Vultures of Nepal

Abstract

Vultures are large sized scavenging birds of group raptors, feeding mostly on the carcasses of dead animals and are found on every continent except Antarctica and Oceania. Vultures play a highly important ecological role through the rapid consumption of animal carcasses. They do safely disposing off dead animals and help in preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases. The loss of a major scavenger from the ecosystem have associated disease risks for wildlife, livestock and humans including the spread of rabies and livestock borne diseases like anthrax, tuberculosis and brucellosis. They also have an important cultural role in the consumption of human dead bodies in sky burials within Nepal and Tibet. Among Lama People in Trans Himalayan range and in other cultures including the Sherpa, based on priest advice the dead body is cut in to pieces and offered to vulture. In this dry environment where burial and incineration are impossible, vultures are the cleaner of the environment. In Hindu mythology, a vulture is said to be the carrier of God Sani (Saturn); and a vulture struggled with Ravana to stop kidnap of Sita in the Ramayan.
Fairly common natural scavengers on decades ago are in grave danger of extinction across the Indian subcontinent now. Due to this rapid decline four species out of nine species of vultures found in Nepal are critically endangered, one endangered and three are near threatened.
The cause of these declines has been shown to be the veterinary drug diclofenac which is widely used to treat livestock in Asia in combination with other causes.
In order to halt the decline of the critically endangered vultures in Nepal, both ex-situ and in-situ conservation of these birds has been practiced. The Government of Nepal banned production and use of veterinary diclofenac in 2006; prepared and implemented the first Vulture Conservation Action Plan for Nepal (2009-13) and revised to Vulture Conservation Action Plan for Nepal (2015-19) which is being implemented now. Pioneer the idea of participatory conservation by operating the community based Vulture Safe Feeding Site and Vulture Safe Zone in Nepal.
This book delivers the detail history of vulture population collapse, conservation initiatives, species fact sheet, photo identification and conservation recommendation in Nepali language.

Full text

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cfly{s ;xof]u M ?km8{ :dn u|fG6, a]nfot
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lagf k'gM k|sfzg / s'g} c+zsf] k|sfzg tyf o;df /x]sf tl:j/x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ kfOg]
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ISBN : 978-9937-06104-9
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cfxf/fsf af/]df ;a}n] ;lhn} eGg ;Sb}gg\ . o;sf af/]df yfxf kfpg' /f]rs 5 . lbglbg} ;+s6df k/]sf]
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s] ug{ ;S5f}+ eGg] hfgsf/L lbg]5 .
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ldn]dfq} k|efjsf/L sfd x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] lu4sf] ;du| kl/ro / dxTj ga'emL x'Fb}g .
o; k':ts n]vg tyf k|sfzg ug{sf nflu ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dd"0f{ dxfgefjx?nfO{ d'/L d'/L wGofjb .

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;Dem]sf] 5' . ldlxg]t nufO{ kf7snfO{ of] pkxf/ lbg]
n]vsx?nfO{ xfd|f] z'esfdgf / wGojfb 5 . 8f= x]d;fu/ a/fn
jl/i7 kG5L ljz]if1, nflhDkf6
I am delighted to see the publicaon of this excellent
book, Vultures of Nepal and warmly congratulate
Hemanta Dhakal and his team for wring it and the
Pokhara Bird Society for its publicaon. The book has
an authoritave text on vultures, their benets to
people and the environment, the threats facing them
and the great eorts being made in Nepal to conserve them. The book is
beaufully illustrated throughout and I congratulate the photographers
for their wonderful pictures. I feel sure this book will make a valuable
contribuon to vulture conservaon in Nepal.
Carol Inskipp
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;dod} bf]xg u5{g\ . lu4sf] k]6df cTolws dfqfdf /xg] cDnLo /;n] ljleGg
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cefj ePdf l;gf] k|s[ltdf o;} ;8\5, h;df e':ofxf s's'/, :ofn, d';f / leFmufsf]
;+Vofdf a[l4 x'G5 . kmn:j?kM dflg;df /]jLh, Kn]u, x}hf, cfpF / emf8fkvfnf
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cfjZostf xf] . d'G8] / pxfFsf ;xsdL{x?n] u/]sf] Ps cWoog k|ltj]bg cg';f/
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;kmfOdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 .
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zlgb]jsf] jfxgsf ¿kdf dflgG5 . /fdfo0f jl0f{t syf cg';f/ /fj0fn] ;LtfnfO{
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pNn]v 5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf a:g] ltAtLog d'nsf nfdf ;d'bfo d[t
cfkmGtsf] zj lu4nfO{ v'jfpg] k/Dk/f lyof] . cem} st} st} /x]sf] ;'Gg kfOg]
Tof] k/Dk/f qmdzM rngaf6
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zjofqf u/]/ a:tL eGbf lgs} k/ 8fF8fsf] lglZrt 7fpFdf ;d'bfo k'U5g\ . nfdfn]
zj 6'qmf kf5{g\ . To;/L 5fl8Psf] zj lu4 cfP/ vfG5g\ . zjnfO{ l56f] / ;Dk"0f{
¿kdf lu4n] vfPsf] v08df pQm d[ts wdf{Tdf ePsf] ljZjf;pQm k/Dk/fdf
5 .
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cGTo]li6sf nflu …;fOn]G; 6fj/Ú df nu]/ /flvlbG5g\ . pQm :yfgdf lu4x? cfO{
vfg] ub{5g\ . o;y{ lu4 vfB >[+vnfsf] ;+of]hs, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng / h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs dfq geO{ sltko ;d'bfosf] wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts
cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ klg xf] .
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pgLx¿n] l;gf] vfFbf lhpdf nfu]sf /ut / kmf]x/ ;kmf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
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lu4x¿ lbgdf ;of}+ dfOn p8]/ nfdf] b'/Lsf] a;fOF;/fO{ ub{5g\ eg] lxdfnL lu4
klg hf8f] 5Ng lu|id Ct'df lxdfnaf6 t/fO em5{g\ . lu4sf] cf}ift tf}n #=*
b]lv !) s]hL;Dd x'G5 . lhK; k|hfltsf lu4sf] cf};t cfo' @) b]lv #) jif{;Dd
x'G5 . t/, kfNt' cj:yfdf of]eGbf a9L $) jif{;Dd klg afFr]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
lu4sf] d[To'b/ aRrf x'Fbf a9L x'G5 eg] qmdzM jo:s xF'b} hfFbf sd xF'b} hfG5 .
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eGb} b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/]sf5g\ . clk|msf, Plzof / o"/f]kdf kfOg] lu4x?nfO{
k'/fgf] ljZjsf elgG5, h'g !^ k|hfltsf 5g\. pQ/L / blIf0f cd]l/sfdf kfOg] &
k|hfltnfO{ gofF ljZjsf lu4x¿ elgG5 . k'/fgf] ljZjsf lu4x?n] l;gf] b]v]/ kQf
nufpF5g\ /, logn] dfG5]n] eGbf s/Lj cf7 u'0ff 6f9f ;Dd b]Vg ;Sb5g\ . gofF
ljZjsf lu4x?n] l;gf] ;'F3]/ kQf nufpF5g\ . blIf0f Plzofdf ( k|hflt lu4x?
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cG6f{l6sf / ci6«]lnofdf afx]s ljZjsf] ;a} e"efudf lu4x¿ kfOG5g . k'/fgf]
ljZjsf lu4x¿nfO{ p8\gsf nflu v'nf 7fpF rflxG5 . oL lu4x¿ Pl;of,
clk|msf / o"/f]kdf km}lnPsf 5g\ . lhK; k|hfltsf lu4x¿ kxf8, h+un, ;dy/
e"efu / k|foM dfgj a:tL glhs} kfOG5g\. s]xLn] kx/f / s]xLn] ¿vdf u'F8
agfpF5g\ . g]kfnsf kfOg] /}yfg] k|hflt dWo] 8+u/, ;fgf] v}/f] / ;'g lu4n] cUnf,
alnof / 7"nf ¿vdf u'F8 agfP/ k|hg\g ub{5g\ eg] xf8kmf]/, lxdfnL / ;]tf]
lu4n] r§fgL kx/f / cf]8f/x¿df uF'8 agfO k|foh;f] dfG5]sf a:tL j/k/ a:g
?rfpF5g\ .
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lu4x¿ ;fdflhs k|f0fL x'g\ . cfxf/f e]l6Psf 7fpFdf lu4nfO{ PSn} vfO/x]sf] b]Vg
kfpg› cgf}7f] xf] . pgLx¿ ;d"xdf x'G5g\ . l;gf]sf] vf]hLdf s/Lj tLg ;o lsdL
6f9f;Dd p8\g] lu4x¿ cf};t tLg lbgdf ! s]hL l;gf] vfg] u5{g\ . o; lx;fan]
Pp6f lu4n] dfq klg Ps jif{df slDtdf !@) s]hL l;gf]sf] vkt ub{5 .
xfdLsxfF kfOg] lu4sf ;a} k|hflt l;gf] vfg ?rfpF5g\ . logLx¿ cfsfzaf6 b]v]/}
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lhjf0f'x¿ ePsf] ;8]sf] df;'klg krfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 . l;gf]df ePsf] df;',
cfGb|f, sn]hf] vfG5g\ t/, k]6leq ePsf] vfgf, nfbL / xf8 eg] 5f8\5g\ .
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vfg] u5{g . l;gf] vfFbf g/d efu Roft]/ cfGb|f–e'F8L;Fu} /xg] leqL efudf k|j]z
u/L vfg yfN5g\ . l;gf] vfFbf lu4sf] ;d'xdf k|ltikwf{ rN5 . Psn] csf]{nfO{ 7'FUg]
u5{g\ t/,l;gf] vf];fvf];df 7F'u]/ 3fOt] ePsf36gf eg] cToGt Go'g kfOG5g\ .
k|hgg\
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k'Ub5g\ t/, kfNt' (Captivity) cj:yfdf eg] of] ;doeGbf cufl8 klg k|hgg\
of]Uo ePsf] kfOPsf] cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;'?jftL k|hgg cj:yf /
lqmofsnfksf] lj:t[t cWoog / cg';Gwfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tfklg cg';Gwfgstf{sf
k|ltj]bgdf j0f{g ul/Pcg';f/ logLx¿hf]8L vf]h]/ ;Fu} a:g] / s/fpg], Ps
csf{ pN6f] lbzfaf6 p8]/ qm; x'g], cfxf/f vfFbf nfu]sf /ut;lxtsf kmf]x/
;d'xdf jf hf]8L;Fu} glhs} a;]/ cfcfkm\gf KjfFv ;kmf ug]{ ub{5g\ . of] ;dodf
logLx? u'F8 agfpg] ub{5g\, h;df efn] / kf]yL b'j}sf] ;xeflutf x'g] u5{ .
Psk6s agfPsf u'F8 csf]{–csf]{ jif{ klg k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . u'F8 agfpg
Pp6fn] dl;gf xfFuflauf Nofpg] sfd ubf{ csf]{n] To;nfO{ ldnfpg] sfd u5{g\ .
logLx?sf] k|hgg\ c;f]hb]lv ;'¿x'G5 . h]7 dlxgfdf rNnf uF'8af6 p8\g ;Sg]
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
14
x'G5g\ . lu4x¿ ;fdfGotM Psk6sdf -xf8kmf]/ / uf]a|] lu4sf] s]xL cj:yfdf
afx]s_ Pp6fdfq c08f kf5{g\ . To;nfO{ sf]/Ng (hatch) $% b]lv %% lbg
nfUb5 . c08fnfO{ tftf] k'¥ofpg klg hf]8Lsf b'j}n] cfnf]kfnf]] ub}{ To;dfly
cf]yf/f a:5g\ . c08faf6 rNnf lglSnPkl5 To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] uf]h]/f] (crop) af6
vfgf d'vdf lgsfn]/ v'jfpg] u5{g\ . c08faf6 lgl:sPsf rNnf tLg dlxgfkl5
dfq p8\g ;Sg] x'G5 . cfhLjg hf]8L agfpg] lu4n] u'F8 lgdf{0f, rNnf sf]/Ng] /
x'sf{pg] sfd efn]kf]yL b'j}sf] ;fe]mbf/Ldf ;DkGg ub{5g\ . lu4n] Ps jif{sf] Ps
k|hgg cjlwdf Pp6f dfq c08f kfb{5 eg] k|hgg\ sfo{ sflQsb]lv ;'? eO{
h]7 dlxgfdf ;DkGg x'G5 . g]kfndf lu4sf] af;:yfg lrtjg klZrdsf] t/fO /
klZrd g]kfnsf] dWokxf8L If]qdf 3gf¿kdf ljtl/t 5 .
cf]8fn]sf] ?vdf ;'g lu4, rNnf / u'8, kfNkf–@)!#
kx/fdf ;]tf] lu4sf] aRrf, dfp / u'8, kf]v/f –@)!(
;Nnfsf] ?vdf 8+u/ lu4sf] u'8 / c08f, c3f{vf“rL–@)!!
kmf]6f]M s[i0f k|;fb e';fn
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 15
;fgf] v}/f] lu4sf] aRrf / u'8, kf]v/f–@)!(
kf]v/f Nof08lkmN8 ;fO8df lu4sf x'n–@)!^
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
16
lu4 ljgfzsf] Oltxf;
s/Lj 8]9 bzs cl3;Dd tkfOF xfd|f
ufpF 6f]ndf klg ;ofF}sf] ;+Vofdf l;gf]df
n'5frF'8L ul//x]sf lu4 ;xh} b]lvGy] .
t/, cfh tL b[Zo b'n{e ePsf 5g\ .
dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmd ;Fu} o;sf
ljleGg sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . oqtq b]lvg]
lu4x? lxhf]cfh ;+s6fkGg cj:yfdf
k'u]sf 5g\ . lxhf]cfh d/]sf hgfj/
v'nf 7fpF kmflnFb}g . bb{ lgjf/ssf
¿kdf rnfpg] ul/Psf] 8fOSnf]km]g]s lbOP klg d/]sf 3/kfn'jf hGt'sf] l;gf]af6
k/]sf] c;/sf] syf klg 5'§} 5 . h+un ljgf; eP/ dfgj a:tL a9]sf] 5 . lu4n]
u'F8 nufpg] cUnf ?vx¿ sfl6Psf 5g\ . h+undf df+;fxf/L hgfj/sf] l;sf/ x'g]
hGt'sf] ;Vof 36]sf] 5 . dfG5] cfkm}+ l;sf/ v]Ng], kf;f] yfKg] / h+unL hgfj/
dfg]{ qmd a9]kl5 hundf klg sfnultn] jGohGt' d/]sf] lgs} sd x'g yfn]sf]
5 .
cfxf/f / af;sf] ;+s6;Fu} ;g\ !(()sf] bzsdf blIf0f Plzofdf s/f]8f}+ / g]kfndf
nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf kfOg] lu4 (%Ü eGbf a9Ln] 36]/ cfh s]xL xhf/df ;Lldt x'g
k'u]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf g]kfndf !) nfvb]lv !^ nfvsf] ;+Vofdf
lu4x? /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . h'g cfh s/La @) xhf/eGbf sddf ;Lldt
ePsf] 7flgPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;g\ @))@ b]lv @)!! ;Ddsf] k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{
;j]{If0fn] 8+u/ lu4sf] ;+Vof (!Ü / ;fgf] v}/f] lu4 (^Ü n] 36]sf] 5 .
ef/tdf klg ;g\ !((@ b]lv @))& ;Dd 8+u/ lu4 ((Ü / ;fgf] v}/f] (*Ü
n] 36]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] csNkgLo / ck|fs[lts ljgfzsf
sf/0f cfOo";LPgn] ;fgf] v}/f] lu4, 8+u/ lu4, nfdf] 7F'8] lu4 / ;'g lu4nfO{
clt;+s6fkGg / ;]tf] lu4nfO{ ;+s6fkGg ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . clt;+s6fkGg
k|hflt cfpg] !) jif{leq nf]k x'g] ;Defjgf %) k|ltzt x'G5 .
;d"xdf d/]sf lu4x?sf] kf]i6df6d ub}{
kmf]6f]M O{Zj/L rf}w/L

g]kfnsf lu4x? 17
lsg 36] lu4 <
;g\ !(() sf] dWob]lv blIf0f Plzofdf lu4sf] ;+Vofdf o;/L ck|fs[lts /
gf6sLo 9+un] x|f; cfpg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f 3/kfn'jf kz' pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g]
cf}iflw 8fOSnf]k]mg]s xf] . 8fOSnf]km]g]s lu4 ljgf;sf] 7"nf] sf/s /x]sf] s'/f cln
l9nf kQf nfUbf;Dd w]/} dfl/O;s]sf lyP . 3/kfn'jf kz'df ;'lGgPsf] / b'v]sf]
lgsf] kfg{ 8fOSnf]km]g]s k|of]u ul/GYof] . pkrf/s} qmddf jf & lbgleq To:tf kz'
d/]df 8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] ljiffQmkg ltgsf l;gf]df /xG5 .To:tf] l;gf] vfg] lu4sf]
z/L/df df;';Fu} ;b{5 . lu4sf] lhpn] 8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|lts"n k|efj k|lt/f]w ug{
;Sb}g . pQm cf}iflw k|of]u ul/Pklg d/]sf hgfj/sf] l;gf] lu4sf nflu k|f0f3fts
x'G5 . To:tf] l;gf] eIf0f ubf{ /utdf o'/Ls P;L8sf] dfqf a9]/ le;/n ufpF6
u/fpFb5 /, d[uf}nfn] …o'/Ls P;L8Ú 5fGg ;Sb}g . kmn:j?kM lu4 s]xL lbgd}
d5{ . lu4x? cfxf/f ;d'xdf h'6]/ vfG5g\ . To;/L vfg]lu4 8fOSnf]km]g]s k|efljt
Pp6} l;gf]af6 klg 7"nf] ;+Vofdf d5{g . #) ldlnsf] Ps efon 8fOSnf]k]mg]s
k|of]u ul/Psf] Pp6} l;gf]af6 dfq klg #%) b]lv *)) lu4x? dg{] ePsfn] g}
of] cf}ifwL lu4 ljgfzdf k|d'v sf/0f xf] eGg] cWoogx¿af6 k'li6 eof] . ;g\
!(() sf] bzsdf 8fOSnf]km]g]s g]kfn nufot blIf0f Plzofsf d'n'sx¿df kz'
pkrf/df ;j{;'ne / w]/} k|of]udf lyof] . tfTsflns cj:yfdf o;sf] k|of]u %)
nfvb]lv ! s/f]8 kz'sf] pkrf/df k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . oxL cjlwdf lu4
ayfgsf ayfg w]/} dfl/Psf] kfOPsf lyP .l
;g\ !(*), lbNnL
kmf]6f]M uf}td gf/fo0f

g]kfnsf lu4x?
18
lu4sf] ;+Vofdf x|f; cfpg'sf cGo ;xfos sf/0fx¿
!= af;:yfg ljgfz M cUnf / 7"nf ?vx? h:t} l;dn, ;fhsf] ljgfz / h+un
kmF8fgL tyf jgsf] cltqmd0f . clgolGqt / cJojl:yt ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf
df]6/af6f], a:tL lj:tf/ / ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0fn] klg dWokxf8L If]qdf
cjl:yt lu4sf] af;:yfg hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ .
@= :yfgLo ¿kdf cfxf/sf] sdLM ;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf
k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fb]lv kz'kfng ug]{, uf]7af6
uf]a/–ux'FtnfO{ dn / ls6gf;sf ¿kdf v]taf/Ldf k|of]u ug]{ xnuf]? / /fFuf]
gf/]/ v]t hf]Tg] v]tLkftLsf] rng la:tf/} km]l/Psf] 5 . ls6gf;sf] cTolws
k|of]u v]taf/Ldf nfUg] d';f / cGo ls6kt+usf nflu klg k|lts"n 5 . To:tf
ls/fkm6\ofu|f / d';fnfO{ cfxf/f agfpg] nf6f]sf];]/f] / rLn nufot kIfLsf nflu
klg xflgsf/s /x]sf] kfOPsf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnLdf ls;fgn] Wofg
k'¥ofOcfPsf] ldqlhj / zq'lhjsf] ;+t'ng klg k|efljt ePsf] 5 . kz'kfngsf]
k/Dk/fut rngdf uf]7sf j:t'efp dbf{ To;nfO{ nu]/ a:tLaf6 k/ st} ldNsfpg]
ul/GYof] . To:tf] l;gf] lu4sf] cfxf/fsf] d'Vo ;|f]t lyof] . la:tf/} v]taf/L hf]Tg
6\ofS6/ / ldgL6]n/ pkof]u a9\of] . a:tL a9\b} hfFbf d/]sf hgfj/ v'nf 7fpFdf
kmfNbf b'u{Gw x'g] eGb} uf8\g] / k'g]{ ug{ yflnof] . v]t hf]Tgdfq} xf]Og, sf6\g klg
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/] kmf]6f]M s[i0f k|;fb e';fn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 19
d]lzgsf] pkof]usf] qmd a9\of] . gu/f]Gd'v u|fdL0f ahf/x¿df a:tL ljsf; a9\b}
hfFbf jg If]qsf] cfsf/ 36\of] . 7"nf / cUnf ?v sfl6P . ;+/lIft / x'sf{OPsf
jg If]qdf dfgjLo ultljlw lgs} a9\of] . lu4nfO{ Psflt/ ;lhn} kfOg] cfxf/fsf]
sdL, csf{lt/ u'F8 nufpg cUnf ?v b'n{e x'Fb} cfof] .
s[lifdf :t/Ls/0fn] kz'kfngsf] k/Dk/fut rngdf 7"nf] km]/abn
NofOlbof] . /}yfg] k||hfltsf ufOj:t'sf t'ngfdf pGgt gZn kfNg] / uf]7 klg
Jojl:yt agfpg] qmd a9\of] . /}yfg] k|hfltsf t'ngfdf h;L{ / xf]n:6]gnufot
ljsf;] hftsf ufOn] al9 b"w lbG5g\ . uef{wfg klg s[lqd tl/sfn] u/fpg
yflnof] . ljsf;] hftsf ufOe}+;LnfO{ k/Dk/fut tj/n] uef{wfgsf nflu
;fF9]÷/fFuf] nufOFb}g . kz'k|fljlwsn] l;d]g nufOlbg] k|ljlw ls;fgn] ;lhnf] dfGb}
hfFbf xnf] hf]Tg / bfOF ug{ uf]? kfNg} gkg]{ ePsf] 5 . ljsf;] hftsf ax/sf]
h'/f] gx'g] ePsfn] xnf] hf]Tg pkof]u x'Fb}g . hxfF v]taf/Ldf 6\ofS6/, y|];/ /
sDafOg xfe]{:6/sf] pkof]u a9]sf] 5, ToxLF j:t'efp kfNg] rngdf klg km]/abn
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
b'Uw kbfy{sf] sf/f]af/sf nflu ug{ yflnPsf] Jojl:yt kz'kfngsf] rngdf
;/;kmfOdf w]/} Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . kz'rf}kfof v'nf rl/r/gdf 5fl8Fb}g . ;w}+
uf]7df afFw]/ gfkhf]v u/]/ bfgf / 3fF;–k/fn v'jfOG5 . lj/fdL k/]sf] nIf0f yfxf
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x?
20
x'g] lalQs} pkrf/ ul/G5 . dl/xfn] vg]/ ufl8G5 . v'nf 7fpFdf ldNsfOFb}g . b'O{
b;s cl3;Dd 3/kfn'jf kz'j:t' dbf{ a:tLeGbf s]xL k/ ldNsfOGYof] . sfd nfUg]
5fnf sf9]/ To;} 5fl8Psf] l;gf] lu4sf nflu ;lhnf] cfxf/ lyof] . lxhf]cfh Tof]
rng x/fPsf] 5 . pGgt gZnsf kz'kfng u/]/ kmfObf lng] rngdf ;/;kmfOdf
w]/} Wofg lbg] ul/Psfn] d/]sf kz' aflx/ ldNsfOFb}g . ljsf;] hftsf ax/x¿
kz'sf] k|hgg\ s]Gb|n] lapsf nflu n}hfg] u/]sf 5g\ eg] sltko kz'kfnsn] To;}
5f8f 5f8\g] ub{5g\ . e}+;Lsf nflu klg ljsf;] ljlw ufO{ kfng h:t} rngdf
5 . /fFuf] df;'sf nflu dfg]{ rngn] l;gf] x'g]ul/ ldNsfpg} kb}{g .
kmn:j?k ufOe}+;Lsf] l;gf] lu4n] kfpg' b'n{e x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . cfxf/fdf
sdL lu4 36\g] k|d'v sf/s dWo]sf] xf] .
$= l;gf]df ljif /fVg]M ljiffbLsf] a9\bf] k|of]u lu4sf nflu 3fts eOcfPsf]
5 . uf]7 jf r/g If]qaf6 cfkm\gf kz'j:t' lzsf/ ug]{lrt'jf, efn' / :ofnh:tf
df+;fxf/L hgfj/nfO{ dfg{ sltko :yfgdf kz'kfns l;gf]df ljif /fV5g\ . To:tf]
vfP/ d/]sf hgfj/ jf To:tf] l;gf] vfFbf lu4 d/]sf 36gfx¿ 5g\ .
%= ljB'tLo kf]n / tf/ M hnljB't a9\bf] dfu;Fu} b'O b;sotf cfof]hgf
lgdf{0fsf] ;DefJotf cWoggx¿ lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0fsf]
qmd a9]sf] 5 . ltgaf6 pTkflbt ljB't ljt/0fsf nflu lbglbg} k|;f/0f nfOg
la:tf/sf sfd eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L eO/x]sf] k|;f/0f nfOg la:tf/n] ;Da4
If]qsf kz'k+IfLsf] :jtGq ljr/0fdf kg]{ k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g . To;}n] cUnf
ljB'tLo kf]n / tf/df 7f]lSsP/ / s/]G6 nfu]/ klg jif]{gL ;of} lu4 dl//x]sf
x'G5g\ . ljB'tsf] k|;f/0f nfOg la:tf/df lu4 nufot ljleGg k|hflt w]/} p8\g]
If]qnfO{ cWoog / ltgsf] ;'/Iffsf] lkmqmL gu/L sfd eO/x]sf 5g\ . s/]G6
nfu]/ 3fOt] k+IfLsf] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf 5}g . kz' ;]jf sfof{nox¿df jGohGt' /
3/kfn'jf afx]ssf k+IfL lj/fdL jf 3fOt] x'Fbf cfsl:ds / lgoldt pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . a]nfavt s/]G6 nfu]/ 3fOt] cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf
lu4nfO{ ;+/If0fsdL{n] pkrf/ u/fP/ k'gM h+undf 5f8\g] u/]klg of] ;Vof cToGt}
sd 5 . 3fOt] lu4sf] pkrf/df ;d'bfo ulDe/ 5}g .

g]kfnsf lu4x? 21
^= k|fs[lts k|sf]kM cfunfuL, af9Lklx/f], 89]nf] . k|fs[lts k|sf]kn] lu4;Fu}
jGohGt' / kz'k+IfLsf] hLjg ;+s6df kl//xG5 . Hofg hf]luP klg jf:yfg ljgf;
x'g], sltko cj:yfdf kz'k+IfL dfl/g] u/]sf 5g\ . jg 89]nf] jif]{gL eO/xg] 36gf
xf] . jg If]qdf 89]nf] nfUg glbg / nfluxfn] t'?Gt} lgoGq0f ug{ w]/} 7fpF s7Lg
ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf sf/0f ;xh 5}g . sltko If]qdf dfgjLo sf/0fn] 89]nf]sf
36gf bf]xf]l/G5g\ . lghL jg /x]sf If]qdf a:tL la:tf/sf nflu jg dfl;Psf
5g\ . sltko kxf8L jg If]q af9L klx/f]df kbf{ lu4sf] af; /x]sf ?v dfl;Psf
5g\ .
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
;dflhs ;~hfn km];a'saf6

g]kfnsf lu4x?
22
sf:sLsf lu4sf] ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL
;g\ @))% ;Dd sf:sLdf klg ljleGg k|hfltsf lu4sf] ;+Vof ;+/If0fsdL{sf nflu
;Gtf]ifhgs lyof] . s]xL jif{ otf lu4sf ultljlw / ;+Vofdf x|f; cfPsf] ljleGg
cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;'? ePsf] lu4 ;+/If0f cleofg ;Fu;Fu}
sf:sLdf klg ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] lu4 ;+/If0f
sfo{of]hgf @))(–@)!@ / @)!$–@)!( nfu" u/L 8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]udf k"0f{
k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . To; otf xfn;Dd ^! lhNnfnfO{ 8fOSnf]km]g]s d'Qm If]q
3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 . sf:sLnfO{ klg ;g\ @)!$ df 8fOSnf]km]g]s d'Qm lhNnfsf
¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/of] . ;+/If0f ;r]tgfsf sfo{qmd tyf cg';Gwfgsf sfo{qmdx?
ljleGg tl/sfn] cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . k"0f{ ¿kdf aGb]h ul/P klg 8fOSnf]km]g]s
pkof]ud} 5}g eg]/ 9'Ss x'g ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g .
;+/If0fsdL{sf] ;lqmotfdf d'n'ssf ljleGg :yfgdf lu4nfO{ ;'/lIft
af; / cfxf/f pknAw u/fpg h6fo' /]:6'/]G6sf] cjwf/0ffdf tsfd ePsf]
5 . xfn g]kfnsf ljleGg lhNnfdf ;ftj6f lu4 /]i6'/]06 (Vulture
Safe Feeding Site) 5g\ . lrtjgsf] s;/fdf Pp6f lu4 k|hgg\ s]Gb|
5 . pQm k|hgg\ s]Gb|df x'sf{OPsf lu4nfO{ k|fs[lts af;df 5f8]/ pgLx¿ ;kmn
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
xfn aGb} u/]sf] kf]v/f cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:yfn @)&$

g]kfnsf lu4x? 23
¿kdf afFRg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] cWoog klg ePsf] 5 . sf:sLsf] 3frf]sdf klg
lu4 /]i6'/]06sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/Ldf ;~rflnt lu4 /]:6'/]G6x¿ af; / cfxf/fsf]
;+s6;Fu h'lw/x]sf lu4sf nflu cf>o:yn ag]sf 5g\ .
@)!)–@)!& ;Dd sf:sL lhNnfsf ljleGg If]qx?df ul/Psf] ljleGg cWoogn]
lu4sf] ultljlwdf @)!% ;Dd sdL cfPsf] t/, @)!% otf cfP/ s]xL
;'wf/fTds kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf kfOg] ( k|hfltsf lu4x¿ ;a}
sf:sLdf kfOG5g\ . cg';Gwfgn] ;]tf] lu4sf] ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L b]vfPsf] 5
eg] xf8kmf]/ lu4sf] ;+Vof sd kfOPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . nfdf] 7'F8] lu4 Ps k6s
@)!# cfsfzdf p8]s]f b]lvPsf] yof] .
lu4sf] ultljlwdf c;/ kg]{ ljleGg sf/0fx? 5g\ . sf:sLsf] ;Gbe{df xfn
lgdf{0ffwLg If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, Kof/fUnfOl8ª / cN6«fnfO6sf] p8fg,
cJojl:yt dfgjLo cltqmd0f, tLj|t/ a:tLx? la:tf/, lah'nLsf xfO ef]N6]h
k|;f/0f nfOgx¿, ljifflbsf k|of]u cflb lu4 ;+/If0fsf r'gf}ltx? x'g\ . hg;d'bfon]
kmf]xf]/L / g/fd|f] r/f] dfGg] wf/0ff ;dfhdf 5 . To;}n] a:tL cf;kf; ga;f];\
eg]/ lu4 cfOa:g] ?v ljleGg sf/0f b]vfpFb} sf6\g] rng 5 . kf]v/f If]qLo
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] hUuf kfFr b;sb]lv vfnL d}bfgsf
tyf wg v]tsf] ¿kdf lyof] . cf;kf;sf] a:tLaf6 d/]sf hgfj/ ToxfF kmflnGYof] .
lu4x¿nfO{ cfxf/f / 3fd tfKb} cf/fd ug{ ;lhnf] ynf] lyof] . ToxfF d}bfg /
cf;kf;sf l;dndf hlxNo} lu4 a:y] . lgdf{0fsf] sfd yflnPotf pgLx¿sf
ultljlwdf afwf k/]sf] 5 . ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f k'/f eP/ ;~rfngdf cfPkl5
kf]v/f pkTosf If]qdf lu4sf ultljlw cem 36\g] lglZrt 5 .
tLj|Q/ ;x/Ls/0fsf] rk]6df k/]sf] sf:sLsf ljleGg 7fpFx¿df s'g} ;do v'nf
d}bfgsf] ;+Vof w]/} lyof] . ;g\ @)!^ df To:tf d}bfgx¿df b]vfkg]{ lu4nfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ n]vsn] #$) j6f ;+lIfKt zf]w u/]sf lyP . pQm zf]w af6
ufO{kfngsf] k/Dk/fut rngdf %)% x|f; cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . d/]sf kz'x?
uf8\g] / k'g]{ rng a9\bf lu4sf] cfxf/fsf] kx'Frdf c;/ k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
lah'nLsf xfO ef]N6]h k|;f/0f nfOgx¿ la:tf/ ePsf 5g\ . @)!# b]lv @)!&

g]kfnsf lu4x?
24
;Dddf tf/df 7f]lSsP/ / s/]G6 nfu]/ sf:sL If]qdf b'O{ lxdfnL lu4 / Ps /fh
lu4 d/]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] .
lg/Gt/sf] jftfj/0fLo ;r]tgf kl5 hgdfg;df lu4 hf]ufpg'kg]{ /x]5 eGg] ;f]r
cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/, Jojxf/df eg] ck]lIft kl/jt{g 5}g . o;sf] sf/0f lu4
3/kfn'jf k+IfL xf]Og, dfG5]sf] k/Dk/f b]lv o;af6 6f9f /xg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
5 . a9\bf] hg3gTj / a:tL la:tf/n] cUnf 7"nf ?v lbglbg} dfl;Psf 5g\ .
v'nf kmfF6x¿ b]Vg kfpg} ufx|f] x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . l;gf] v'nf 7fpFdf kmflnFb}g, Psfw
kmflnPsf 7fpFdf klg lu4 g} gcfpg] ;d'bfosf] egfO ;'Gg kfOG5 .
lu4 /]i6'/]06 :yfkgf otf tyf 8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]udf k|ltaGw kl5 lu4sf]
;+Vofdf @)!% kl5sf] tYof+sn] s]xL a9]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, oltn] dfq}
;Gtf]if dfGg] cj:yf 5}g . a:tL la:tf/sf] tLj|tf, kz'kfngdf km]l/Psf rng,
jg ljgf; / cfxf/fdf sdLn] lu4sf] hLjg lg/Gt/ ;+s6df 5 .
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 25
;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf ko{6sLo dxTj
;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts dxTj ePklg g]kfndf lu4 k"hf ul/g] k+IfLdf kb}{g . lxGb'
u|Gy /fdfo0fdf j0f{g ul/Psf] h6fo'sf] syfsf] rrf{ xfdLn] dfly klg u/]sf 5f}+ .
dgfª / d':tfª nufot pRr lxdfnL e]udf lu4sf] a]Un} dxTj 5 . ToxfFsf
nfdf ;d'bfon] cfkmGtsf] d[To'kl5 cfkm\gf u'?sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ zjnfO{ a:tLaf6
6f9f cUnf :yfg jf vf]nfsf] lsgf/df n}hfG5g\ . zj 6'qmf 6'qmf kf/]/ /fV5g\ .
To:tf] zj lu4 cfP/ vfG5g\ . pRr lxdfnL e]udf zj ;lhn} l56} s'lxb}g .
t/, jftfj/0f b'u{lGwt x'g] x'Fbf ;kmf /fVg lu4n] ;3fpF5 . ;'Gb} crDdsf] nfUg]
of] ;+:sf/ qmdzM 36]sf] 5 . lxdfnL If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿ ;xh hLjgofkgsf nflu
tNnf] e]udf a;fOF hfg] / cGTo]li6 ubf{ zj 6'qmofP/ /fVg] ljlw k'¥ofpg hfGg]
elgPsf u'?x¿sf] ;+Vof 36\bf o:tf] ePsf] xf] . cGTo]li6sf] k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/
ljlwk"j{s u/fpg] u/]sf u'?x¿sf gofF k':tfdf Tof] ;Lk u|x0fdf ?lr gePsfn]
;+:sf/ kl/dfh{g ePsf] ToxfFsf ;d'bfosf] egfO 5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;f+:s[lts /
;fdflhs dxTj ePklg km]l/Psf rngsf sf/0f eljiodf lxdfnL If]qdf lu4nfO{
cfxf/fdf ;+s6 kg{ ;S5 .
kxf8L / t/fO e]udf xfd|f] ;dfhdf lu4nfO{ kmf]xf]/L / cz'e r/fsf ¿kdf lng]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . lu4 3/ j/k/ a:g lbOFb}g . sy+dbflrt 5fgf]df a;]df 3/ g}
z'4Ls/0f ug'{kg]{ / s'g} g/fd|f] b'3{6gf lgDTofpg] cGwljZjf; 5 . a:tL glhssf
kmf]6f]M od u'?ª
kmf]6f]M s[i0f k|;fb e';fn

g]kfnsf lu4x?
26
s'g} ?vdf a:g cfPdf wkfOG5 . ?v sfl6G5 jf xfFuf l5df]lnG5 . o;sf] sf/0f
l;gf] bf]xg ug]{ ePs}n] xf] . lu4n] ghflgFbf] kf/fn] dfgj a:tLnfO{ ;8]/ b'u{lGwt
x'g] l;gf] tx nufOlbP/ u'g nufpF5 . clxn] klg cfsfzdf st} lu4sf ayfg
pl8/x]sf] b]Vbf To; cf;kf; d'lg st} l;gf] x'g'k5{ eGg] nv sf6\g ufx|f] kb}{g .
7'nf vs{, cli6«og SofDk, sf:sLdf xf8kmf]/ lu4sf] kmf]6f] lvRb} ko{6sx? . k|To]s jif{ - ;]K6]Da/ b]lv l8;]Da/_ o; 7fp“af6
uf]dfo'lrn tyf c? d+;fxf/L r/fsf] a;fO{;/fO{sf] cg';Gwfg tyf cjnf]sg ug]{ ul/G5 .
kf]v/f Nof08lkmN8 ;fO{8df lu4 cjnf]sg ub]{ ko{6gx? .
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 27
;+/If0fsf nflu /]i6'/]06
h6fo' /]i6'/]06 . em§ ;'Gbf cgf}7f]
/ km/s gfd nfUg ;S5 . st} of]
vfgfsf ljljw kl/sf/x¿ kfOg] /
;fyLefO hd36 x'g] ljz]if k|sf/sf]
/]i6'/]06 kf] xf] sL h:tf] klg nfUnf .
t/, h6fo' /]i6'/]06 dfG5]nfO{ vfgfsf
kl/sf/ k:sg] ynf] xf]Og .
oL To:tf] k|sf/sf /]i6'/]06 x'g\, hxfF
ljZjd} b'n{e kIfL lu4x¿ l;gf] vfg
cfpF5g\ . To;}n] t logsf] gfd h6fo'
-lu4_ /]i6'/]06 lbOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo
;d'bfo4f/f ;+rflnt / Jojl:yt ul/
Psf oL /]i6'/]06sf] k|d'v p2]Zo nf]kf]Gd'v
cj:yfdf k'u]sf lu4nfO{ ljiffbL/xLt
cfxf/f pknAw u/fO{ ;+/If0f ug'{ xf] .
oxL p2]Zosf ;fy g]kfndf ;j{k|yd
;g\ @))^ df gjnk/f;Lsf] lk7f}nLdf
h6fo' /]:6'/]G6 vf]lnof] . ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;d'xsf] ;lqmotfdf
v'n]sf] pQm /]:6'/]G6 ljZjs} klxnf]
xf] . ;d'bfoåf/f ;~rflnt pQm ynf]af6
k/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjkl5 p:t} k|sf/
sf h6fo' /]i6'/]G6x? ?kGb]xLsf] u}8xjf
tfn, bfªsf] nfndl6of / lahf]/L,
s}nfnLsf] v'6Lof, sf:sLsf] 3frf]s /
;'g;/Lsf] /fdw'gLdf klg lj:tf/ ul/
Psf 5g\ . lu4 ;+/If0fdf sf];]9'+uf
dflgPsf oL /]i6'/]G6x¿ xfn g]kfnsf
;ft :yfgdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . o;/L
vf]lnPsf h6fo' /]i6'/]06df uf}/Iff
s]Gb|x? x'G5g\, hxfF ls;fgx?af6 a[4,
c;Qm / a]sfd] ufOj:t'x? ;+sng u/L
kfngkf]if0f ul/G5 . vf;df uf}/Iff
s]Gb| kz'x?sf] j[4f>d xf] . j[4f>ddf
ufO{uf]? Nofpg]nfO{ /]i6'/]06n] k|f]T;fxg
:j?k gub k'/:sf/ klg lbG5 .
a[4f>dsf rf}kfof ha ha sfnultn]
d5{g\, tL lu4sf nflu cfxf/f x'G5g\ .
kmf]6f]M s[i0f k|;fb e';fn

g]kfnsf lu4x?
28
d/]sf rf}kfof lglZrt 7fpFdf /flvG5 .
lu4x? cfP/ vfG5g\ . ToxfF lu4sf]
cfgLafgL glhs}af6 n's]/ x]g]{ cjnf]sg
3/ klg x'G5, hxfFaf6 cfuGt'sx?n]
l;gf]df n'5fr'F8L u/L/x]sf lu4x?sf]
ljleGg cj:yfsf] cjnf]sg / cWoog,
cg';Gwfg ug'{sf ;fy} dgf]/~hg klg
lng ;S5g\ . ;"rgf s]Gb|df /x]sf
>Job[Zo ;fdfu|L / ;+u|xaf6 yk ;"rgf
k|fKt ug'{sf ;fy} :yfgLo;Fu 5nkmn klg
ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn cfP/ oL /]i6'/]06x¿
kof{ko{6g k|j4{gdf cfsif{s uGtJosf
¿kdf ljsl;t xF'b}5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo
;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{g, ;fd'bflos
ljsf;, :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f
tyf k|j4{gsf ;fy} lu4 / cGo h}ljs
ljljwtf ;+/If0f ;r]tgf clej[l4df
6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
ljZjsf] k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtJo
dWo] g]kfn klg 3'dGt]x¿n] ?rfpg]
b]z xf] . lxdfn cf/f]x0f, kbofqf /
k|fs[lts b[Zosf] cjnf]sgsf nflu
cfOk'Ug] ko{6ssf nflu oxfFsf] h}ljs
ljljwtf klg cWoog–cjnf]sgsf]
ljifo 5 . lu4sf nflu ;'/lIft cfxf/
s]Gb| -/]i6'/]G6_ x¿ g]kfnsf cfsif{s
ko{6sLo If]q aGg] ;Defjgf af]s]sf
5g\ .
lu4 ;+/If0f / ;r]tgf clea[l4df
;lqmox¿sf nflu ;+;f/s} gd'gf elgg]
gjnk/f;Lsf] h6fo' /]i6'/]06 zf]wfyL{sf
nflu pko'Qm uGtJo ag]sf] 5 . of]
/]i6'/]06 lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf]
dWojtL{ If]qdf k5{ . lu4 /]i6'/]06sf]
k|rf/ x'g;s] lrtjg 3'Dg] ko{6ssf]
Pslbg] a;fOF yk nDAofpg ;lsG5 .
oxfF ljZjd} b'n{e kfFr k|hftLsf lu4;Fu}
:yfgLo ;+u|xfno, yf? ;+:s[lt
cjnf]sg, 3/af; -xf]d :6]_, gd'gf
3fF;]d}bfg Joj:yfkg, b'n{e Ps l;ª]
u}+8f, kf6] af3 / v/dh'/sf] cjnf]sg
oxfFsf cfsif{0f x'g\ . ?kGb]xLsf] u}8xjf
tfndf /x]sf] /]i6'/]06 uf}td a'4sf] hGd
ynf] n'lDagLaf6 !% lsdLsf] b'/Ldf 5 .
of] If]q r/f / cGo h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
cWoog cjnf]sg ?rfpg]sf nflu
dxTjk'0f{ 5 . u}8xjf tfn lxpFb ofddf
;fOj]/Lof If]qaf6 a;fOF;/fO u/L cfpg]
cfuGt's r/fx?sf] cf>o:ynsf ;fy}
;f/; / eF'8Lkmf]/ u?8 h:tf ljZjd}
b'n{e r/fx?sf] af;:yfg xf] . jgef]h,
a8{ jflrª, hu+n ;kmf/L / gLnufO{
cjnf]sgsf nflu of] If]q pko'Qm 5 .
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ 5]pd} /x]sf] bfªsf]
nfndl6ofl:yt h6fo' /]i6'/]06nfO{
ko{6sLo If]qsf ?kdf ljsl;t ug{
;lsg] ;Defjgf alnof 5g . kz'

g]kfnsf lu4x? 29
j[4fcf>d ;+rfng / lgoldt kz'
:jf:Yo hfFr lzlj/ ;+rfng, ;fnsf]
gd'gf ag Joj:yfkg, lu4 ;+/If0fsf
nflu cIfsf]if :yfkgf, bn{e x'F8f/ /
r/fx?sf] cjnf]sg h:tf ;d'bfosf
cg's/0fLo sfo{x? / k|fs[lts 56fx?
cjnf]sgstf{sf nflu cfsif{s 5g\ .
bfªsf] t'n;Lk'/ glhs} lahf}/Ldf /x]sf]
h6fo' /]i6'/]06n] g]kfns} klxnf] lu4
;'/lIft jg 3f]if0ff u/L lu4 / cGo
jGohGt'x?sf] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf] 5 .
v'6Lof glbsf] t6df cjl:yt s}nfnLsf]
h6fo' /]i6'/]G6df l;gf]df e'mlDd/x]sf
lu4x?sf] rlt{snf b]Vbf ;+;f/s} pTs[i6
k|fs[lts lrl8ofvfgfdf a;] h:tf]
nfU5 . o;nfO{ l6sfk'/, 3f]8f3f]8L
tfn / z'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/
Ifsf] g]6js{leq ;d]6]/ ;'b'/klZrdsf]
ko{6gdf gofF cfofdsf ?kdf ljsl;t
ug{ ;lsG5 . sf:sLsf] 3frf]sdf /x]sf]
h6fo' /]i6'/]06 ko{6lso gu/L kf]v/faf6
glhs} / df5fk'R5]| lxdfnsf] cfFugd}
5 . /]i6'/]06 /x]sf] If]qaf6 df5fk'R5]|
lxd>[+vnf / ;]tL gbLsf] ;'Gb/ k|fs[lts
vf]rsf] glhs}af6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . h}ljs
/ ;f:s[lts ljljwtfsf] vfgL cGgk"0f{
;+/If0f If]qleq kg]{ o; /]i6'/]06df lxdfn
b]lv t/fO{ ;Ddsf lu4x?sf] hd36
b]Vg kfOG5 . g]kfn k+5L ;+/If0f ;+3,
/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
ljefu / cGo ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?n]
:yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu xft]dfnf] ub{}
h6fo' /]i6'/]G6nfO{ lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{
:yfgLonfO{ af6f] b]vfPsf x'g\ .
lu4 nufot h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f /
ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfodf
ljleGg ;Lk ljsf;sf tflndx?,
xf]d:6] Joj:yfkg / g]r/ ufO8 tflnd
klg ;+rfngdf 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .
;du|df oL h6fo' /]i6'/]G6x? :yfgLo
;d'bfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{df h}ljs
tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f,
jftfj/0fLo ;r]tgf j[l4, lu4sf]
lbuf] ;+/If0f, kof{j/0f cg';Gwfg /
kof{j/0fLo ko{6g ljsf;df pbf/0fLo
sf];]9'+uf aGb} 5g\ . kof{ko{6g ljZjsf]
;a}eGbf km:6fpbf] ko{6g pBf]u aGb}
uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f kof{ko{6gsf
If]qsf] klxrfg, lj:tf/ tyf k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0f / k|rf/k|;f/sf ;fy} To; If]qsf
cGo ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf
/ df}lnstfsf] ;dfof]hgdf hf]8 lbg'
h?/L 5 .
lu4 h:tf b'n{e / clt ;+s6fkGg
k|hfltsf r/fsf] cjnf]sg, cWoog /
;+/If0fdf ;d'bfo :t/sf gjLgtd k|of;

g]kfnsf lu4x?
30
/ k|efjn] klg s}of+} jfXo tyf cfGt/Ls
k|s[ltk]|dL tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{
cfsif{0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o;y{ h6fo'
/]i6'/]06 / o;sf ax'cfoflds kIfnfO{
kof{ko{6g k|j4g;Fu hf]l8of] eg] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;g\ @)@) ;Dd jif]{gL @)
nfv ko{6s leq\ofpg] nIo / ko{6g
If]qnfO{ cy{tGqsf] cfwf/ :tDesf]
?kdf ljsl;t ug]{ ko{6g gLltnfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 .
g]kfndf lu4 ;+/If0fsf] nflu ul/Psf]
;kmn / gd'gfof]Uo sfd xf] ;d'bfo4f/f
g} ;~rflnt h6fo' -lu4_ /]i6'/]06sf]
:yfkgf . h6fo' /]i6'/]06n]] Psflt/
j[4 / 5f8f rf}kfofsf] /]vb]v u/L kz'
sNof0fsf/L sfd / nf]kf]Gd'v lu4
arfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/
jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg'sf ;fy} kof{ko{6g
k|j4{g, :yfgLojf;Lsf] hLljsf]kfh{g
/ jGohGt' cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf
ljsl;t xF'b}5g\ . cf};tdf Pp6f l;gf]
Joj:yfkgsf nflu s/Lj xhf/ ¿k}ofF
vr{ nfU5 . ctM h6fo' /]i6'/]G6n]
ls;fgsf] pQm vr{ arfOlbPsf] 5 .
ls;fgn] To:tf kz' NofOlbP pN6} tLg
;o ¿k}ofF kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . jif{df
Pp6f h6fo' /]i6'/]G6n] s/Lj @ nfv a/
fa/sf] vr{ ls;fgsf] arfPsf 5g eg]
jftfj/0f :jR5tf / kof{j/0f ;Gt'ngsf]
nflu cd"No of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g .
x]bf{ ;'Gbf h6fo' /]i6'/]06x?sf] of]ubfg
cfkm}+df ct'ngLo 5 . o;n] ;d'bfonfO{
ldn]/ h}ljsa ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf
xft]dfnf] ug]{ afgL kf/]sf] dfq} geO
lu4 ;+/If0fdf r]tgf clea[l4 u/]sf]
5 . lbuf] Joj:yfkg eg] cfkm}+df
;d:of d'Qm 5}g . d'nt lgoldt /
lbuf] cfo;|f]tsf] clglZrttf / cefjdf
oL h6fo' /]i6'/]06x? wd{/fPsf 5g\ .
b]zsf] ablnbf] ;+/rgfdf :yflgo txx¿
:jfoQ / zlQm ;DkGg ePsf] jt{dfg
cj:yfdf cfkm\gf sfo{qmddf h6fo'
/]i6'/]06sf] lbuf] ;~rfng, k"jf{wf/
ljsf; / ;+/If0f h:tf sfo{qmdnfO{
6]jf k'¥ofpg' h?/L b]lvG5 .
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 31
g]kfndf kfOg] lu4x?sf] cj:yf
qm=;+=
k|hflt
Species
ljZjJofkL ;+/If0f
cj:yf\
Global Status
g]kfndf ;+/If0f
cj:yf
Naonal Status
/}yfg] jf a;fO{
;/]/ cfpg]
Resident
& Migratory
g]kfndf
cg'dflgt
;+Vof
Expected No
t/fO{
Terai
kxf8
Hills
lxdfn
Mountain
!= xf8kmf]/ lu4
Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus
;+s6sf] glhs
Near Threatened (NT)
;+j]bgzLn
Vulnerable (Vu)
/}yfg] -aRrf sf]/Ng]_
Resident (Breeds in Nepal)
%)) eGbf sd
×✓ ✓
@= ;]tf] lu4
Egypan Vulture Nephron percnoptreus
;+s6fkGg
Endangered (EN)
;+j]bgzLn
Vulnerable (Vu)
/}yfg] -aRrf sf]/Ng]_
Resident (Breeds in Nepal)
#))–!)))
✓ ✓ ✓
#= 8+u/ lu4
White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis
clt ;+s6fkGg
Crically Endangered (CE)
clt ;+s6fkGg
Crically Endangered (CE)
/}yfg] -aRrf sf]/Ng]_
Resident (Breeds in Nepal)
@))) eGbf sd
✓ ✓ ×
$= nfdf] 7F'F8 lu4
Indian Vulture Gyps indicus
clt ;+s6fkGg
Crically Endangered (CE)
d'NofÍg gePsf]
Not Assessed (NA)
clglZrt
Uncertain
–
✓ ✓ ×
%= ;fgf] v}/f] lu4
Slender-billed Vulture Gyps tenuirostris
clt ;+s6fkGg
Crically Endangered (CE)
clt ;+s6fkGg
Crically Endangered (CE)
/}yfg] -aRrf sf]/Ng]_
Resident (Breeds in Nepal)
%)–&%
✓ ✓ ×
^= lxdfnL lu4
Himalayan Grion Vulture Gyps bengalensis
;+s6sf] glhs
Near Threatened (NT)
;+j]bgzLn
Vulnerable (Vu)
/}yfg] -aRrf sf]/Ng]_
Resident (Breeds in Nepal)
!)))) eGbf
sd
✓ ✓ ✓
&= v}/f] lu4
Grion Vulture Gyps fulvus
sd rf;f] ePsf] k|hflt
Least Concern (LC)
sd rf;f] ePsf] k|hflt
Least Concern (LC)
a6'jf –
✓ ✓ ×
*= /fh lu4
Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus
;+s6sf] glhs
Near Threatened (NT)
;+s6fkGg
Endangered (EN)
lxpFb] cfuGt's
Winter Visitor
^)–!))
✓ ✓ ✓
(= ;'g lu4
Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus
clt ;+s6fkGg
Crically Endangered
clt ;+s6fkGg
Crically Endangered
/}yfg] -aRrf sf]/Ng]_
Resident (Breeds in Nepal)
@))–$))
✓ ✓ ×
;|f]t
(Source): Bird Life Internaonal

g]kfnsf lu4x?
32
8+u/ lu4
White-rumped Vulture
(Gyps bengalensis)
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 33
!= 8+u/ lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgx?M
sf];L 6Kk'
jGohGt' cf/If,lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h .
kl5Nnf]k6s -;\g @)!@ b]lv @)!& ;Dd
clen]v ePsf :yfgx?_ ?kGb]xL, kfNkf,
sf:sL, ndh'ª, kj{t, afun'ª, tgxF',
:ofªhf, a]gL, gjnk'/, k/f;L, alb{of,
s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, afFs], cF3f{vfrL, Ko'7fg /
bfªdf b]lvPsf] . !*%) df b]lvPsf] elgg]
8+u/ lu4 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf k'gM
b]lvPsf] /]s8{ 5}g .
;+VofM !)))–@)))
kfOg] prfOM &% ld6/b]lv !*))
ld6/;Dd -#!))ld6/ tnsf e"efu_ .
pQm prfO{df dfly pNn]lvt :yfgx? afx]
s g]knfsf cGo :yfgx?df kfO{g] ;Defjgf
ePsf] t/ clen]v gePsf] .
cj:yfM ljZjdfM clt ;+s6fkGg -CR_
g]kfndfM clt ;+s6fkGg -CR_
lrGg] tl/sfM sfnf], 3fF6Ldf / 6fpsf] /f}+,
unfdf ;]tf] dfnf nufPsf] h:t} /f+},lhpdf
sfnf] KjfFv / 9f8df ;]tf] wsf{ ePsf]
sf/0f 8+u/ (White Rumped) elgPsf] .
v'§f sfnf], p8\g] a]nfdf kv]6fsf] tNnf]
efu yf]/} ;]tf] -jo:sdf_,cln cln ;]tf]
wsf{ -rNnfdf_
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM #=%–&=% lsnf] u|fd
pd]/M #%–$)
nDafO{M &%–*% ;]dL
af;:yfg M k|r'/ / Jofks km}lnPsf]
cfjf;Lo, xfn b'|tultdf 36\b} uPsf] k|foM
a:tL j/Lkl/sf v'Nnf If]qx?df b]lvg],
g]kfndf g} u'F8 agfP/ a:g]. Atudinal
Movement ug]{ . l;gf]df e/ kg]{ / cUnf
¿vx?df u''F8 agfpg] .
afgLa]xf]/fM 3fd nfu]kl5 lbpF;f]df
;lqmo x'g],jif{df Pp6f c08f kfg]{ . efn] /
kf]yL kfn}kfnf] u/]/ cf]yf/f] a:5g\ . ldn]/
u'F8 agfpg], ;Def]u ug]{,c08f kfg]{,rNnf
x'sf{pg].c;f]hdf k|hgg ul/ j}zfv–h]7df
rNnf p8fpg] .
r'gf}tLx¿M l;gf]df ljifflb tyf kz'df
8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]u, af;:yfgsf] cefj,
dfgj cltqmd0f, cfxf/fsf] sdL, ljB'tLo
tf/x? cflb .
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/] kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
34
nfdf] 7"8] lu4
Indian Vulture
(Gyps indicus)
kmf]6f]M c+lst ljnf; hf]zL

g]kfnsf lu4x? 35
g]kfnsf lu4x? 35
@= nfdf] 7"8] lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgx?M gjnk/f;Lsf]
lk7f}nLl:yt lu4 /]i6'/]06 / sf:sLdf
b]lvPsf] . g]kfndf cGt st} b]lvPsf]
clen]v gePsf] .
;+VofM clglZrt
kfOg] prfOM clglZrt
cj:yfM ljZjdfM clt ;+s6fkGg -CR_
g]kfndfM d'NofÍg gePsf] -NA_
lrGg] tl/sfM sfnf], kFx]nf] 7'F8, 3fF6Ldf
;]tf] e'jfsf] dfnf nufP h:tf] -jo:s_ .
rNnfdf 3fF6L k'/} sfnf] gePsf] / ;]tf] e'jf
gblvg] . v'§f k'/}sfnf], p8fgdf kv|]6fsf]
tNnf] efusf] dWo 9sgL j/k/ rf}8f ;]tf]
k]6L gePsf] . ;fgf] v}/f] lu4 h:t} b]lvg]
t/, cfsf/df s]xL 7"nf] .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM %=%–^=# lsnf]
pd]/M #)–#% jif{
nDafOM *(–!)# ;]dL
af;:yfgM of] k|hfltsf lu4x? kx/fdf
u'F8 agfpF5g\ . t/, ef/tsf] /fh:yfgdf
?vdf klg u'F8 agfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
dfgj lgld{t ;+/rgfx? / d7dlGb/df klg
uF'8 agfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|foM dfgj a:tL
j/k/ a:g ?rfpg] .
afgLa]xf]/fM k|fo 3fd nfu]kl5 lbpF;f]
;lqmo x'g] . Psrf]6L lu4n]] jif{df Pp6f
c08f kf5{ . efn] / kf]yL kfn}kfnf] u/]/
cf]yf/f] a:5g\ . e'm08df a:g / p8\g
?rfpg] . u'F8 agfpg], ;Def]u ug]{,c08f
kfg]{ / rNnf x'sf{pg] .g]kfndf k|hgg\ u/]sf]
kfOPsf] .
r'gf}tLx?M l;gf]df ljiffbL tyf kz'df
8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]u, af;:yfg cefj,
dfgj cltqmd0f, cfxf/fsf] sdL, ljB'tLo
tf/x? cflb .
kmf]6f]M c+lst ljnf; hf]zL
kmf]6f]M c+lst ljnf; hf]zL
kmf]6f]M ;'[lgn l;+un

g]kfnsf lu4x?
36
;f]gf] v}/f] lu4
Slender-billed Vulture
(Gyps tenuirostris)
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 37
g]kfnsf lu4x? 37
#= ;fgf] v}/f] lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgx?M -;g\ @)!@
b]lv @)!& ;Dd clen]v ePsf :yfgx?_M
sf:sL, jlb{of, slknj:t', gjnk/f;L,
s}nfnL, bfª, s~rgk'/, kfNkf, :ofª\hf,
c3f{vfFrL, tgx'F / ndh'Ëdf b]lvPsf] .
;+VofM %) eGbf sd
kfOg] prfOM #%) ld6/b]lv !%@%
ld6/;Dd -uld{df dfly hfg]_ pQm prfO{df
dfly pNn]lvt :yfgx? afx]s g]knfsf
cGo :yfgx?df kfO{g] ;Defjgf ePsf] t/
clen]v gePsf] .
cj:yfM ljZjdfM clt ;+s6fkGg -CR_
g]kfndfM clt ;+s6fkGg -CR_
lrGg] tl/sfM jo:ssf] lkmSsf anf}6]–
v}/f] z/L/ / dflyNnf] k+v 9sgL, 6fpsf]
3fF6L sfnf]–sfnf], ;]tf] e'jfbf/ KjfFvsf
em'Kkf, kftnf] sfnf] 7f]+8 / u'nfkmL 7f]F8w'/L
ePsf] . gfl;sf leNsL / tNnf] efudf lkmSsf
7f8f wsf{x¿ gePsf]. p8fgdf v}/f]lu4sf]
h:tf] kv]6fsf] tNnf] efusf] dWo–9sgL
jf/kf/ rf}8f ;]tf] k]6L gePsf] / lgtDa
tyf 9f8;]tf] x'G5 . lxdfnL lu4eGbf w]/}
;fgf], sd ul7nf] . rNnfsf] 3fF6Lsf] km]bdf
d}nf] e'jfbf/ KjfFvu'R5f ePsf] x'G5 .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM $–& lsnf]
nDafOM *)–(% ;]dL;Dd
pd]/M #)–#% jif{
af;:yfgM l;dn, ;Nnf, l;;f} / ;fn
cflbcUnf ?vx¿df uF'8 nufpg] . dfgj
a:tLaf6 glhs a:g] ?rfpg] / Ps hf]8L
lu4n] Ps l;hgdf Pp6f rNnf x'sf{pg] .
afgLa]xf]/fM k|fo 3fd nfu]kl5 lbpF;f]
;lqmo x'g] . jif{df Pp6f c08f kfg]{.
efn] / kf]yL kfn}kfnf] u/]/ cf]yf/f] a:g] .
u'F8 agfpg], ;Def]u ug]{, c08f kfg]{ / rNnf
x'sf{pg] . c;f]hdf k|hgg\ ul/ j}zfv–h]7df
rNnf p8\g ;Sg] agfpg] .
r'gf}tLx¿M l;gf]df ljifflb tyf kz'df
8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]u, af;:yfgsf] cefj,
dfgj cltqmd0f, cfxf/fsf] sdL / ljB'tLo
tf/x¿ cflb .
Adult ao:s Juvenile aRrf
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt lwld/] kmf]6f]M dgzfGt lwld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
38
lxdfnL lu4
Himalayan Vulture
(Gyps himalayensis)
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 39
$= lxdfnL lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgx?M Jofks
k}mnLPsf], :yfgLo ?kdf k|r'/ / cfjfl;o
kxf8 v'Nnf 7fpFx?df b]lvg] . ;g\ @)!@
b]lv @)!& ;Dd clen]v cg';f/
g]kfnsf ^) eGbf a9L lhNnfx?df
b]lvPsf] .
g]kfndf ;+VofM !),))) eGbf sd
kfOg] prfOM ()) ld6/b]lv $)))
ld6/;Dd
cj:yfM ljZjdfM ;+s6sf] glhs -NT_
g]kfndfM ;+j]bgzLn -Vu_
lrGg] tl/sfM cfsf/df c¿ lu4eGbf 7"nf]
rf}8f z/L/ / xNsf nfdf] k'R5/ ePsf] .
z/L/ v}/f] /ªsf] lsgf/f ePsf]. v'§f /
g+u|fx¿ u'nfaL . k+v9sgL tyf z/L/ lkmSsf
d}nf–d}nf] h'g uf9f p8fg–k+v / k'R5/;Fu
:ki6¿kn] km/s kg]{ . tNnf] efudf :ki6
lrlgg] 7f8f wsf{ gePsf] . aRrfsf] 3fF6Lsf]
km]bdf v}/f] KjfFvsf] u'R5f, h;sf] 7f]F8 /
gf;Lsf lemNnL ;'¿df sfnf] / lj:tf/} kFx]nf]
xF'b} hfG5 . efn] / kf]yL aflx/L ¿k x]/]/
5'6\ofpg g;lsg] .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM *–!@ lsnf]
pd]/M #%–$) jif{
nDafOM !!%–!@% ;]dL
af;:yfgM kx/fdf u'F8 nufpg] / em'08df
a:g] . Pp6} kx/fdf w]/}n] uF'8 agfPsf]
kfOPsf] 5 .
afgLa]xf]/fM k|fo 3fd nfu]kl5 lbpF;f]df
;lqmo x'g] . Ps hf]8L lu4n] Ps l;hgdf
Pp6fdfq c08f kfg{] . kfn}kfnf] efn] / kf]yL
cf]yf/f] a:g] ub{5g\ .
u'F8 agfpg] . ;Def]u ug]{ . c08f kfg{] /
rNnf x'sf{pg] . c;f]hdf k|hgg\ ul/ j}zfv–
h]7df rNnf p8fpg] .
r'gf}tLx¿M l;gf]df ljifflb tyf kz'df
8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]u, af;:yfgsf] cefj,
dfgj cltqmd0f, hyfefjL cfunfuL–89]nf],
cfxf/fsf] sdL, ljB'tLo tf/x¿ cflb .
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt lwld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
40
v}/f] lu4
Eurasian Griffon
(Gyps fulvus)
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 41
%= v}/f] lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgx?M a6'jf r/f,
xfn;Ddsf] clen]v cg';f/ t/fO{ b]lv dWo
kxf8 ;Dd b]lvPsf] .
;+Vof M !)))–@)))
kfOg] prfO M w]/}h;f] (!% ld6/ tnsf
e"efu, udL{df #)%) ld6/;Ddsf If]qdf .
cj:yfM ljZjdfM sd rf;f] ePsf] -LC_
g]kfndfM sd rf;f] ePsf] -LC_
lrGg] tl/sfM dha't 7f]+8 ePsf], ;fgf]
v}/f] lu4eGbf 7"nf] . jo:ssf] sfnf]–sfnf]
gfl;sflemNnL, 6fpsf] / 3fF6L ;]tf]–;]tf],
xNsf s}nf]–d}nf] dflyNnf] efu, s}nf]–v}/f]
tNnf] efu / tL3|f, h;df :ki6 lkmSsf
7f8f wsf{x¿ / uf9fkm';|f v'§f / g+u|fx¿
x'G5g\ . s}nf] v}/f] tNnf] k+v9sgLdf w]/}h;f]
:ki6 ;]tf–;]tf k]6Lx¿ b]lvG5g\ . 7'F8
kFx]nf] x'g], lkmsf kFx]nf] pkgfgL-jo:sdf_
b]lvg] . aRrfb]lv cNkjo:s cj:yfdf
dflyNnf] k+v9sgL uf9f s}nf]–v}/f] b]lvg] .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM ^=%–!! lsnf]
pd]/ M $)–$% jif{
nDafOM (%–!)% ;]dL
af;:yfgM kx/fdf u'F8 nufpg] .
g]kfndflkm/Gt]sf ¿kdf hf8f] ofddf dfq
b]lvg] . g]kfndf u'F8 agfPsf] kQf nfu]sf]
cj:yf 5}g .
afgLa]xf]/fM k|fo 3fd nfu]kl5 lbpF;f]df
;lqmo x'g] . Ps hf]8L lu4n] Pp6f c08f
kfg{] / kfn}kfnf] efn]–kf]yL cf]yf/f] a:g]
ub{5g\ . /+u?k x]/]/ em6\6 efn] / kf]yL
5'6\ofpg g;lsg] .
u'F8 agfpg], ;Def]u ug]{,c08f kfg]{ / rNnf
x'sf{pg] .g]kfndfa;fOF ;/]/lkm/Gt]sf ¿kdf
cfpg].
r'gf}tLx¿M l;gf]df ljiffbL tyf kz'df
8fOSnf]km]g]s sf] k|of]u, af;:yfgsf] cefj,
dfgj cltqmd0f, cfunfuL–89]nf], cfxf/fsf]
sdL / ljB'tLo tf/x? cflb .
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfnkmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
42
/fh lu4
Cinereous Vulture
(Aegypius monachus)
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 43
nDafO M !))–!!) ;]dL
af;:yfg M v'nf 7fpFdf a:g ?rfpg] .
dfgj a:tL j/k/ al9 b]lvg] . g]kfnsf
nflu cfuGt's . hf8f]ofddf b]lvg] .
afgLa]xf]/f M k|fo 3fd nfu]kl5 lbpF;f]
;lqmo x'g] . Ps hf]8L lu4n] Pp6f c08f
kfg{] / efn]kf]yL kfn}kfnf] cf]yf/f] a:g]
ub{5g\ . efn] / kf]yL aflx/L ¿k x]/]/
5'6\ofpg c;lhnf] .
u'F8 agfpg], ;Def]u ug]{,c08f kfg]{, rNnf
x'sf{pg] . g]kfndfa;fOF ;/]/ cfpg] . t/,
oxfF u'F8 agfPsf] / k|hgg\ u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5}g .
r'gf}tLx¿ M l;gf]df ljiffbL tyf kz'df
8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]u, af;:yfgljgf;,
dfgj cltqmd0f, cfunfuL–89]nf], cfxf/f
sf] sdL / ljB'tLo tf/x¿ cflb .
^= /fh lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] lhNnfM ;'g;/L, l;/
xf, ;Kt/L -@)!!_, jlb{of, c3{vfFrL,
slknj:t', ?kGb]xL, bfª, dgfª, sf:sL,
afUn'ª, gjk'/, k/f;L, lrtjg -@))#_,
s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, hfh/sf]6, Ko'7fg
wflbª, kfNkf, :ofª\hf, tgx'F / ndh'ª .
g]kfndf lxpb] cfuGt's r/f .
;+VofM !)))–@)))
kfOg] prfOM *))–$%)) ld6/ -pQm
prfO{df dfly pNn]lvt :yfgx? afx]s g]
knfsf cGo :yfgx?df kfO{g] ;Defjgf
ePsf] t/ clen]v gePsf] ._
cj:yfM ljZjdfM ;+s6sf] glhs -NT_
g]kfndfM ;+s6fkGg -EN_
lrGg] tl/sfM rf}8f ;dfgfGt/ lsgf/
ePsf] kv]6f ;lxtsf] w]/} 7"nf] lu4 .
kv]6f l;wf kf/]/ cfsfl;G5 . 6f9faf6 x]bf{
nfIfl0fs ¿kn] Psgf;] uf9f b]lvG5 . oBlk
6fpsf] / 7f]+8 jl/kl/sf efux¿ lkmSsf
x'G5 . jo:s sfnf]–sfnf] v}/f] h;sf]
3fF6Lsf] km]bdf lkmSsfv}/f] KjfFvsf] u'R5f
x'G5 . kv]6fsf] tNnf] efusf] d'Vo 9sgL
jf/kf/ lkmSsf 9sgL b]lvg ;S5 . t/,
lhK; k|hfltdf eGbf kv]6fsf] tNnf] efu
a9L uf9f / Psgf;sf] x'G5 . rNnfeGbf
jo:s a9L sfnf] / Psgf;sf] x'G5 .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM ^=% b]lv !!=% lsnf]
pd]/M #( jif{
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x?
44
;]tf] lu4÷uf]a|] lu4
Egyptian Vulture
(Neophron percnopterus)
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 45
&= ;]tf] lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgx?M -;g\ @)!@
b]lv @)!& ;Dd clen]v ePsf :yfgx?_M
;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, pbok'/, lrtjgsf] d'lUng
If]q, ?kGb]xL, kfNkf, sf:sL, ndh'ª, kj{t,
afun'ª, tgx'F, :ofªhf, DofUbL, gjnk'/,
k/f;L, jlb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, afFs],
c3f{vfFrL, Ko'7fg, bfª / sf7df8f}+df klg
b]lvPsf].
;+VofM !))) eGbf sd
kfOg] prfOM $))) ld6/ tn -pQm
prfO{df dfly pNn]lvt :yfgx? afx]s g]
knfsf cGo :yfgx?df kfO{g] ;Defjgf
ePsf] t/ clen]v gePsf] ._
cj:yfM ljZjdfM ;+s6fkGg -EN_
g]kfndfM ;+j]bzLn -Vu_
lrGg] tl/sfM nfdf tLvf kv]6fx¿ ;fy}
;fgf] / ltvf] 6fpsf] / 7"nf] r'Rrf] k'R5/
ePsf] ;fgf] lu4 . jo:s d}nf] ;]tf] /+u,
gf+uf kFx]nf] cg'xf/ / KjfFv sfnf .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM @–# lsnf]
pd]/M #%–$) jif{
nDafOM ^)–&) ;]dL
af;:yfgM kx/f tyf ?vx?df uF'8 agfpg],
dfgj a:tL j/k/ al9 b]lvg], ljz]if ul/
kmf]x/ d}nf y'kf/]sf] 7fpF j/k/;d'xdf a:g
?rfpg] .
afgLa]xf]/fM k|fo 3fd nfu]kl5 lbpF;f]df
;lqmo x'g] . Ps hf]8Ln] Pp6f c08f kfg{] /
kfn}kfnf] efn] / kf]yL cfnf]kfnf] cf]yf/f]
a:g] ub{5g\ . efn] / kf]yL aflx/L ¿k x]/]/
5'6\ofpg c;lhnf] . ls/f, cGg, ;8]un]sf,
l;gf] ;a} vfg] x'Fbf u'OP / b]zL lu4 klg
elgg] ul/Psf] .
r'gf}tLx¿M l;gf]df ljiffbL tyf kz'df
8fOSnf]km]g]ssf] k|of]u, af;:yfgsf] cefj,
dfgj cltqmd0f, cfunfuL–89]nf], cfxf/fsf]
sdL / ljB'tLo tf/x¿ cflb .
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/] kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
46
xf8kmf]/ lu4
Bearded Vulture
(Gypaetus barbatus)
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 47
\*= xf8kmf]/ lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] lhNnfx¿M g]kfnsf
kxf8L v'nf If]q
;+VofM %)) eGbf sd
kfOg] prfOM !@))–$!)) ld6/
cj:yfM ljZjdfM ;+s6sf] glhs -NT_
g]kfndfM ;+j]bzLn -Vu_
lrGg] tl/sfM ljzfn gfk, nfdf / ;fF3'/f
tLvf kv]6fx¿ / 7"nf] r'Rrf] k'R5/ .
jo:ssf] dflyNnf] efu, kv]6f / k'R5/
sfnf] ;fy} s}nf] ;'Gtnf /+usf] tNnf]
efu . cNk jo:ssf] 6fpsf], 3fF6L sfnf]
tyf tNnf efux¿ km';|f]–v}/f] x'G5 . 7f]F8
k5fl8sf] cfFvfsf] tNnf] efuaf6 sfnf] bf/L
h:tf] /f}+ :ki6 b]lvg] ePsfn] (Bearded
Vulture) klg eGg] ul/G5 .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf], dl;gf xf8 / xf8 leqsf]
kbfy{
tf}nM $=%–&=*
pd]/M #%–$) jif{
nDafOM !))–!!% ;]dL
af;:yfgM kx/fdf u'F8 nufpg], PSnf] a:g
?rfpg] . dfgj a:tL j/k/ al9 b]lvg] .
afgLa]xf]/fM l;gf] / x8\8L b'j} vfg] .
lu4sf] of] k|hfltn] l;gf]sf] x8\8L lems]/
p8fpFb} dfly;Dd nu]/ tn kx/f jf
r6\6fgdf v;fN5g\ . To;/L v;]/ 6'lqmPsf]
xf8leqsf] df;L pgLx¿n] ?rfpg] cfxf/f
xf] . logLx¿ x8\8Lsf dl;gf 6'qmf klg
vfG5g\ . xf8 km'6fn]/ df;L vfg] ePsfn]
o;sf] gfd klg xf8kmf]/ elgPsf] xf] .
u'F8 agfpg], ;Def]u ug]{,c08f kfg]{, rNnf
x'sf{pg] . c;f]hdf k|hgg\ ul/ j}zfv–h]7df
rNnf p8fpg] .
r'gf}tLx¿M cfxf/f / ;'/lIft jf;:yfg
cefj x'Fb} hfg" .
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]
kmf]6f]M O{Zj/L rf}w/L kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x?
48
;'g lu4
Red-headed Vulture
(Sarcogyps calvus)
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 49
(=;'g lu4
g]kfndf kfOg] :yfgx?M -;g\ @)!@
b]lv @)!& ;Dd clen]v ePsf :yfgx?_M
Ko'7fg, s~rgk'/, u'NdL, slknj:t',
jfun'ª, sf:sL, lrtjg, tgx'F, kfNkf,
gjnk'/, k/f;L, c3f{vfFrL, l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
ndh'ª, :ofª\hf, ;Nofg, l;/xf, ;Kt/L,
DofUbL, ?kGb]xL, sf7df8f}+ / kj{t .
;+Vof M !)))–@)))
kfOg] prfO M @))) ld6/ tn, #)))
ld6/ ;Dd b]lvg] -pQm prfO{df dfly
pNn]lvt :yfgx? afx]s g]knfsf cGo
:yfgx?df kfO{g] ;Defjgf ePsf] t/
clen]v gePsf] ._
cj:yfM ljZjdfM clt ;+s6fkGg -CR_
g]kfndfM clt ;+s6fkGg -CR_
lrGg] tl/sf M t'ngfTds ¿kdf kftnf /
r'Rrf kv]6fx¿ . jo:ssf] gf+uf] /ftf]
6fpsf] / 3fF6Lsf] km]b / tL3|fsf] dflyNnf]
efudf ;]tf 6f6fx¿, /ftf /ftf v'§f / g+u|f
x'G5g\ . p8fgdf ;xfos kv]6fsf] km]bdf
km';|f] km';|f] ;]tf] rf}8f k]6L x'G5 . aRrfsf]
6fpsf]df ;]tf] e'jfbf/ KjfFv, 6fpsf] /
cf}+nfdf u'nfkmL u'nfkmL /+u tyf tL3|fsf]
dflyNnf] efudf ;]tf] 6f6f] / ;]tf]–;]tf]
k'R5/x'G5 .
vfg]s'/fM l;gf]
tf}nM #=%–^=# lsnf]
pd]/M #)–#% jif{
nDafOM *% ;]dL
af;:yfgM kxf8df ?vdf u'F8 nufpg] .
afgLa]xf]/fM nhfn' :jefj . k|fo PSn}
a:g ?rfpg] . 3fd nfu] kl5 ;lqmo x'g] .
Ps hf]8Ln] Psk6sdf Pp6f c08f kf/]/
efn]kf]yL kfn}kfnf] cf]yf/f] a:g] ub{5g\ .
¿k x]/]/ aflx/af6 efn] / kf]yL 5'6\ofpg
c;lhnf] . efn]sf] cfFvfsf] gfgL kFx]nf] tyf
kf]yLsf] sfnf] x'g] . dfgj a:tL jl/kl/
glhs} u'F8 agfPsf] e]l6Psf] 5 .
uF'8 agfpg], ;Def]u ug]{,c08f kfg]{ / rNnf
x'sf{pg] M c;f]hdf k|hgg\ ul/ j}zfv–h]7df
rNnf p8fpg] .
r'gf}tLx¿M ;'/lIft cfxf/f / af;:yfgsf]
sdL .
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
50
lu4 ;+/If0f ;r]tg lbj;df lbgdf :s'nsf afnx? lu4 ;DaGwL hgfsf/L lnb}.
jg lj1fg cWoog ;:yfg, kf]v/f , ljZj jGohGt' lbj; lbg ¥ofnLdf ;xeflu ljBfyL{x?
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 51
g]kfndf lu4 ;+/If0fsf k|of;x¿
cGt/f{li6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;+3 -cfOo";LPg_
sf] ;+s6fkGg k|hfltsf] ;"rL…/]8 8f6f ln:6Ú
n] ;g\ @))) df blIf0f Plzofdf kfOg] ;fgf]
v}/f], 8+u/ / nfdf] 7'F8] lu4nfO{ clt;+s6fkGgdf
;"rLs[t u/]kl5 ;+/If0fsf nflu ;Da4 ;+3;+:yf,
zf]wfyL{ / jftfj/0fsdL{sf] Wofg cfs[i6 x'g
yfNof] . g]kfndf ljlwjt¿kdf lu4sf] cWoog
cg';Gwfg tyf ;+/If0f sfo{sf] yfngL g]kfn
k+5L ;+/If0f ;+3sf] g]t[Tjdf ;g @))@ sf]
/fhdfu{ 6«fG;]S6 ;j]{If0fb]lv ePsf] xf] . h'g
sfo{ jif]{gL c+u|]hL dlxgf d] df k"j{–klZrd
/fhdfu{df ul/G5 . /, o;nfO{ xfn;Dd klg
lg/Gt/tf lbOFb} cfOPsf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] uf8L @) lsdL
k|lt306fsf] ultdf rnfOG5 . of] ;e]{n] /fhdfu{sf] b'j}lt/ !,))) ld6/sf] b'/L
;Dd b]lvPsf lu4x?sf] klxrfg u/L /]s8{ /fVb5 . o;} cWoogsf] ;xof]udf
lu4sf] ;+Vof 36a9sf] tYof+s kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} lu4sf af;:yfgx¿ gofF
gofF :yfgdf km]nf kfl/Psf] 5 .
;g\ @))# df g]kfn, ef/t / kfls:tfgdf
lu4x¿sf] ;+Vofdf ck|fs[lts / gf6sLo 9+un]
x|f; cfof] . lu4 ljgfz x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f
8fOSnf]k]mg]s ePsf] tYo j}1flgs cg';Gwfgaf6
k'li6 eof] . 8fOSnf]k]mg]s 3/ kfn'jf kz' pkrf/
df b'vfO{ sd ug]{ cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf cToflws /
;j{q k|of]u ul/GYof] . k]/]u|Lg km08n] u/]sf] Ps
cWoogdf lu4nfO{ l;w} 8fOSnf]km]g]s v'jfpFbf
lu4x¿ dg{] cg';Gwfgaf6 k'li6 eof] . To;}n]
af;:yfg ljgf; / cfxf/fsf] ;+s6eGbf klg

g]kfnsf lu4x?
52
7"nf] pQm cf}ifwL lu4 ljgfzdf k|d'v tyf cxd sf/0f aGg k'Uof] .
;g\ @))$df bL k|]/]u|Lg km08sf] ;xof]udf g]kfn k+IfL ;+/If0f ;+3n] sf7df8f}+df
lu4 ;+/If0f ;DalGw lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . pQm ;Dd]ngn] lu4
;+/If0fsf nflu tTsfn ug'{kg]{ cTofjZos tLgsfdsf] klxrfg u¥of] .
!= 8fOSnf]k]mg]ssf] j}slNks cf}iflwsf] klxrfg / cljisf/ ug]{ .
@= kz'sf] pkrf/df 8fOSnf]k]mg]ssf] k|of]unfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ Jofks
hgr]tgf clej[l4 / jsfntsf sfd ug]{ .
#= blIf0f Pl;ofdf nf]k x'g nfu]sf lhK; k|hfltsf lu4x¿nfO{ k|hggsf
nflu s[lqd k|hgg\ s]Gb| :yfkgf u/]/To;df /fVg] . rNnf x'sf{Pkl5
8fOSnf]km]g]s/lxt v'nf jftfj/0fdf k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ .
;g\ @))% sf] cGTodf kz'pkrf/sf nflu d]nf]S;LSofdsf] cljisf/ ul/
of] . d]nf]S;LSofd 8fOSnf]km]gs hlQs} k|efjsf/L t/, lu4, c¿ r/fr'?+uL /
jGohGt'df c;/ gug]{ PgP;PcfO8L ;d'xsf] Psdfq k|efjsf/L tyf ;'/lIft
cf}iflw xf] . of] cf}iflwn] lu4sf] z/L/df o'/Ls P;L8 nufot cGo xfgLsf/s
tTjx¿ ga9fpg] ePsfn] g} o;nfO{ 8fOSnf]km]g]ssf]] k|d'v ljsNk 7flgPsf]
xf] . xfn of] g]kfnL ahf/df af]n; -6\ofAn]6_ / OGh]S;g b'j} ¿kdf ;j{q
kfOG5 .
;g\ @))^ df lu4 ljgfzsf] k|d'v sf/s 8fOSnf]km]g]s ePsfn] lu4 ;+/If0fsf
nflu g]kfn, ef/t / kfls:tfg ;/sf/n] pTkfbg, cfoft, ljqmL / k|of]udf
k|ltaGw nufof] . olb sxLF st} s;}n] n'sLl5kL cj}wflgs ¿kdf jf dflg;nfO{
k|of]u ug]{ 8fOSnf]km]g]s kz' pkrf/df k|of]u u/]sf] kfOPdf cf}iflw P]g @)#%
adf]lhd # jif{ s}b jf @%,))) ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg] sfg'gL
k|fjwfg 5 . tt\kZrft g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf ;a} cf}iflw pTkfbsx?nfO{
;'/lIft j}slNks cf}ifwL d]nf]lS;Sofd pTkfbg ug{ klg kl/kq dfkm{t hfgsf/L
u/fPsf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf lu4x? 53
nf]kf]Gd'v lu4nfO{ 8fOSnf]km]g]s /xLt z'4 cfxf/ pknAw u/fP/ ;+/If0f ug]{
p2]Zon] ;g\ @))^ df :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmfsf] ;lqmo
;xeflutf / g]kfn k+IfL ;+/If0f ;+3sf] ;xof]udf gjnk/f;Lsf] lk7f}nLdf
Plzofs} klxnf] ;d'bfo:t/sf] h6fo' -lu4_ /]i6'/]G6 vf]lnof] . o;/L vf]lnPsf
h6fo' /]i6'/]G6df uf}/If s]Gb|x¿ 5g\, hxfF a[4, c;Qm / 3/kfn'jfsf ¿kdf
cg'Tkfbs dfg]/ 5f8f 5fl8g] ufOj:t'x¿ ls;fgx¿af6 ;+sng u/]/ kfngkf]if0f
ul/G5 . vf;df uf}/Iff s]Gb| kz'x¿sf] j[4f>d xf] . j[4f>ddf ufOuf]?
Nofpg]nfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] k|f]T;fxg:j?k gub k'/:sf/ klg lbG5 .
ltgLx?sf] k|fs[lts d[To'kZrft lglZrt :yfgdf lu4x?sf] cfxf/fsf nflu /
flvG5 . o:tfsf] l;gf] lu4x¿ cfP/ vfG5g\ . ToxfF lu4sf] cfgLafgL x]g]{
ko{6s cjnf]sg 3/ klg 5g\ . hxfFaf6 cfuGt'sx?n] clt;s+6fkGg lu4x?sf]
ljleGg cj:yf / lqmofsnfksf] glhsaf6 cWoog ug'{sf ;fy} dgf]/~hg
klg lng ;Sb5g\ . o;n] kof{–ko{6gdf 6]jf k'Ug'sf ;fy} :yfgLoaf;Lsf]
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ @))* df lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] s;/fsf] ^,#&% ju{ld6/sf] If]qkmndf
lu4 k|hgg\ s]Gb| -s[lqd tl/sfn] rNnf sf]/Ng] :yfg_ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] .
lu4nfO{ k|fs[lts jf;:yfgaf6 NofP/ k|hgg\ u/fO bL3{ hLjg lbg :yfgLo
;d'bfo ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf /xg] ;+/If0fsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/Psf]
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
54
lyof] . pQm s]Gb|df /fVgsf nflu ^) j6f 8+u/ lu4sfrNnf b'O{ jif{ nufP/
slknj:t', gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL, sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kfNkf, s~rgk'/, c3f{vfFrL,
s}nfnL, bfª / sf:sL lhNnfdf /x]sf uF'8x¿af6 ;+sng ul/of] . k|hgg\ s]Gb|df
x'sf{OPsf lu4x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf k'gjf{; u/fpg' g} of] kl/
of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] . t/, o;sf nflu jftfj/0fdf 8fOSnf]km]g]s / cGo
xflgsf/s cf}iflwsf] k|of]u / l;gf]df o;sf] cjz]if z'Go x'g' h?/L 5 . o;/L
k'gjf{; u/fpg] k':tf bf];|f] x'g'kb{5, tfsL klxnf] k':tfaf6 cfjZostf cg';f/
lg/Gt/ k|hgg\ u/fpg ;lsof];\ . s]Gb|df x'sf{P/ p8\g ;Sg] ePkl5 k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fdf k'gjf{; ul/Psf lu4sf] af/]df klg lg/Gt/ cg'udg / lgu/fgL
/fVg'kb{5 .
;d'bfo :t/af6} ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg ul/Psf h6fo' -lu4_ /]i6'/]G6nfO{ lu4sf
af;:yfg / pRr 3gTj ePsf klZrd g]kfnsf ?kGb]xLsf] u}F8xjf tfn /
bfªsf] nfnd6Lofdf klg lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd ul/of] .
;g\ @))( df g]kfn ;/sf/n]] lu4 ;+/If0f sfo{of]hgf @))(—@)!# nfu"
u¥of] . h;n] 8fOSnf]km]g]s dflysf] k"0f{ k|ltaGw, h6fo' /]i6'/]G6 ;+rfng,
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x? 55
;+rfns ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{g / /]i6'/]G6sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg, k|hgg s]Gb|sf]
Joj:yfkg, lu4sf] cg'udg, j}1flgs cWoog / ;/+If0fsf nflu /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{] / lu4sf] kof{j/0fLo dxTj af/] hgr]tgf
clej[l4 ug{] nIo lnPsf] 5 .
o;} jif{ h6fo' -lu4_ /]i6'/]G6 cf;kf;sf If]q tyf ;flassf uflj;nfO{ kz'
pkrf/df k|ltalGwt 8fOSnf]k]mg]s d'Qm If]q agfpFb} lu4 ;'/IfLt If]qsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDjg ul/of] .
lbg k|ltlbg ;+Vof 36\b} uO/x]sf] lu4sf] cj:yf / ;+/If0fdf eO/x]sf k|of;x¿
;a} ;fd' phfu/ ub}{ lu4 ;+/If0fdf ;a}sf] ;xsfo{ / xft]dfnf] ug]{ p2]Zon]
ljZje/ klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o lu4 ;r]tgf lbj; ;g\ @))( df dgfOof] .
To; otf pQm lbj;jif]{gL c+u|]hL dlxgf ;]K6]Da/sf] klxnf] zlgaf/ ;+;f/e/
dgfOG5 . o; cj;/df ;r]tgfd'ns ¥ofnL, laBfno tyf :yfgLo Snj:t/Lo
;+/If0f lzIffd'ns k|ltof]lutfx¿, lu4sf tl:a/ tyf lrqsnf k|bz{gL, ;8s
gf6s, cGt/lqmof tyf /]l8of] sfo{qmd cflb ul/G5 .
;|f]tM B.C.N.

g]kfnsf lu4x?
56
ls6f]k|f]k]mg klg lu4sf] nflu xflgsf/s 5 eg]/ k|of]u 4f/f l;4 eof] . cWoog
k|ltj]bg eGb5 olb @)) l;gf] dWo] Ps l;gf]df klg of] cf]ifwLsf] dfqf ePdf
dfq klg lu4sf] ljgfz ug{ ;Sb5 .
;g\ @)!)M– g]kfndf ;j{k|yd bfª lhNnfnfO{ kz'pkrf/ k|of]udf 8fOSnf]km]g]s
d'Qm lu4 ;'/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff u/Lof] / cGo lhNnfx?nfO{ qmdz 8fOSnf]km]g]s
d'Qm lu4 ;'/lIft If]qsf] ?kdf ljsfz tyf lj:tf/ u/Lof] h'g cleofg clxn]
klg hf/L 5 . kz' ;]jf ljefun] cfˆgf] dftxtsf &% jf]6} lhNnfsf lhNnf
kz' ;]jf sfo{nonfO{ cfˆgf] jflif{s sfo{qmddf sDtLdf op6f lu4 ;+/If0f
;DaGwL sfo{qmd /fVg lgb]{zg lbof] h;nfO{ clws+f; lhNnfn] ;kmntfk'j{s
sfo{jGog\g u/] . o;} u/L b]zsf ljleGg kz' pkrf/ kznaf6 d]nf]S;LSofd
;uF ;f6L ;+sng u/LPsf] 8fOSnf]km]g]s cf}ifwLnfO{ gjnk/f;Lsf] lk7f}nL :yLt
h6fo' /]i6'/]G6df /fli6«o :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] pk:yLltdf gi6 u/Lof] . lu4
;+/If0fdf sfd u/L/x]sf !@ lhNnfsf !$ :yfgLo ;+3 ;:yfsf k|ltlgwLx?sf]
cu'jfO{df lu4 ;+/If0f /fli6«o cleofg–;+hfn g]kfnsf] u7g u/Lof] . lu4sf]
cfgL afgL tyf ljr/0fsf] cWoog ug]{ p2]Zon] b'O{ jo:s 8+u/ lu4df lhkLP;
oGq h8fg u/L ltgsf] cg'udg u/Lof] .
;|f]tM B.C.N., 2018, 8+u/ lu4df lhkLP; oGq h8fg u/Lb} .

g]kfnsf lu4x? 57
lu4sf] pRr 3gTj ePsf If]qnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ lu4nfO{ 8fO{snf]km]g]s /xLt
cfxf/ pknAw u/fO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] bfªsf] ljhf}/L, sf:sLsf] 3Ffrf]s /
s}nfnLsf] v'l6ofdf klg h6fo' -lu4_ /]i6'/]G6sf] lj:tf/ u/Lof] . ;du|df lo
h6fo' /]i6'/]G6x? :yfgLo ;d'bfo ;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ckgTjdf kof{j/0f ;Gt'ng,
lu4sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] lhjLsf]kfh{g / kof{j/0fLo ko{6g
ljsf;df pbf/0fLo, ;/fxgLo / sf];] 9'Ëf ;fljt ePsf 5g .
;g\ @)!!÷!@ df lu4nfO{ If]qLo / /fli6«o :t/af6 dfq ;+/If0f gu/L
cGt/b]zLo ;fe]mbf/Ldf ;+/If0f cleofg rnfpg] p2]Zon]]] …PlzofnL lu4 nf]k
x'gaf6 arfpF—;]eÚ eGg] kl/of]hgfsf] nf]sfk{0f ul/of], h;n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/d}
lu4 ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;|f]t / ;fwg h'6fpg, Ps¿ktf
Nofpg / ;xof]uL ;:yfx¿sf] sfo{Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ k|d'v e'ldsf lgefO/x]sf]
5 . g]kfnaf6} lu4 ;'/lIft If]qsf] j}1flgs cjwf/0ffsf] yfngL ul/of] / oxL
;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{sf nflu xfnsf jif{x¿df ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ s]Gb|Lt
ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L k|:tfljt ul/Psf] lu4 ;'/lIft If]qsf] :yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwf/x¿
cfjZos 5g\ – lu4 ;'/lIft If]q !)) lsdL cw{Jof;sf] j[t x'g]5, h;df
%) lsdL cw{Jof; d'Vo leqL If]q / o; aflx/sf] %) lsdL cw{Jof; dWojtL{
If]qsf ¿kdf x'g]5 . d'Vo leqL If]qdf 8fOSnf]k]mg]ssf] pkl:ytL z'Go x'g'
clgjfo{ 5 eg] dWojtL{ If]qdf 8fOSnf]k]mg]s pkl:ytL ! k|ltzteGbf sd
x'g'kb{5 . o;sf cnfjf oL b'j} If]qdf lg/Gt/ z'4 cfxf/sf] Joj:yf, k|s[ltdf
k|hgg\ ul//x]sf lu4x¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg / lu4 ;+/If0f ;DaGwL hgr]tgf
clej[l4 u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ef}uf]lns agfj6df g]kfn cfotfsf/ ePsfn] lu4
;'/lIft If]q :yfkgfsf nflu ef/tLo ;LdfjtL{ If]qx?nfO{ ;d]6\g' h?/L 5 .
o;y{ cGt/b]zLo lu4 ;+/If0f cleofgsf] vfFrf] 68\sf/f] 5 . lu4 ;'/lIft If]qsf]
j}1flgs k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu oL k|:tfljt If]qx?af6 k|s[ltdf sfnultn] d/]sf
hgfj/x?sf] sn]hf]sf] gd'gf ;+sng u/L 8fOSnf]k]mg]ssf] cjz]if k/LIf0f ul/g]
5 . lu4 ;'/lIft If]q :yfkgfsf nflu tL ;+slnt gd'gfx¿df 8fOSnf]k]mg]ssf]
cjz]if z'Go x'g'kb{5 . of] ax'k|ltlIft sfo{qmdsf] yfngL xfd|f] b]zaf6 ePsf] 5

g]kfnsf lu4x?
58
/, xfd|f] nIo ;+;f/s} klxnf] lu4 ;'/lIft If]q :yfkgf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . eljiodf
oL If]qx¿df g} k|hgg\ s]Gb|df x'sf{OPsf lu4x¿nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ul/g] 5 .
g]kfndf lu4 nf]k x'gaf6 arfpg] p2]Zocg';f/ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf]
s;/fdf /x]sf] lu4 ;+/If0f tyf k|hgg\ s]Gb|df ;g\ @)!^÷!&÷!* df
lu4sf ^ j6f rNnf x'sf{Oof] . ltgnfO{ @)&$ sf] d+l;/df klxnf]k6s
k|fs[lts af;:yfgdf 5fl8Psf] lyof] .
k|hgg\ s]Gb|df x'sf{OPsf lu4nfO{ ;'/lIft
k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg]
nIosf ;fy /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt'
;+/If0f ljefusf] lu4 k'g:yf{kgf sfo{of]hgf
@)!^–@)!( cg';f/ pQm sfd ul/Psf]
xf] . k|hgg\ s]Gb|df x'sf{OPsf lu4x¿nfO{
;kmntfk"j{s k|fs[lts af;:yfgdf k'gjf{;
u/fO{ ltgLx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ul/
ut @)&$ sf] a}zfvdf klxnf] r/0fdf ^
j6f kf]yL lu4nfO{ k|hg\g s]Gb|af6 lrtjg
/fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ If]q gd'gf ;fd'bflos jgdf /x]sf] h6fo' /]i6'/]G6
If]qdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] /LnLh PleP/Ldf ;fl/Psf] lyof] . To;otf s/Lj ;ft
dlxgf;Dd tL lu4x¿nfO{ k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / ToxfF /x]sf lu4x¿;Fu 3'nldn
u/fO{ ;ft dlxgfkl5 k"0f{¿kdf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf 5fl8Psf] xf] . o;/L
5fl8Psf lu4sf] lgoldt cg'udg ;xhtfsf nflu 9f8df :of6]nfO6 6\ofu
h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] TolQs} ;+Vofdf h+unL lu4df klg :of6]nfO6 6\ofu
nufOPsf] lyof] . h;sf] ;xfotfn] oL lu4x¿ aLrsf] cGt/lqmof / afgLa]xf]/
fsf] t'ngfTds cWoogdf cem} d2t eO/x]sf] 5 . :of6]nfO6 6\ofu h8fg
ul/Psf h+unL lu4sf] lgoldt cg'udgdf oL lu4 d'ntM g]kfnsf] s/Lj @)
lhNnfsf] @$ xhf/ ju{lsdL If]qdf ljr/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ckjfb:j?k
Pp6f :of6]nfO6 6\ofu h8fg ul/Psf] h+unL lu4 gjnk/f;Lsf] lk7f}nLaf6
s/Lj !! ;o lsdL 6f9f klZrd–pQ/tk{m ef/t / kfls:tfgsf] ;Ldf hDd'–
slZd/ If]q;Dd k'u]sf] 5 .
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
lu4sf kmf]6f] k|b{zgL sfo{qmddf ;xeflux? , kf]v/f, sf:sL

g]kfnsf lu4x? 59
g]kfndf lu4 ;+/If0fsf nflu ;d'bfosf] of]ubfg
g]kfndf lu4sf] af;:yfg / pRr 3gTj klZrd g]kfndf k}mlnPsf] 5 . lu4
;+/If0f sfo{qmd klg oL If]qsf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf ;lqmotf, ;xeflutf
/ ckgTjdf ;+rflnt / Jojl:yt 5, h'g sfo{ ljZj ;+/If0f ;d'bfosf nflu
pbf/0fLo / cg's/0fLo ag]sf] 5 .
lu4 ;+/If0fdf lqmofzLn tL :yfgLo ;d'bfo / ;+3;+:yf;Fu g]kfn k+IfL ;+/
If0f ;+3n] ;fem]bf/L ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf lu4 ;+/If0fdf vf;ul/ /fli6«o
lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu, cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefu, /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/
If0f sf]if, :yfgLo ;d'bfo, ;+3;:yf, cg';Gwftf ljBfyL{ / ;+/If0fstf{x¿;Fu
;fem]bf/L ub}{ k+IfL ;+/If0f ;+3n] g]t[TjbfoL e'ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .
;+3n] :yfgLo ;fe]mbf/ ;:yfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L lu4 ;+/If0f tyf cg'udg, lu4
;'/lIft If]q -lu4 /]i6'/]06_ Aoj:yfkg, cfly{s ;|f]t ;+sng kl/of]hgf k|:tfj
n]vg, k|ltj]bg n]vg, ;+:yf, :Jfo+;]jL tyf ;d'bfo kl/rfng, n]vf Aoj:yfkg
/ :ynut e|d0f tyf tflnd h:tf Ifdtf clea[l4 x'g] vfnsf sfo{x¿df
;xhLs/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lu4 /]i6'/]G6 tyf af;:yfg ePsf If]qdf a;f]af;
ug]{ ljkGg kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;Lk / Ifdtf clea[l4 ub}{, pknAw :yfgLo
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
60
;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng u/L n3'pBd sfo{qmdx¿ Dffkm{t hLljsf]kfh{g /
cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/df Nofpg] sfddf klg ;+3n] ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;y{
lu4 ;+/If0f sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;sf/fTds k|efj 5 .
kmf]6f]M ;f]d lh=;L=
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 61
References
BCN and DNPWC, 2011. The state of Nepal's birds 2010. Bird Conservation
Nepal and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Convervation,
Kathmandu
Chaudhary,A., Subedi, T.S., Giri, J.B., Baral, H.S., Chaudhary, I., Paudel, K.,
Cuthbert, R.J.2011. Population trends of Critically Endangered Gyps Vultures
in the Lowlands of Nepal Bird. Conservational International, 22:389-397.
Dhakal, H., Baral, K. M. Bhusal, K. P., Sharma, H. P. 2014. First record of
nests and breeding success of Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus and
implementation of Vulture Conservation Programs in Nepal. Ela Journal 3(3):
9-15.
Dhakal, H., Sharma, H.P.,Chaudhary,A.2013. Status of vulture species visiting
a vulture safe feeding site (Rupandehi) for carcass feeding in dierent
seasons, Nepal. Bird Conservation Nepal. Ibisbill Journal of Himalayan
Ornithology Issue II,119-125.
DNPWC/MoFSC/GoN 2009. Vulture Conservation Action Plan for Nepal
(2009-2013). Kathmandu. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservations.
DNPWC/MoFSC/GoN 2015. Vulture Conservation Action Plan for Nepal
(2015-2019). Kathmandu. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservations.
Green, R.E., Taggart, M.A., Sencha, K.R., Raghavan, B., Pain, D.J., Jhala,
Y., Cuthbert, R.2007. Rate of decline of the Oriental white-backed Vulture
population in India estimated from a survey of diclofenac residues in carcasses
of ungulates, PLoS ONE, 2 (8) : E686.
Grimett, R. Inskipp, C. Inskipp and Baral, H.S. 2004. Nepal Ka Charaharu ( In
Nepali). Bird Conservation Nepal, Nepal.
Grimett, R. Inskipp, C. Inskipp, T. and Baral , H.S. 2016. Birds of Nepal.
Christopher Helm, UK.
Grimett, R. Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T.2011. Birds of the indian Subcontiinent.
Christopher Helm, UK.

g]kfnsf lu4x?
62
Inskipp, C., Baral, H.S., Phuyal, S., Bhatta, T.R., Khatiwada, M., Inskipp, T.,
Khatwada, A. Gurung, S., Singh, P.B., Murray, L., Poudel, L. and Amin, R. 2016.
The Status o Nepal's Birds: The national red list series. Zoologicial Society of
Londan, U.K.
Morris, D. 2009. Owals. University of Chicago Presss, USA
Mundy, P., Butchart, D., Ledger, J.and Piper, S.1992. The Vultures of Africa
Academic Press Loandaon.
Paudel K., Bhusal K.P., Nepali B., Sadaula A. and Chaudhary I.P. 2014. Vulture
Conservation in Nepal Bird Conservation Nepal, Kathmandu
Ramussen, P. and Andrson, J.C. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
Smithsonian Institutuion and Lynx Edicions, USA.
Websites Referred:
www.hbw.com
www.birdlife.org
www.iucnredlist.org
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x? 63
x]dGt 9sfn
sf:sLsf] kf]v/f–^ sf 9sfn Ps bzs
b]lv jGohGt'sf] / k+5Lsf] cWoog tyf ;+If0fsf
ultljlwdf lqmofzLn 5g\ . zf]w / ;+/If0fsf]
cleofgdf xfn;Dd d'n'ssf %# lhNnf e|d0f u/]sf
5g\ .
pgsf kfFrj6f zf]wx¿ / tLgj6f k':ts k|sflzt
5g\ . tLg s[ltdf b'O lu4;DaGwL / Pp6f ;fgf :tgwf/L hgfj/;DaGwL
5g\ . kqklqsf / hg{nx¿df xfn;Dd Ps bh{g n]v k|sflzt ePsf 5g\
. kf]v/f k+IfL ;dfhsf ;lrj;d]t /x]sf 9sfn k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df
k|fWofkg u5{g\ . sf:sL / cf;kf;sf] If]qsf lu4sf] cWoog / ;+If0fsf
ultljlwdf lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn pgn] k|f0fLzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf 5g\ .
s[i0f k|;fb e';fn
c3f{vfFrLsf] wf/fkfgLdf hlGdPsf e';fn
Ps b;sb]lv g]kfndf lu4sf] ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd /
cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf ;lqmo 5g . c3f{vfFrLdf pgn]
g]kfndf kfOg] ( k|hfltdWo] * k|hfltsf lu4x¿
kfOg] cWoogsf qmddf kQf nufPsf 5g\ . g]kfn
k+IfL ;+/If0f ;+3sf] lu4 ;+/If0f sfo{qmddf sfo{/t
pgn] lu4 ;+/If0fsdL{sf ¿kdf VoftL sdfPsf
5g\ . lu4 ;DaGwL cWoog / ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdsf l;nl;nfdf b]zsf
^) eGbf al9 lhNnfdf e|d0f ul/;s]sf 5g . lu4 tyf cGo r/f ;+/
n]vsx?sf] af/]df

g]kfnsf lu4x?
64
dgzfGt l3ld/]
If0f ;DaGwL KffFr k':ts / Ps bh{geGbf a9L j}1flgs zf]wkq k|sflzt
ul/;s]sf e';fnsf 5fkf tyf cgnfOgdf ;d]t ubf{ s/Lj *% j6f n]v
/ /rgf k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g . ljZjd} klxnf]k6s g]kfnsf] lu4 ;+/If0f
k|hg\g s]Gb|df hlGdPsf / x'ls{Psf b'n{e 8+u/ lu4nfO{ ;'/lIft k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fdf k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ / tL nufot h+unL lu4nfO{ klg :of6]nfO6
6\ofu nufP/ cg'udg ug]{ sfo{sf] pgn] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf 5g\ . lu4sf
ultljlwsf] :ynut cWoogsf nflu pgL clwsf+z ;do nflukl//x]sf
e]l6G5g\ .
dWog]kfn ndh'ª–& df hGd]sf l3ld/]
kf]v/fnfO{ sfo{ If]q agfO ko{6g If]qdf lqmofzLn
5g\ . ljb]zL ko{6sn] kbofqf ?rfpg] g]kfnsf cl-
wsf+z e"–efudf k'u]sf pgL kf]v/f k+IfL ;dfh sf
cWoIf x'g\ . Ps b;sb]lv r/fsf] kmf]6f]u|fkmL / ;+/
If0fsf ultljlwdf ;+nUg /lxcfPsf pgn] xfn;Dd
kfFr ;oeGbf al9 k|hfltsf r/fsf kmf]6f] lvr]sf
5g\ . g]kfnsf ;+/If0f If]qdf kfOg]dWo] clwsf+z k|hfltsf r/fsf kmf]6f]
pgn] lvr]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf /x]sf ;+/If0f If]qx?sf] e|d0f ul/;s]sf pgL
k]zfn] ko{6gdf cfa4 ePklg ?lr jg, jftfj/0f, cWofkg / r/f ;+/If0fdf
/lx cfPsf] 5 .
;Dks{sf] nfluM
x]dGt 9sfn (hdforecology@gmail.com)
s[i0f k|;fb e';fn (krishnaraptor13@gmail.com)
dgzfGt l3ld/] (ebusuki@gmail.com)
kf]v/f k+5L ;dfh
E-mail: info@pokharabirdsociety.org
Website: www.pokharabirdsociety.org

g]kfnsf lu4x? 65
kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]

g]kfnsf lu4x?
66
lu4 ;+/If0fsf ultljlw
;+/If0f sdL{ s[i0f dl0f a/fn, 3fO{t] ;fgf] v}/f] lu4sf] pkrf/sf] qmddf, sf:sL
;+/If0f sdL{ x]dGt 9sfn, ljw'tLo tf/df kl/ d/]sf] lxdfnL lu4sf] cg'udg ub}{, sf:sL
;+/If0f sdL{ uf]ljGb l;+x, 3fO{t] lxdfnL lu4sf] pkrf/sf] qmddf, hfh/sf]6
;+/If0f sdL{ l8=la= rf}w/L, 8+u/ lu4sf] aRrfnfO{ cfxf/ v'jfpFb}
lk7f}nL, lu4 /]i6'/]06, gjnk'/
kmf]6f]M cneLg of]O -Alvin Yoe_, :of6]nfO6 6\ofu ;lxtsf] xf8kmf]/ lu4, sf:sL

g]kfnsf lu4x? 67
kf]v/f, kre}of l:yt lrl8of 3/ tyf k'g:yfkgf s]Gb|df 3fO{t] lxdfnL lu4sf] s]xL lbgsf] pkrf/
kl5 k'g k|fs[lats jftfj/0fdf 5f]8\g] qmddf .
kf]v/f, kre}of l:yt lrl8of 3/ tyf k'g:yfkgf s]Gb|df 3fO{t] lxdfnL lu4 .
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

g]kfnsf lu4x?
68
7'nf vs{, cli6«og SofDk, sf:sLdf xf8kmf]/, lxdfnL tyf 8+u/ lu4
kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn

kmf]6f]M dgzfGt l3ld/]
8+u/ lu4sf] aRrf

lxdfnL lu4
kmf]6f]M /fh s'df/ /fO{

kmf]6f]M x]dGt 9sfn
3frf]s, sf:sLdf 3fd tKb} lu4sf ayfg

SAVE VULTURES: SAVE ENVIRONMENT
kz' pkrf/df 8fOSnf]Š]]g]s, Pl;Snf]Š]g]s, ls6f]k|f]Š]g / lgd':nfO8sf] k|of]u aGb u/fÄ, lu4 ;+/ÔØdf ;xsfo{ u/fÄF
Vultures of Nepal
g]kfndf kfOg] lu4x¿
IUCN STATUS
CR Critically Endangered
clt ;ª\s6fkGg
EN Endangered
;ª\s6fkGg
NT Near Threatened
;ª\s6sf] glhs
LC Least Concern
;fdfGo cj:yf
BIRD CONSERVATION NEPAL
(BCN)
PO Box 12465, Lazimpat, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel. 00977 1 4417805 4420213
Fax. 00977 1 4413884
Email. bcn@birdlifenepal.org
Web. www.birdlifenepal.org
Birds' Art © Grimmett et al. 2011
A: Adult, J: Juvenile
Red-headed Vulture,
CR
;'g lu4
Bearded Vulture,
NT
xf8Šf]/ lu4
Egyptian Vulture,
EN
;]tf] lu4
White-rumped Vulture,
CR
8ª\u/ lu4
Long-billed Vulture,
CR
nfdf]7'“8] lu4
Slender-billed Vulture ,
CR
;fgf] v}/f] lu4
Himalayan Griffon ,
NT
lxdfnL lu4
Eurasian Griffon,
LC
v}/f] lu4
Cinereous Vulture,
NT
/fh lu4
A
A
A
A
A
A
J
J
J
A
AAA
AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
J
J
J
J
J
J
JJ
J
J
J