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IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy www.iosrphr.org
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Volume 9, Issue 6 Series. II (June 2019), PP. 36-42
36
A Review on Lagerstroemia Indica: A Potential Medicinal Plant
Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq.
Corresponding Author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi
Abstract: Lagerstroemia indica contained alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, sterols, triterpenes,
anthraquinones, reducing compounds, flavonoids (flavanones/ dihydroflavonols and chalcones) and phenolic
glycosides (strosides A–C). Lagerstroemia indica showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic,
antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antithrombin effects.
The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lagerstroemia indica.
Keyword: Lagerstroemia indica, pharmacology, constituents
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 22-06-2019 Date of acceptance: 10-07-2019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. INTRODUCTION
Two thirds of the new chemicals identified yearly were extracted from higher plants. 75% of the
world’s population used plants for therapy and prevention. In the US, where chemical synthesis dominates the
pharmaceutical industry, 25% of the pharmaceuticals are based on plant-derived chemicals(1). Recent
pharmacological studies showed that medicinal plants possessed wide range of pharmacological effects
included central nervous, cardiovascular, antioxidant, reproductive, gastrointestinal, antidiabetic, anticancer,
anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, nephro and hepato-protective, antiurolithiatic and diuretic,
antimicrobial and antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, molluscicidal and insecticidal(2-26). Lagerstroemia indica
contained alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, anthraquinones, reducing
compounds, flavonoids (flavanones/ dihydroflavonols and chalcones) and phenolic glycosides (strosides A–C).
Lagerstroemia indica showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial,
anti-Alzheimer's, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antithrombin effects. The current review will highlight the
chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lagerstroemia indica.
Plant profile:
Synonyms:
Lagerstroemia chinensis, Lagerstroemia elegans, Lagerstroemia indica var. alba, Lagerstroemia minor,
Lagerstroemia pulchra, Murtughas indica and Velaga globosa(27).
Taxonomic classification:
Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Viridiplantae, Infrakingdom: Streptophyta, Superdivision: Embryophyta,
Division: Tracheophyta, Subdivision: Spermatophytina, Class: Magnoliopsida, Superorder: Rosanae, Order:
Myrtales, Family: Lythraceae, Genus: Lagerstroemia, Species: Lagerstroemia indica(28-29).
Common names:
Arabic: Ward el-kahwa, Zahar kahwa katheb, Brenjik, Lailak hindi, Hinna hindi; Barazil: escumilha; Bengali:
chhotojarul, purus, farash; Chinese: ziwei; Engliash: crape-myrtle, crepeflower, crepe-myrtle, rose of India;
French: Lilasd'été, Lilas des Indes, Myrte de crêpe; German: chinesischeKräuselmyrte; Hindi: Farash,
Harsingar, Phurush, Saoni, Sawani, Telingachina; Italian: Albero di San Bartolomeo, Lagerstremia; Russian:
Indijskaia siren, Lagerstremiia indijskaia; Spanish: Árbol de Júpiter, Crespón, Espumilla, Júpiter, Lila de
lasIndias, Lila del sur, Melindres; Swedish: lagerströmia; Turkish: Oyaağacı(30).
Distribution:
The plant is distributed in Asia: China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand and
Vietnam. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas(28, 30-31).
Description:
Usually a shrub, to 7 m. Leaves: petiole short or 0; lamina elliptic or oblong, pubescent on veins beneath.
Flowers showy, pink, white or purple. Calyx hairless, not ribbed. Petals 6, with a long claw and fringed limb.
Stamens c. 40. Capsule 0.8-1.2 mm long(32-33).
Traditional uses:
The plant had a long history of folkloric medical uses included: blood pressure control, urinary dysfunctions, to
control the cholesterol levels, as analgesic, in treatment of diarrhea, to facilitate bowel movement, and in the
A review on Lagerstroemia Indica: A potential medicinal plant
37
treatment of diabetes. Seeds were used as narcotic. Bark was used as stimulant and febrifuge. Leaves
and flowers were used as purgative. The root was used as an astringent, detoxicant and used as diuretic and
gargle(28, 31, 34).
Parts used
Roots, bark, leaves and flowers(5).
Chemical constituents:
Lagerstroemia indica contained alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, sterols, triterpenes,
anthraquinones, reducing compounds, flavonoids (flavanones/ dihydroflavonols and chalcones) and phenolic
glycosides (strosides A–C). The plant contained protein 22.53, carbohydrate 37.25 and ash 12.23 g% on dry
weight. Mineral analysis showed that the plant contained high potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous,
sodium and sulphur(35-42).
The phenolic derivatives isolated from Lagerstroemia indica stem were included:
stroside A,B and C, 9,9'-dihydroxy-3,4-methoxylenedioxy-3'-methoxy [7-O-4'-8-5']- neolignan,
pterospermin A, (2R,3S)-dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol, gochidioboside, 7S,8R-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl
alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, hovetrichoside A, hovetrichoside B, (1'S,2'R)-guaiacyl glycerol,
carthamoside B5, (+)-(7S,8S)-guaiacylglycerol 8-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, D-threo-guaiacylglycerol 8-O-β-D-
(6'-O-galloyl) glycol pyranoside, alatusol A, ficusol, evofolin-B, and marphenol C(38).
The total anthocyanin content of Lagerstroemia indica was 36.22 mg/kg(43). Triterpenes: lagerindiside,
quadranoside, betulinic acid, 3b-acetoxyolean-12-en-28-acid, arjunolic acid 28-O-glucopyranoside,
hederagenin, arjunolic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid, and 3b,23-dihydroxy-1-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid
were isolated from the stems of Lagerstroemia indica(31). Pentacyclic triterpenoids were isolated from the
leaves of Lagerstroemia indica and identified as 7-oxo-3 beta-hydroxy-5,20(29)diene-24-norlupane, lup-
20(29)-ene-1 beta,2 3 beta-triol, 21-hydroxylupa-1,12-dien-3-one, and lageflorin(44). Biphenyl and biphenyl
ether quinolizidine N-oxide alkaloids were also isolated from the plant(35, 39). Decamine, decinine, decodine,
dihydroverticillatine, lagerstroemine and lagerine alkaloids were isolated from Lagerstroemia indica. 5-epi-
dihydrolyfoline and its sterioisomer, dihydrolyfoline, along with lagerine were isolated from the aerial parts of
Lagerstroemia indica (39, 45). The total flavonoids identified in the 80% ethanolic extract of Lagerstromia
indica was 27.71mg/g dry weight, these included: luteolin-6-arabinose-8-glucose 2.53, luteolin-6-glucose-8-
arabinose 0.30, apigenin-6-arabinose-8-glactose 0.43, apigenin-6-rhamnose-8-glucose 0.49, apigenin-6-
glucose-8- rhamnose 3.13, luteolin-7-glucose 0.86, naringeen 0.80, hisperidin 4.86, rutin 0.92, apigenin-7-O-
neohespiroside 0.33, kampferol-3,7-dirhamnoside 1.51, quercetrin 1.54, rosemarinic 0.13, quercetin 0.22,
naringenin 0.30, kampferol-3-(2- p-comaroyl) glucose 1.18, hespertin 0.31, kampferol 0.23, rhamnetin 0.06,
apigenin 0.13, apigenin-7-glucose 1.25, acacetin 18.88 6.20 mg/g dry weight. The total Phenolics identified in
the 80% ethanolic extract of Lagerstromia indica was 64.75 mg/g dry weight. Phenolic compounds isolated
from the 80% ethanolic extract of Lagerstromia indica included: pyrogallol 3.10, gallic acid 0.03, 4-amino-
benzoic acid 0.08, protocatchuic acid 0.80, catechin 0.37, catechol 1.43, epicatechin 0.15, p -hydroxy benzoic
acid 0.66, chlorogenic acid 0.27, vanillic acid 0.99, caffeic acid 0.13, p- coumaric acid 0.53, ferulic acid 0.29,
iso-ferulic acid 0.56, vanillic acid 17.40, α-Coumaric acid 0.70, benzoic acid 3.65, ellagic acid 31.48, 3,4,5,-
methoxy-cinnamic acid 1.24, cinnamic acid 0.03, and salycilic acid 0.68 mg/g dry weight. The total
carotenoids identified in the 80% ethanolic extract of Lagerstroemia indica was 112.22 mg/g(46).
Twenty five compounds were isolated from the aqueous methanol leaf extract of Lagerstroemia
indica included p-methoxygallic acid methyl ester, gallic acid, 3-O-methylgallate, tellimagrandin, nilocitin, 1,3-
di-O-galloyl-4,6-hexahydroxy diphenoyl-β4 C1-glucopyranose, 2,3-hexahydroxydiphenic acid-α/β-glucoside,
isovitexin, vitexin, iso-orientin, orientin, astralagin, rutin, apigenin-7–O-4 C1-β-D-glucoside, catechin,
epicatechin, luteolin-7-O-4 C1-β-D-glucoside, 3- methoxyellagic acid, ellagic acid, apigenin, kaempferol,
luteolin and quercetin(47) .
However, the constituents of ethanol and hexane extracts of Lagerstroemia indica and L. loudonii,
included 𝛾-sitosterol , (Z)-9-octadecenamide (oleamide), phytol, 𝛼-tocopherol, squalene, n-hexadecanoic acid,
linolenic acid, 5-hydroxy methyl furfural, phytol, acetate, campesterol, ethyl 𝛼-d-glucopyranoside, 3,7,11,15-
tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, linoleic acid, 24-methylenecycloartanol, cis-11-eicosenamide, stigmast-5-en-3-
ol,oleate, 𝛾-tocopherol, hexadecanamide, octadecanamide, octadecanoic acid, stigmasterol, glycerol ß-
palmitate, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester and pentacosane(48).
Analysis of Lagerstroemia indica leaves polysaccharides showed that polysaccharides consisted of
xylose (1.921%), arabinose (0.520%), ribose (0.620%), rhamnose (25.74%), mannitol (0.392%), sorbitol
(2.430%), fructose (0.426%), mannose (46.58%), glucose (16.15%) and galacturonic acid (5.21%)(42).
A review on Lagerstroemia Indica: A potential medicinal plant
38
Pharmacological effects:
Anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic effects:
The anti-inflammatory effect of Lagerstroemia indica whole plant 80% ethanol extract was studied
using in vitro and in vivo experiments . In an in vitro study, the increased cytokine concentrations (IL-2, IL-4,
IL-5, IL-13, and TNF-α) in Jurkat cells with the using of house dust mites extract were inhibited by
Lagerstroemia indica extract, and it also suppressed the increased expression of IL-6 after treatment with mite
extract of EoL-1 cells and THP-1 cells. The extract significantly inhibited leukocytosis and eosinophilia in
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue samples in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. The extract also
inhibited the increased mucus secretion, blocked the production of reactive oxygen species, and blocked the
protein expression of IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage(49).
The anti-inflammatory effect of Lagerstroemia indica fruits extracts was determined in LPS-induced
RAW 264.7 cells and in protective effects in reflux-esophagitis in rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of
Lagerstroemia indica extracts was measured by NO production inhibitory activity and the expression of pro-
inflammatory protein such as iNOS, COX-2 and NF-kB on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Raw 264.7 cells.
The NO production and iNOS, COX-2 and NF-kB expression increased by LPS were inhibited by
Lagerstroemia indica extracts. In reflux-induced esophagitis, the oral administration of Lagerstroemia indica
extracts decrease contradistinction to the reflux-esophagitis control(50).
The anti-inflammatory activities of 19 phenolic derivatives isolated from Lagerstroemia indica stem
were evaluated through the measurement of the production of NO in murine microglia BV2 cells stimulated by
bacterial pathogen, LPS. (2R,3S)-dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol compound significantly inhibited LPS-
stimulated NO production with IC50 values of 14.6 μM, which displayed more activity than L-NMMA.
Evofolin-B compound showed the inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 22.0 μM in BV-2 cells without cell
toxicity. However, other compounds (pterospermin A, alatusol A, ficusol, evofolin-B and marphenol C)
exhibited week NO production activity in the murine microglia BV-2 cell line(38).
The anti-inflammatory effect of water methanol Lagerstroemia indica leaves extract free from
polysaccharide (extract A), and water methanol extract with polysaccharide (extract B), 100 mg /Kg bw, was
studied using carrageenan induced oedema in rat paw. Both extracts possessed anti-inflammatory activity(42).
The analgesic effect of water methanol Lagerstroemia indica leaves extract free from polysaccharide
(extract A), and water methanol extract with polysaccharide (extract B), 100 mg /Kg bw, was studied using an
electric current as noxious stimulus applied to the rat’s tail. Extract A of Lagerstroemia indica. possesses higher
analgesic activity and more potent than extract B, with 68% and 54% analgesic activity, respectively of that of
the standard dipyron-metamizole(42).
The antipyretic effect of water methanol Lagerstroemia indica leaves extract free from polysaccharide
(extract A), and water methanol extract with polysaccharide (extract B), 100 mg /Kg bw using intramuscular
injection of 1 mg /100g bw of 44% yeast suspension in rats. Extract A of Lagerstroemia indica. possessed
antipyretic activity, it showed potency after one hour (65%) then it increased after two hours reaching 88%,
while the potency of extract B was 35% after one hour then increased to 62% after two hours of treatment as
compared to the reference drug, acetaminophen(42).
Antioxidant effects:
The antioxidant activity of Lagerstroemia indica Linn. f. alba (Nichols.) Rehd and Lagerstroemia
indica flowers was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP assay.
Lagerstroemia indica flowers possessed good antioxidant activity in vitro. The ethyl acetate extract of
Lagerstroemia indica Linn. f. alba (Nichols.) Rehd showed the highest antioxidant activity, it possessed higher
DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50= 7. 4 μg / ml), ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50= 1. 8 μg / ml)
and ferric reducing antioxidant power (=2664. 7 μmol / g)(51).
Both models of DPPH and ABTS revealed high antioxidative activities of Lagerstroemia indica
(70% acetone in water) at the 50 ppm. In the result of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging
radical activity, the acetone extract of Lagerstroemia indica. branch were higher than 73% at the 50 ppm. ABTS
radical cation decolorization activity of acetone extract were higher than 78% at the 50 ppm(52).
The antioxidant potential was assessed using ABTS activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity and
metal chelating activity. Highest TEAC value 7.946 ± 0.04 mMtrolox for ABTS assay was possessed by
aqueous extract of leaves. The maximum metal chelating activity 60.302 ± 0.93 was recorded for petroleum
ether extract of fruit. The highest value of % DPPH° (92.92 ± 0.08 %) was caused by aqueous extract of bark(42).
The antioxidant activity of water methanol Lagerstroemia indica leaves extract free from
polysaccharide (extract A), and water methanol extract with polysaccharide (extract B) was studied by
determination of blood glutathione (mg %). Extract A of Lagerstroemia indica (100 mg /Kg bw) induced
highly significant antioxidant activity than extract B. The potent antioxidant activity of Lagerstroemia indica
extracts might be attributed to its phenolic compounds(42).
A review on Lagerstroemia Indica: A potential medicinal plant
39
Anticancer effects:
Two of the phenolic derivatives isolated from Lagerstroemia indica stem showed cytotoxicity against
four cell lines: A549 (non-small cell lung carcinoma), SK-OV-3 (ovary malignant ascites), SK-MEL-2 (skin
melanoma), and HCT-15 (colon adeno carcinoma) with IC50 of 16.59, 16.64, 17.26 and 8.83µM for lagerindiol
and 6.51, 9.13, 11.38 and 5.87 µM for pterospermin A, against the four cell lines respectively(38).
Ten triterpene glycoside isolated from stems of Lagerstroemia indica were tested for anticancer
effects, by determining their inhibitory effects on four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2,
and HCT15). Two of the ten compounds (betulinic acid and 3b-acetoxyolean-12-en-28-acid) showed potent
cytotoxicity with IC50 3.38- 6.29 μM(31).
Antimicrobial effect:
The antimicrobial effect of the methanol extract of Lagerstroemia indica leaves was evaluated against
(Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 8095), Salmonella enteritides (ATCC 13076), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922),
Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 15313) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) using disk diffusion and broth
microdilution methods. The methanol extract of Lagerstroemia indica leaves exhibited antimicrobial activity
against all the tested microorganisms. Purification of the methanol extract of Lagerstroemia indica leaves
yielded one pure active compound, '4-methoxy apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside; cytisoside. The minimum
lethal concentration of the compound against Candida albicans was (MLC= 32 μg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus
(MLC=16 μg/ml), Salmonella enteritides (MLC= 16 μg/ml), Escherichia coli (MLC= 16 μg/ml), and Listeria
monocytogenes (MLC= 16 μg/ml)(53).
The antimicrobial effect of Lagerstroemia indica methanol and aqueous leaf extracts was studied
against 5 human bacterial pathogensusing disc diffusion method. The mean inhibitory zones of the methanolic
extract against Staphylococcus auerus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 12, 12, 13, 20 and 16 mm, while the mean inhibitory zones of the aqueous
extract were 8, 6, 9, 5 and 7 mm against the same microorganisms respectively (41).
The antimicrobial activity of the barks, leaves and fruits of Lagerstroemia indica extracted by
petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and distilled water was studied against two Gram-positive
(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) bacterial strains and two fungal strains (A. oryzae and A. niger). The maxium antibacterial effect
was exerted by petroleum ether extract of the bark (41.33 ± 0.88mm), while, petroleum ether etract of the leaves
showed the maximum effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (49.33 ± 0.66 mm). Chloroform extract of the
bark and methanolic extract of the fruit possessed the maximum effect against Staphylococcus aureus (31.33 ±
0.88mm) and petroleum ether extract of the bark exerted the maximum effect against against Bacillus subtilis
(58.33 ± 0.88mm). A significant antifungal activity was exerted by all the extracts of Lagerstroemia indica
against both fungal strains. The largest zone of inhibition (36 ± 3.21mm) against A. oryzae was exhibited by
aqueous extract of bark, while the highest antifungal activity against A. niger (40.33 ± 0.88 mm) was possessed
by chloroform bark extract(42).
Anti-Alzheimer's disease:
Lagerstromia indica 80% ethanolic extract (total extract, 500 mg/kg bw) was evaluated on
Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced in rats by Aluminium cholride (AlCl3). Aluminium cholride (AlCl3) caused
disturbances in neurotransmitter levels norepinephrine, acetylcholine esterase, dopamine and serotonin. It
elevated oxidative stress protein carbonyl (PC) and apoptotic markers caspase -3 with many histological
changes included necrosis of cerebral cortex, atrophy, pyknosis of neurons and focal gliosis. Hippocampus of
AD rats showed necrosis of pyramidal cells. Treatment of AD rats with total extract of Lagerstroemia indica
revealed marked improvement of neurotransmitter levels comparing to AD induced rats. Cerebral cortex or
hippocampus of AD rats treated with Lagerstroemia indica total extract showed only necrosis of some sporadic
neurons and pyramidal cells(46).
Hypoglycemic effect:
The hypoglycemic effect of water methanol Lagerstroemia indica leaves extract free from
polysaccharide (extract A), and water methanol extract with polysaccharide (extract B), 100 mg /Kg bw, was
studied in alloxan (150 mg/ kg bw) induce diabetes mellitus in rats. Extract decreased serum glucose level by
22.5% and 44.9% after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Glucose level was decreased by 32.2 % and 58.2% in
extract B treated animals after 4 and 8weeks, respectively in comparison with metformin, which decreased
glucose level by 46.2% and 66.4% after 4 and 8weeks, respectively(42).
A review on Lagerstroemia Indica: A potential medicinal plant
40
Hepatoprotective effects:
The hepatoprotective activity of water methanol Lagerstroemia indica leaves extract free from
polysaccharide (extract A), and water methanol extract with polysaccharide (extract B) was studied in carbon
tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Both extracts showed significant reduction (51.9, 57.2 and 14.1 μ /l
for extract A and 65.2, 63.2 and 18.5 μ /l for extract B) in AST, ALT and ALP respectively, compared to the
control. The hepatoprotective effects of extract A was comparable to that of silymarin(42).
Antithrombin activity:
A chromogenic bioassay was utilized to determine the antithrombin activity of methylene chloride and
methanol extracts prepared from 30 plants of central Florida. Extracts of Lagerstroemia indica demonstrated
activity of 80% or higher antithrombin activity using bioassay system(54).
Toxicity:
The median lethal doses (LD50) of water methanol Lagerstroemia indica leaves extract free from
polysaccharide (extract A), and water methanol extract with polysaccharide (extract B) were studied in mice.
The median lethal doses (LD50) of extracts A and B of Lagerstroemia indica were 6.5 and 6.8 g/Kg bw
respectively(42).
II. CONCLUSION
Lagerstroemia indica showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer,
antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antithrombin effects. The current review
discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lagerstroemia indica.
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