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A study on soil-geotextile interaction using gradient ratio tests
Abstract
Nonwoven geotextile have been widely used for filtration. In this paper, the clogging potential for a soil-geotextile system were assessed using laboratory tests. An ASTM modified gradient ratio test device was used to determine gradient ratio as well as soil-gradient ratio. One type of nonwoven geotextile and soil were used to simulate the conditions in drainage system. The obtained results indicate that the gradient ratio and soil-gradient ratio increases with time because of clogging mechanism. However, the tested geotextile can be used as fi lter for soil with fine content of 20%.
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Over the past two decades, geotextile tube dewatering has been predominantly used for dewatering high-water content slurries, fly ash, and different types of sediments and sludges. The water content of these dredged sediments can be as high as 800% and their shear strength is very low before dewatering. The selected geotextile should be tight enough to allow for minimal, clog-free sediment piping and to maintain steady drainage through the geotextile tube. These steps ensure good sediment retention of high water content slurries and provide an adequate discharge capacity of geotextile tubes during dewatering. This study investigates the sediment retention and geotextile clogging of high water content slurries (232.56, 400 and 882.35%). A falling head test (FHT) was used to evaluate the dewatering performance of six pairs of woven and non-woven geotextiles with similar pore openings but different pore size distributions. FHT showed that the piping rate increases with decreasing water content in a slurry (232.56–882.35%) and the degree of clogging decreases with increasing pore sizes (both O50 and O98). In addition, a study was carried out to measure the pore size distribution of 51 geotextiles using capillary flow tests. The capillary flow test results are correlated to mass per unit area of geotextiles, a property of geotextiles which is easy to measure. It was found that O98, O50 and O10 of non-woven geotextiles decrease with the increasing mass per unit area. However, no such trend was found for woven geotextiles.
The paper presents the results of field and laboratory investigations performed on the test embankment located on organic subsoil. The aim was to evaluate the effects of organic environment on the prefabricated vertical drains behaviour. It have been shown that there is a significant decrease in discharge capacity qw during embankment construction by stages, dependent on the type of drain filters (paper or polyester). Nevertheless vertical drains effectiveness was found quite satisfactory becouse the observed decrease of discharge capacity qw has virtually no influence on consolidation rate as long as the qw in not smaller than 100 m3/year.
In filtration applications, the compatibility of a soil and geotextile may be established by means of the Gradient Ratio test. In testing, the soil is reconstituted against the geotextile in a laboratory permeameter, and flow imposed across the system in a controlled manner. In this paper we describe the origins of the test method, review developments in the configuration of the permeameter assembly from various international studies, and comment upon the ASTM standard test method as it is currently specified. Data are then reported from studies conducted in Canada and Brazil, which serve to illustrate both the case of acceptable soil-geotextile compatibility (with respect to soil-retention and relative permeability), as well as the unacceptable cases of piping and clogging. Although the Gradient Ratio test enables the soil-geotextile compatibility to be quantified, interpretation of the test is rather subjective, and we make suggestions to enable its interpretation with greater confidence.
Geotextiles are commonly used as filters in geotechnical and geoenvironmental works. For a proper design of a geotextile, filter pore dimensions and gradation are necessary and the equivalent diameter of these pores depends on the confining vertical stress acting on the geotextile layer. This paper investigates the dependency of the geotextile pore size distribution curve on confinement, and addresses the accuracy and calibration of two well-known methods for the estimate of pore dimensions. Five nonwoven geotextiles, made of polyester, were tested in Bubble Point test equipment under unconfined and confined (vertical stresses up to 1000 kPa) conditions. The study aimed mainly to calibrate and expand the applicability of two well-known methods to estimate geotextile pore size distribution based on results from Bubble Point tests. Several hypotheses were addressed to back-analyse parameters relevant for the accuracy of such methods. The results obtained showed that these solutions predicted satisfactorily the pore size distribution curves of the products tested when appropriate values of relevant parameters were employed.
In the past decade, drainage fabric performance has been the subject of numerous research projects. Two general conclusions can be drawn from the many research findings: (a) both woven and nonwoven fabrics can provide acceptable filtration performance in drainage applications, and (b) soil and hydraulic conditions influence fabric filter properties necessary for optimum performance. More specific observations are made in this paper concerning the relation between fabric and soil properties versus drain fabric performance. These observations include the following: (a) fabric equivalent opening size (EOS) and permeability coefficients do not indicate clogging potential, (b) fabric EOS provides an indirect indication of retention ability, (c) gap-graded soils and high hydraulic gradient conditions are conducive to soil piping and filter clogging, (d) well-graded soils and low hydraulic gradients are not conducive to soil piping, and (e) fabric clogging potential can be determined by testing soil-fabric systems in simulated drainage tests that model expected use conditions.
Nonwoven geotextiles are commonly used in filtration applications. For some applications, however, a nonwoven geotextile filter may not have the required mechanical properties to withstand deformations, and an additional woven geotextile is usually employed in design. While reinforcement is an important function expected from these two-layer geotextile systems, filtration is another function that is critical for the long-term performance. Recent observations in geotextile filter design suggested that the filtration characteristics of these systems can be highly different than those of single-layer systems. A laboratory test program was undertaken to evaluate the filtration performance of four different woven/nonwoven geotextile combinations with fly ash and bottom-sea dredged sediments. For comparison, these geomaterials were also tested with two single-woven geotextiles. The results indicated that both fly ash and dredged sediments could be successfully filtered by a variety of woven geotextiles and nonwoven/woven combinations. Results also showed that use of a two-layer geotextile system, rather than a single-woven geotextile, significantly increased the filtration capacity. Higher amounts of fines accumulated at the sediment-geotextile interface than the fly ash-geotextile interfaces, indicating that geotextiles are more prone to clogging during filtering dredged sediments.
Evaluation of nonwoven geotextile as a filtration layer for internally unstable soils
Evaluation of nonwoven geotextile as a filtration layer for internally unstable soil. This paper presents the laboratory tested results evaluating the performance of three nonwoven geotextile material used as filtration layer to protect for three internally unstable soils. Test research was performed in apparatus ASTM-D-5101 (1990) which was modified through installed additional piezometers in distance 4 mm and 8 mm above geotextile material tested. Applied piezometers ensure measurements pressure in layer of soil situated near fabric. Laboratory test were performed for total hydraulic gradient in range i = 1 to 10. Base on the test result the relationship for the evaluation of the change soil gradient ratio (soil layers 17 and 4 mm above the geotextile) is proposed.
Tests performed in a permeameter have been used to evaluate the gradient ratio test method. The evaluation is based on observed variations of water head and permeability in the composite soil and geotextile specimen with respect to time and with imposed hydraulic gradient. A water pluviation technique was used to reconstitute homogeneous, saturated sand specimens in the permeameter at any targeted density. An energy dissipator was used to prevent disturbance of the top of the specimen by inlet water at large flow rates. Some physical clogging of the soil may result from a blinding action due to fines in the recirculating water. Biological clogging may also occur, but is eliminated by treatment of the water with an algicide.
Plastic filter cloths have been used as a substitute for sand and gravel filters and riprap bedding in various projects. As an initial phase of the study reported herein, a questionnaire was circulated to Corps of Engineers offices to determine the extent and diversification of uses of filter cloths. The purpose of the investigation was to obtain information for use in developing standard acceptance specifications and design criteria for plastic filter cloths. The scope of the project included determination of the physical, chemical, and engineering properties of commercially available filter cloths in order to develop specifications and design criteria. Field and laboratory studies of the cloths were made to determine their chemical composition and resistance to chemical attack and deterioration; physical properties such as strength, abrasion resistance, etc.; and filtering capabilities.
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