DEVELOPMENT OF PUPILS' DIGITAL LITERACY IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS

Abstract

In connection with the current discussed reform of curricular documents in the Czech Republic the perception of digital literacy and its implementation into the educational process is changed, into the teaching mathematics including. In addition to the requirement of the teachers' digital competencies, there is also a requirement to respond to the actual change the perception of the objectives of mathematical education especially in the relationship between building and developing both pupils' mathematical and digital literacy. The article describes the transformation of digital literacy perception, it identifies its planned anchorage during mathematical teaching and it presents the documents on which the reform is based. In the current curricular reform digital literacy should be one of the main objectives in teaching specialized subjects (in this case mathematics), which should be achieved through appropriately designed curriculum and adequate use of digital technologies. The main objective of teaching mathematics is decomposed to the development of mathematical literacy and digital literacy.

Full text

DEVELOPMENT OF PUPILS' DIGITAL LITERACY IN TEACHING
MATHEMATICS
David Nocar, Radka Dofková, Květoslav Bártek, Tomáš Zdráhal
Palacký University Olomouc, Faculty of Education (CZECH REPUBLIC)
Abstract
In connection with the current discussed reform of curricular documents in the Czech Republic the
perception of digital literacy and its implementation into the educational process is changed, into the
teaching mathematics including. In addition to the requirement of the teachers’ digital competencies,
there is also a requirement to respond to the actual change the perception of the objectives of
mathematical education especially in the relationship between building and developing both pupils’
mathematical and digital literacy. The article describes the transformation of digital literacy perception,
it identifies its planned anchorage during mathematical teaching and it presents the documents on
which the reform is based. In the current curricular reform digital literacy should be one of the main
objectives in teaching specialized subjects (in this case mathematics), which should be achieved
through appropriately designed curriculum and adequate use of digital technologies. The main
objective of teaching mathematics is decomposed to the development of mathematical literacy and
digital literacy.
Keywords: Digital literacy, mathematical literacy, revision of curriculum.
1 INTRODUCTION
In connection with the extensive reform of curricular documents in the Czech Republic the formulation
of the goals of mathematics education is becoming very topical. The reason is the change in the
perception of the importance of digital literacy in the Czech Republic and its implementation into the
educational process, into the teaching mathematics including. New requirements for digital
competence of teachers arise and new requirements for changing educational goals, thus also
changing the goals of mathematical education. Up to now, during primary school pupils have to
acquire the prescribed educational content representing a professionally selected sum of essential
information, activities and values. However, in the upcoming curriculum changes, learning the content
of a particular educational field should not be conceived as the main goal of education, but rather as a
partial goal which is a prerequisite for fulfilling another important educational goal. This new goal is
then represented by certain general assumptions of every member of the society for the use of digital
technologies to practice in different life situations. There is no reduction in the importance of specific
educational content (primary objective), but to spread educational content to more objectives and
equally important objectives.
The paper responds to current trends in the development of the educational process in the Czech
Republic. One of them is the implementation of digital technologies in education in recent years.
These technologies have always been implemented into teaching only as supporting didactic tools to
present the curriculum more visual, for easier access to information, to submit the curriculum in more
interactive form, to support constructivist approaches, etc. Today we can no longer imagine an
educational process without e-learning support that can be integrated into the educational process in
various forms such as blended learning or m-learning. The possibilities of digital technology can be
used very effectively even in inquiry-based education, which emphasizes the theory of pedagogical
constructivism, more intensive implementation of activities oriented at changing the method pupils
obtaining and acquiring new knowledge including the active use of digital technologies. In these ways
of integrating digital technologies into the educational process, the aim of their involvement is not to
develop the pupils' digital literacy.
However, in the curricular reforms implemented, digital literacy should be one of the main objectives in
teaching specialized subjects (in this case mathematics), which should be achieved through
appropriately designed curriculum although previously the main goal was especially the development
of mathematical literacy. The main objective of teaching mathematics is decomposed to the
development of mathematical literacy and digital literacy. How, then, will be formulated educational
objectives in mathematics due to the development of these two literacies?
Proceedings of EDULEARN19 Conference
1st-3rd July 2019, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
ISBN: 978-84-09-12031-4
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2 THEORETICAL BASIS
The results of PISA and TIMSS international surveys have long demonstrated a significant
deterioration of Czech pupils in mathematics. That is why the views on the position of mathematics
have changed in this context. Mathematical literacy was defined as the individual’s capacity for
formulating, employing and interpreting mathematics in a variety of contexts. It also includes making
mathematical deductions and applying mathematical concepts, procedures, facts and tools to
describe, explain and predict phenomena. Mathematical literacy helps people to identify and
understand the role that mathematics plays in the world, and to make the well-founded judgements
and decisions required in life by constructive, engaged and reflective citizens [1].
The level of mathematical literacy achieved by pupils is best reflected in situations where they use
mathematical knowledge and skills to define, formulate and solve problems from different areas and
contexts and to interpret their solutions using mathematics.
In contrast, the assumption of digital literacy was primarily a matter for teachers, who have learned to
work with these technologies, and then be able to use them effectively in teaching. Many documents
have been created defining different aspects of digital literacy. For example, the "Developing Digital
Literacies" Guide [2] defined seven basic components that together form the digital identity of an
individual and closely intertwine with mathematics literacy. The first was information literacy as a
teacher's ability to seek, interpret, evaluate and process information. The second component was
media literacy as its ability to critically examine and form a media message. Third, the ability to create
a digital work environment for involving academic and research activities supported by current
technologies and social networks. An essential component was communication and collaboration as a
teacher's ability to actively engage in collaborative networks supporting cognition. The teacher should
also be able to build their own digital identity and manage their own online identity and online identity.
In addition, computer literacy was a fundamental component of the teacher's ability to master digital
technology perfectly to implement learning activities and, last but not least, its ability to learn and
constantly improve and develop a personal learning environment [3].
The current question is what competences to use digital technology a pupil should have and how to
develop it. Students are in the learning process while active participants and beneficiaries of the
curriculum mediated digital technologies, but in terms of digital literacy development their involvement
is mostly passive. Because digital technologies are a common part of life today, it is necessary to
develop this literacy for pupils during the educational process.
The current direction of changes in the educational process in the Czech Republic can be seen in the
revisions of the current Framework Educational Program for Elementary Education (FEP EE) [4], in
the implementation of a project at national level " Supporting the development of digital literacy" [5]
and in the preparation of new projects within the current call of the Ministry of Education, Youth and
Sports (MEYS CR) "Implementing the Digital Education Strategy II" [6]. The National Institute for
Education has also published a document “Digital literacy at nodal points of education - methodical
support material” [7] for more than half a year. This document contains sets of expected learning
outcomes at nodes for digital literacy education.
National Institute for Education within the framework of the revision of the FEP EE defined and shared
way of developing digital and ICT skills of pupils in four areas, which should be part of school
teaching:
- Developing Digital Competences,
- Use of digital technologies in teaching and education,
- Development of IT competencies,
- Development of professional competencies of other educational areas.
Thus, while the development of IT thinking will now be largely a matter of the educational
discipline/subject of Informatics, digital competence will be developed transversally in all other
fields/subjects.
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3 PRECONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL COMPETENCES
IN MATHEMATICS
In general, the area of Mathematics and its Applications offers number of ways to develop pupils'
digital competences. This is also due to the fact, that this educational area is interwoven with all basic
education and its successful mastering creates the preconditions for further successful study and
functioning in society. Teaching selected thematic units in the area of Mathematics and its Application
is most involved in the development of information and data literacy. It enables the connection of
offered competencies and the ideal result is output in a digital format with mathematical content.
Document Digital literacy at nodal points of education - methodical support material defines three
areas of digital competences:
• Man, society and digital technology, where the pupil should gradually learn to engage in events
around him through online activities. He should also be encouraged to seek opportunities to use
digital technology for learning and personal development and also develop his ability to use new
digital technologies. The pupil should learn to perceive and evaluate the possibilities and risks
of engaging digital technologies in different situations and act responsibly accordingly. The pupil
should be able to identify problems and possibilities of their solution using digital means, to
consider and critically evaluate various problem solutions.
• Creating Digital Content, where the pupil should gradually learn to create content in different
formats and using various digital technologies. He should be able to edit and improve the
content that he has created himself or created by others, use different digital resources to enrich
your ideas and experiences, enrich and rework.
• Information, sharing and communication in the digital world, where the pupil should gradually
learn to acquire, judge, manage and share data, information and content using digital
technologies. He should be able to choose procedures, strategies and ways that correspond to
the specific situation and purpose.
Within the implementation of the project “Supporting the Development of Digital Literacy”, an analysis
of the educational field Mathematics and its Applications at all ISCED levels 1, 2 and 3 was carried
out. The digital competences that can be developed within the educational area have been assessed
and analysed according to the following categories:
• Information and Data Literacy: View, search and filter data, information and digital content;
Evaluation of data, information and digital content; Manage data, information and content;
• Communication and collaboration: Digital technology interaction; Sharing through digital
technologies; Developing participatory citizenship through digital technologies; Collaboration
through digital technologies; Netiquette; Managing Digital Identity.
• Creating digital content: Creating digital content; integration and redesign of digital content;
Copyright and License; Programming.
• Safety: Device protection; Protection of personal data and privacy; Protection of health and well-
being; Environmental Protection.
• Problem solving: technical problem solving; Identifying needs and technological responses;
Creative use of digital technology; Identify deficiencies in digital competences.
• Technological competences: Computer hardware and software; Other digital technologies;
Computer systems and networks.
For each of the above categories, appropriate thematic units have been identified, in which relevant
digital competence can be developed in teaching mathematics. The project also prepares digital
educational resources in accordance with this concept of developing pupils' digital literacy in teaching
mathematics.
4 CONCLUSION
Educational area Mathematics and its applications has great potential for developing pupils' digital
literacy compared to other educational areas. Here, the duality of objectives: the development of
digital literacy, in conjunction with the development of mathematics literacy, appears as entirely
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organic, therefore, teaching mathematics in this concept of education will play one of the most
important roles.
In particular, digital literacy and digital competence of teachers are related to the development of
pupils' digital literacy. A set of pedagogical and professional competencies to use digital technologies,
which each teacher should mastered, is based on the DigCompEdu document of the Joint Research
Centre of the European Commission. Several other projects are being implemented within the Czech
Republic, aiming to train teachers to develop reading, math and digital literacy and pupils' and
children's informatics thinking. Based on DigCompEdu document is e.g. project “Support of teachers'
work” of the National Institute for Education. The project also addresses the measures selected Digital
education strategy for 2020.
Staff of the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Palacký University in Olomouc, started
the project in which research will be conducted between primary and lower secondary school
mathematics teachers aiming to find out how the current teachers are prepared for this reform. The
research will be carried out within the project and the data obtained will draw conclusions on the
current state of current educational reality in the Czech Republic and will be revised the
undergraduate training of future mathematics teachers. The results of the research will be published in
the following articles.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The survey and the paper were created as part of the project Math Teachers’ Preparedness for Pupils’
Digital Literacy Development, Project No: IGA_PdF_2019_001.
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