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Ports Energy and Carbon Savings (PECS Project) Deliverable 1.1.4 Protocol and guidelines for port energy audit methodology, including procedure, questionnaires, and formats
Abstract
This protocol outlines the procedure and guidelines relating to the energy audit methodology discussed in D1.1.1. It outlines a comprehensive system of energy auditing and associated GHG emissions, detailing approaches to calculating the carbon footprint of the three key ‘scopes’. The key in utilizing the tool, is to enable it to direct data gathering so as to better manage energy efficiency in the future, but also to see it as a flexible system that allows for different boundaries to be drawn based on what is realistic at the time. Going forward, if ports are committed to reducing their carbon footprint, then the tool will allow them both to consider their impacts and identify their solutions.
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A key challenge for the waste management sector is to maximise resource efficiency whilst simultaneously reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For stakeholders to better understand the GHG impacts of their waste management activities and identify emissions reduction opportunities, they need to be able to quantify the GHG impacts of material recycling. Whilst previous studies have been under-taken to develop GHG emission factors (EF) for materials recycling, they are generally insufficient to support decision-making due to a lack of transparency or comprehensiveness in the range of materials considered. In this study, we present for the first time a comprehensive, scientifically robust, fully transparent , and clearly documented series of GHG EFs for the recycling of a wide range of source-segregated materials. EFs were derived from a series of partial life cycle assessments (LCA) performed as far as possible in accordance with the ISO 14040 standard. With the exceptions of soil, plasterboard, and paint, the recycling of source-segregated materials resulted in net GHG savings. The majority of calculated GHG EFs were within the range of data presented in the literature. The quality of secondary data used was assessed, with the results highlighting the dearth of high quality life cycle inventory (LCI) data on material reprocessing and primary production currently available. Overall, the results highlight the important contribution that effective source-segregated materials recycling can have in reducing the GHG impacts of waste management.
7 Abstract The present paper introduces a new method for the certiÿcation of the energy consumption of a building recording its "energy behavior". 9 The method utilizes energy indices such as Index of Thermal Charge or Index of Energy Disposition to simulate the heat losses of the building and the heat ow because of the temperature diierence ((T) from the inner to outer space. 11 The present method and the algorithm that is implemented could be used as a part of a building energy audit or as a single audit method. Additionally it could be used for the inspection of the energy eeciency in public or municipal buildings. The forenamed method 13 is currently under investigation by the present research team. ? 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The impact of global climate change due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases emissions which in turn is a consequence of in particular, the use of fossil fuels, has made EU decision makers to act decisively, e.g. the EU 2020 primary energy target of reducing primary energy use with 20 % from 2005 to 2020. The aim of this paper is to present major challenges related to the development and formation of energy policies towards the Swedish industrial and building sector in order to fulfil the EU 2020 primary energy target. This paper is approaching the presented challenges by introducing the theory of Asymmetric Energy Policy Shocks (AEPSs), and addresses some key challenges which are of particular relevance for the fulfilment of the EU 2020 primary energy target for Member States like Sweden which from an energy end-use perspective substantially differs from the EU-25’s energy end-use structure. In conclusion, overcoming AEPSs, and moving towards a more Long-Term Energy Policy Approach (LTEPA) will be of key importance for individual Member States, if the 2020 primary energy target is to be fulfilled.
Many companies and organizations are pursuing 'carbon footprint' projects to estimate their own contributions to global climate change. Many of these activities rely on definitions from carbon registries and/or greenhouse gas emission estimation protocols that help these organizations analyze their footprints. The scopes of these protocols vary, but they generally estimate: (1) direct emissions, (2) emissions from direct energy use, and (3) other indirect emissions, with a focus on the first and second categories. Few organizations are pursuing the broadest scope boundaries including a full range of their supply chain emissions. In contrast, environmental input-output based life cycle assessment (LCA) methods have long been available to track total emissions across the entire supply chain. Our prior LCA experience suggests that narrowly defined estimation protocols will lead to large underestimates of carbon emissions. If baseline carbon footprints are done with narrow boundaries and the carbon emissions inventory boundaries are later expanded to reflect more indirect emissions, then firms may feel that the protocols are a moving target, undermining the momentum of carbon management (and mitigation) efforts. Also, without a full knowledge of their footprints, firms will be unable to pursue cost-effective carbon mitigation strategies. We offer several case studies to show the importance of setting the right boundaries in advance.
Approximately 38% of current UK greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the energy supply sector. Losses in the current electricity supply system amount to around 65% of the primary energy input, mainly due to heat wasted during centralised production. Micro-generation and other decentralised technologies have the potential to dramatically reduce these losses because, when fossil fuels are used, the heat generated by localised electricity production can be captured and utilised for space and water heating. Heat and electricity can also be produced locally by renewable sources. Prospects and barriers to domestic micro-generation in the UK are outlined, with reference to the process of technological innovation, energy policy options, and the current status of the micro-generation industry. Requirements for the main technology options, typical energy outputs, costs to consumers, and numbers of installed systems are given where data is available. It is concluded that while micro-generation has the potential to contribute favourably to energy supply, there remain substantial barriers to a significant rise in the use of micro-generation in the UK.
This paper describes the methodology and data used to determine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to ten cities or city-regions: Los Angeles County, Denver City and County, Greater Toronto, New York City, Greater London, Geneva Canton, Greater Prague, Barcelona, Cape Town and Bangkok. Equations for determining emissions are developed for contributions from: electricity; heating and industrial fuels; ground transportation fuels; air and marine fuels; industrial processes; and waste. Gasoline consumption is estimated using three approaches: from local fuel sales; by scaling from regional fuel sales; and from counts of vehicle kilometres travelled. A simplified version of an intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) method for estimating the GHG emissions from landfill waste is applied. Three measures of overall emissions are suggested: (i) actual emissions within the boundary of the city; (ii) single process emissions (from a life-cycle perspective) associated with the city's metabolism; and (iii) life-cycle emissions associated with the city's metabolism. The results and analysis of the study will be published in a second paper.
Accounting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from waste landfilling is summarized with the focus on processes and technical data for a number of different landfilling technologies: open dump (which was included as the worst-case-scenario), conventional landfills with flares and with energy recovery, and landfills receiving low-organic-carbon waste. The results showed that direct emissions of GHG from the landfill systems (primarily dispersive release of methane) are the major contributions to the GHG accounting, up to about 1000 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne( -1) for the open dump, 300 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne( -1) for conventional landfilling of mixed waste and 70 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(-1) for low-organic-carbon waste landfills. The load caused by indirect, upstream emissions from provision of energy and materials to the landfill was low, here estimated to be up to 16 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(-1). On the other hand, utilization of landfill gas for electricity generation contributed to major savings, in most cases, corresponding to about half of the load caused by direct GHG emission from the landfill. However, this saving can vary significantly depending on what the generated electricity substitutes for. Significant amounts of biogenic carbon may still be stored within the landfill body after 100 years, which here is counted as a saved GHG emission. With respect to landfilling of mixed waste with energy recovery, the net, average GHG accounting ranged from about -70 to 30 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne(- 1), obtained by summing the direct and indirect (upstream and downstream) emissions and accounting for stored biogenic carbon as a saving. However, if binding of biogenic carbon was not accounted for, the overall GHG load would be in the range of 60 to 300 kg CO(2)-eq. tonne( -1). This paper clearly shows that electricity generation as well as accounting of stored biogenic carbon are crucial to the accounting of GHG of waste landfilling.
A significant proportion of anthropogenic GHG-generating activities are concentrated in cities. As centers of high consumption, wealth and creativity, cities must play a significant role in tackling climate change. Action to reduce emissions at a local level requires that municipal and local governments have a good understanding of emissions sources and reduction potentials. To achieve this, municipal governments require adequate tools and resources to enable effective policy decision making. The carbon footprint is becoming an increasingly recognized tool for the management of climate change. The term carbon footprint originated in the ‘gray literature’, and it is widely recognized in the public arena. It offers the opportunity to municipal governments to develop models to inform climate change strategy decision making, and enables municipal authorities to localize the issue of climate change and promote the benefits of climate change mitigation at the local level. Existing framework guidance often fails to include all relevant emissions or follow widely varying methodologies, limiting comparability. This article examines the concept of climate change localization and management. The carbon footprint is explored in the context of a tool for municipal government management of GHG emissions. We conclude by suggesting that the carbon footprint become a cost-effective, practical and repeatable metric that can be adopted by municipal governments across the globe as a ‘baseline’ indicator.
Energy audits of buildings are the most effective tool to promote energy retrofitting measures for existing buildings, which are major consumers of energy in cities. Energy audits have multiple goals, including reducing energy consumption, managing costs, and environmental impact. The methodology of Green Energy Audit proposed defines an approach that is somewhat different from the traditional one. The added value lies in the word “green”, a word that refers to and summarises a common concept: sustainability. The proposed method is not intended to be a new energy auditing procedure, but rather a new and more modern interpretation of the classic methodology. The sustainability achieved by applying a retrofit measure is assessed with reference to the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Protocol. The Green Energy Audit integrates two strategic elements, energy and environment, by mixing the energy audit and LEED methodologies. This synergy strengthens the role of the classic energy audit by providing a method that not only optimise the energy performance of existing buildings but also achieve a green retrofit of buildings, making buildings, and so future cities, more sustainable. A case study of the application of this method is discussed in this paper.
Transport is Australia’s third largest and second fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The road transport sector makes up 88% of total transport emissions and the projected emissions increase from 1990 to 2020 is 64%. Achieving prospective emission reduction targets will pose major challenges for the road transport sector. This paper investigates two targets for reducing Australian road transport greenhouse gas emissions, and what they might mean for the sector: emissions in 2020 being 20% below 2000 levels; and emissions in 2050 being 80% below 2000 levels. Six ways in which emissions might be reduced to achieve these targets are considered. The analysis suggests that major behavioural and technological changes will be required to deliver significant emission reductions, with very substantial reductions in vehicle emission intensity being absolutely vital to making major inroads in road transport GHG emissions.
Through a case study, this research explores an approach, which uses computer simulation technology, to evaluate different energy conservation alternatives and to assist facility managers to select reliable and feasible solutions. The subject facility is located in the Southeast region of the United States. One of the major challenges and operation goals of the General Services Administration, who manages the facility, is for that facility to achieve the Energy Star designation. However, due to the complexity of the facility, the requirements from building occupants, as well as other difficulties, finding a path for optimizing the operation of the facility in order to achieve the Energy Star designation is not always easy.This project uses eQuest, a simulation software tool, to create a “virtual environment”, in which the operations of the HVAC (heating ventilation air-conditioning) system and the lighting of the facility are studied. Subsequently, recommendations initially made by experts through traditional energy audit approaches are evaluated in the “virtual environment” in order to determine the best solution to achieve the goal of the facility managers. This paper discusses major aspects of the project, including the challenges, the values and the limitations of applying computer simulation techniques in such a facility with complicated structural, occupancy and operation features.
In response to the EU Landfill Directive and the challenge of mitigating climate change, the UK government (nationally and locally) must develop strategies and policies to reduce, recycle, compost and recover waste. Best practice services that yield high recycling rates, such as alternate weekly collections, are now largely mainstream in suitable areas. However, national recycling performance is short of what is needed; policy makers must look for innovative ways to meet challenging recycling targets. Increasingly, local authorities are using behaviour change interventions to encourage the public to recycle; these tend to be based on the premise that an individuals' behaviour is predetermined by their values. In practice, this has led to a host of initiatives that attempt to change individuals' behaviour without addressing situational barriers. In this paper, we argue that that a behaviour-centric approach has limited effectiveness. Using an analysis of the literature and studies that investigated recycling participation in the city of Portsmouth, we have identified three significant clusters that can facilitate effective recycling: infrastructure, service and behaviour (ISB). We present the ISB model - a tool that can be used by waste practitioners when planning interventions to maximise recycling to better understand the situation and context for behaviour. Analysis using the ISB model suggests that current best practice, "business as usual" interventions could realistically achieve a national recycling rate of 50%. If the UK is to move towards zero waste, policy makers must look "upstream" for interventions that change the situational landscape.
Municipal solid waste is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions through decomposition and life-cycle activities processes. The majority of these emissions are a result of landfilling, which remains the primary waste disposal strategy internationally. As a result, countries have been incorporating alternative forms of waste management strategies such as energy recovery from landfill gas capture, aerobic landfilling (aerox landfills), pre-composting of waste prior to landfilling, landfill capping and composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. As the changing global climate has been one of the major environmental challenges facing the world today, there is an increasing need to understand the impact of waste management on greenhouse gas emissions. This review paper serves to provide an overview on the impact of landfilling (and its various alternatives) and composting on greenhouse gas emissions taking into account streamlined life cycle activities and the decomposition process. The review suggests greenhouse gas emissions from waste decomposition are considerably higher for landfills than composting. However, mixed results were found for greenhouse gas emissions for landfill and composting operational activities. Nonetheless, in general, net greenhouse gas emissions for landfills tend to be higher than that for composting facilities.
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