It also focuses on three recurring themes, the preference for scalable and reusable architectual concepts, proof-of-concept through actual design and experimental verification, and consequent analysis of design steps and their development into a methodology. Wireless Transceiver Systems Design is a valuable reference for specialists in the field of OFDM transceiver design. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights reserved.
IntroductionFundamentals of Digital Spread-Spectrum SignalingCode Division Multiple AccessArchitecture of Spread-Spectrum ReceiversA Review of 2G and 3G Standards for CDMA Mobile CommunicationsConclusion
GlossaryCross ReferencesReferences
IntroductionBeamformingAdaptive BeamformingSummary and Conclusions
The new frequency bands that will be allocated to W-CDMA cellular networks might open the possibility to use higher bandwidths than the 5 MHz specified in 3GPP. In this paper the temporal channel properties, i.e., power delay profile, in terms of number of Rake receiver fingers and their characteristics, are analyzed for 5, 10, 20, and 30MHz bandwidths. The lower bandwidth impulse responses are obtained by filtering measurement results obtained with a channel sounder having a bandwidth of 30 MHz.
With the introduction of third generation mobile services, femtocells are considered as an economically feasible solution for combining mobile and internet technologies, thereby giving fast and reliable access to data with a better coverage. However, it is well-known that the femtocells and macrocells sharing the same licensed frequency spectrum results in heavy cross-tier interference which degrades the downlink performance considerably. In this paper, we investigate a novel frequency–division duplex allocation strategy which eliminates the downlink cross-tier interference to the femtocell network from the macrocell base station throughout its coverage area. The proposed scheme seamlessly embed the femtocells within a macrocell resource network to create a heterogeneous two-tier system. It makes use of a cross-tier complementary spectrum sharing technique known as reverse frequency allocation (RFA) where the frequency carriers used in the macrocell transmission are reversed and allocated to femtocells. As a result, it better balances the requirement of greater inter-cell orthogonality and reduced inter-cell interference since macrocell and femtocell operates on different bands in uplink and downlink. It also assures enhanced spectral efficiency and the well-known benefit of reduced outage probability, especially for cell-edge users. This work further analytically quantifies and highlights through simulation results that RFA guarantees greater overall network throughput in the downlink and reduced cross-tier interference regardless of the positioning of the femtocell with respect to the macrocell base station. Also it is to be noted that, with recent academic surveys illuminating that the benefit of femtocells is reflected more in downlink, the focus of the current work is on downlink transmission where the traffic is high and the deployment is more beneficial.
A reconfigurable beam steering antenna using a coplanar waveguide with ground with directive radiation pattern is presented. The switchable beam steering antenna composed of a loop and two dipole structures with four switches to generate 6 different radiation beam patterns is proposed. The antenna can select desired beam pattern by controlling switching configurations. The proposed antenna is designed to operate at 2.65 GHz with 4.2dBi maximum gain for wireless communications. Maximum beam direction can be steered by switch on/off configurations with +/- 30 degrees in the XY-plane and ZX-plane.
This article presents the design of microstrip electromagnetic bandgap element and its applications in the planar rat-race hybrid coupler with the purpose of harmonic suppression and size reduction.The measured results of proposed hybrid coupler with 1.25 GHz central frequency verify its attractive performance with an insertion loss of less than 3.4 dB, a return loss of about 20 dB, an isolation of 32 dB, 17 dB suppression for the second harmonic, 25 dB suppression for the third harmonic, and 22 dB suppression for the fourth harmonic. In particular, with no loss of the performance, the area of proposed rat-race coupler, achieving 57% save in size, has been successfully reduced from 38.82 cm2 (the area of conventional hybrid coupler) to 16.72 cm2. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2619–2622, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26308
A reconfigurable three-dimensional beam steering antenna for intelligent antenna system is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of a triangle loop antenna and two bended dipole antennas with four switches to steer the antenna beam patterns in both of the x–y and x–z planes. The operation frequency of the antenna is 2.5 GHz. The peak gain values are 1.04–2.06 dBi. The overall half-power beam width (HPBW) is about 160° in both of the x–y and x–z planes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2615–2619, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26322
The next generation satellite networks will provide broadband communications at low cost. The recent developments in satellites technology, transmission techniques, antennas, and launch capabilities have enabled a new generation of services to be made available to users especially when communications satellites have been widely considered to complement the terrestrial systems. In this paper, a survey of next generation satellite networks through the satellite background are discussed. The satellite network requirements for the future mobile system are presented. The proposed satellite-UMTS which have been accepted for the third generation wireless network is showned to be internetworked with the proposed all IP network. This consideration is inevitable because of high-speed transmission requirements and roaming capability that the next generation network system demand.
With cellular phones mass-market consumer items, the next frontier is mobile multimedia communications. This situation raises the question of power control for information sources other than voice. To explore this issue, we use the concepts and mathematics of microeconomics and game theory. In this context, the quality of service of a telephone call is referred to as the “utility” and the distributed power control problem for a CDMA telephone is a “noncooperative game”. The power control algorithm corresponds to a strategy that has a locally optimum operating point referred to as a “Nash equilibrium”. The telephone power control algorithm is also “Pareto efficient” in the terminology of game theory. When we apply the same approach to power control in wireless data transmissions, we find that the corresponding strategy, while locally optimum, is not Pareto efficient. Relative to the telephone algorithm, there are other algorithms that produce higher utility for at least one terminal, without decreasing the utility for any other terminal. This paper presents one such algorithm. The algorithm includes a price function, proportional to the transmitter power. The price acts as a tax on the utility of a transmission. When terminals adjust their power levels to maximize the net utility (utility price), they arrive at lower power levels and higher utility than they achieve when they individually strive to maximize utility
This chapter presents different perspectives on the development of third generation (3G) mobile communications. Historical,
technical, market, regulatory, and future perspectives are presented.
This paper gives an overview of worldwide air interface research activities towards the third generation mobile communications (UMTS and FPLMTS/IMT-2000). The status of standardization for each main region (Europe, Asia, USA) is discussed. Third generation research activities are described focusing into the air interface concept developments. Details of different CDMA, TDMA, OFDM and hybrid air interface designs are given. Furthermore, the implications of Time Division Duplex operation are covered.
This article presents the FRAMES multiple access (FMA) concept
designed for third-generation mobile radio systems. The concept consists
of two modes, TDMA-based FMA1 and CDMA-based FMA2, which have
contributed to the standardization processes of third-generation
systems. FMA1 uses the TDMA slot structure where spreading can be
applied inside the slot or, alternatively, plain TDMA-type transmission
can be used. FMA2 is a single-carrier wideband CDMA solution using a
4.096 Mchips/s basic chip rate. The FMA concept facilitates common
upper-layer protocol structure as well as GSM backwards compatibility
for evolution from second-generation systems to third-generation mobile
radio systems. The defined concept fulfils the UMTS/IMT-2000
requirements in providing the services needed for the next millennium
This article considers various regulatory aspects related to the
deployment of third-generation mobile personal communication systems
within the framework of IMT-2000 with special emphasis on international
regulations, particularly in relation to the standards and regulatory
provisions established in the ITU
The transition from second- to third-generation mobile systems and
the evolution paths of the relevant radio/network configurations are
driven by technical and market considerations. In fact, these are
affecting the standardization and research process ongoing at the
regional level (ETSI, ACTS Program, US Joint Technical Committee,
Japanese ARIB) as well as the global level (ITU). The related discussion
is becoming more and more meaningful for operators and manufacturers who
are perceiving, on the one hand, the new perspectives associated with
service, features, and bandwidth management evolution, and on the other
hand, the great impact that such an evolution could have on the existing
market scenario and system development plans. In addition, due to the
widespread usage of GSM worldwide, this system should also be considered
within the evolution scenarios toward third generation. This paper
analyzes the situation emerging from the standards context, identifies
some key characteristics associated with current proposals, and tries to
define a possible third-generation systems architecture based on the
most encouraging propositions, e.g., the separation of radio-dependent
and independent functions and the integration with B-ISDN. The paper
rationale and the identified solutions reflect the research activities
within the ACTS project RAINBOW (radio access independent broad band on
wireless), addressing architectural solutions for UMTS (universal mobile
telecommunications system), the European developing standard for
third-generation systems
The basis for any air interface design is how the common
transmission medium is shared between users (i.e., multiple access
scheme). The underlying multiple access method for all mobile radio
systems is FDMA. The performance of TDMA and CDMA has been subject to
vigorous debate, without any definitive conclusions. This article gives
an overview of worldwide research and standardization activities related
to the multiple access schemes for third-generation mobile
communications systems IMT-2000 and UMTS
First Page of the Article
Vast importance is being placed in Europe on the development of
third-generation mobile telecommunications systems, since it is expected
that mobile and personal communications will become a key driver for
growth and innovation in the next millenium as well as being a necessary
building block of the wireless information society. Significant progress
has been made since 1988 by a number of European Union funded R&D
projects working toward the development of future generations of mobile
communication concepts, systems, and networks. The ACTS (Advanced
Communications Technologies and Services) program will offer, in the
period 1995-1998, service providers, communications operators, and
equipment manufacturers greater opportunities to master and trial mobile
and personal communications services and technologies. From the user's
perspective the ACTS program will strive to ensure that current mobile
services are extended to include multimedia and broadband services, that
access to services are made without regard to the underlying networks,
and that convenient, lightweight, compact, and power-efficient terminals
adapt automatically to whatever air-interface parameters are appropriate
to the user's location and desired services
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Evolution towards third-generation
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General UMTS Architecture
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