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Training effects of aerobic and anaerobic running on cardio vascular endurance among football players

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The present study was aimed to find out the training effects of aerobic and anaerobic running on cardio vascular endurance among football players. To attain the purpose of this study, thirty six school girl football players were randomly selected as participants from schools in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. Their age were ranged from 15 to 17 years, who were participated inter school football tournament during the academic year of 2018-2019. The selected participants were randomly divided into three groups such as group 'I' underwent aerobic running (n=12), group 'II' underwent anaerobic running (n-12) and group III act as control (n=12). Group 'I' underwent aerobic running (continuous run) for three alternative days per week and one session per day with the intensity was progressively increased the range from 30% to 40% and volume of work was increased from 30 to 40 minutes for six weeks period. Group 'II' underwent anaerobic running (interval run) for three alternative days per week and one session per day with the intensity was progressively increased the range from 40% to 50% and volume of work was increased from 30 to 40 minutes for six weeks period. Group 'III' was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in regular activities. The data on selected criterion variable on cardio vascular endurance was measured by 9 mins run/walk test (metres). The collected data were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and when the F ratio of the adjusted post-test mean was found to be significant, Scheffe's post hoc test was employed to find out the paired mean differences and the significant was fixed at 0.05 level of confident. All the data were analysed by used SPSS-22 version statistical package. It was concluded that the aerobic and anaerobic running groups were significantly improved on cardio vascular endurance when compare than control group and also made significant difference among experimental and control groups.
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International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2019; 4(1): 1652-1655
ISSN: 2456-0057
IJPNPE 2019; 4(1): 1652-1655
© 2019 IJPNPE
www.journalofsports.com
Received: 13-11-2018
Accepted: 15-12-2018
Arumugam S
Assistant Professor,
Department of Physical
Education and Sports,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Abishekapatti,
Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
Sri Suba E
M.P.Ed. Student,
Department of Physical
Education and Sports,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Abishekapatti,
Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
Correspondence
Assistant Professor,
Department of Physical
Education and Sports,
Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Abishekapatti,
Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
Training effects of aerobic and anaerobic running on
cardio vascular endurance among football players
Arumugam S and Sri Suba E
Abstract
The present study was aimed to find out the training effects of aerobic and anaerobic running on cardio
vascular endurance among football players. To attain the purpose of this study, thirty six school girl
football players were randomly selected as participants from schools in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu,
India. Their age were ranged from 15 to 17 years, who were participated inter school football tournament
during the academic year of 2018-2019. The selected participants were randomly divided into three
groups such as group ‘I’ underwent aerobic running (n=12), group ‘II’ underwent anaerobic running (n-
12) and group III act as control (n=12). Group ‘I’ underwent aerobic running (continuous run) for three
alternative days per week and one session per day with the intensity was progressively increased the
range from 30% to 40% and volume of work was increased from 30 to 40 minutes for six weeks period.
Group ‘II’ underwent anaerobic running (interval run) for three alternative days per week and one session
per day with the intensity was progressively increased the range from 40% to 50% and volume of work
was increased from 30 to 40 minutes for six weeks period. Group ‘III’ was not exposed to any specific
training but they were participated in regular activities. The data on selected criterion variable on cardio
vascular endurance was measured by 9 mins run/walk test (metres). The collected data were statistically
analysed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and when the F ratio of the adjusted post-test
mean was found to be significant, Scheffe’s post hoc test was employed to find out the paired mean
differences and the significant was fixed at 0.05 level of confident. All the data were analysed by used
SPSS-22 version statistical package. It was concluded that the aerobic and anaerobic running groups
were significantly improved on cardio vascular endurance when compare than control group and also
made significant difference among experimental and control groups.
Keywords: Aerobic running, anaerobic running, cardio vascular endurance, football players
Introduction
Physiological requirements of the football game demand high aerobic and anaerobic capacity,
muscle strength, speed, power, skills, coordination and flexibility for the improvement of
performance and care of injury prevention [1].
The game of Football is that uses both combination of aerobic and anaerobic capacity towards
improvement of player’s performance. Improving VO2max and anaerobic capacity are much
needed for every Football Players [2].
Football is team sport that is played in an outdoor field, and training is mainly based on
movement implementing the endurance qualities consisting of moderate activity alternating
with sprints of intermittent high intensity [3], and is characterized by short duration high speed
runs, jumps, heading and ball disputes are besides other activities such as trots, low speed
running and walk [4]. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) defines aerobic
exercise as any activity that uses large muscle groups, can be maintained continuously and is
rhythmic in nature [5].
Aerobic capacity of athletes is an important element of success in sports achievements.
Physiologically, it is functional capacity of an organism to increase the level of metabolic
process in keeping with the requirement of physical effort being exposed too. Metabolic
process in this sense means the transformation of chemical energy into mechanical one [6].
Anaerobic exercise has been defined by the ACSM as intense physical activity of very short
duration, fueled by the energy sources within the contracting muscles and independent of the
use of inhaled oxygen as an energy source [7].
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International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education
Anaerobic training is used to increase strength and power
through intense muscular activity. In soccer, anaerobic
metabolic pathways are utilized during very short bursts of
moderate to intensive effort that can directly determine a
match’s outcome [8].
Slow running over natural terrain. Interval training is a
programme of repeated running with a set of resting full
jogging after each repetition. Continuous training is when an
athlete’s exercise in a steady aerobic way without any pauses
or breaks in between [9].
Sports scientists can, through physiological testing of
performers, analyze these components and use this
information to create individual profiles of participants to
include strengths and weaknesses in relation to other squad
players and previous tests [10].
Cardio vascular endurance is one of the most significant
components of general physical fitness. It may be defined as
the ability of heart and lungs to take in and to transport
adequate amounts oxygen to the working muscles for
activities to be performed over long periods of time [11].
Purpose of the study
The study was to investigate two different training effects
between aerobic running and anaerobic running towards
improving on cardio vascular endurance among girl football
players.
Material and methods
The study was conducted in the Department of Physical
Education and Sports, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
in February 2019.
The research participants consisted thirty six school girl
football players (n=36, age=15 to 17 years), were randomly
selected as participants from school in Tirunelveli District,
Tamil Nadu, India who were participated inter school football
tournament during the academic year of 2018-2019. The
selected participants were randomly divided into three groups
such as group ‘I’ underwent aerobic running (n=12), group
‘II’ underwent anaerobic running (n-12) and group III act as
control (n=12). The tests were in the in-season phase of
competition and all subjects were clinically tested by healthy
and had no history of recent infection, asthma or cardio
respiratory disorders.
Cardio vascular endurance
Cardio vascular endurance refers to an athlete's ability to
sustain prolonged exercise for minutes, hours, or even days.
Endurance testing is a way to measure the efficiency of an
athlete's circulatory system and respiratory system in
supplying oxygen to the working muscles and support
sustained physical activity.
For collection of data in the variable cardio vascular
endurance, need flat oval or running track, marker cones,
recording sheets, stop watches. Procedure of the test was
explained properly to the subjects. Perform screening of
health risks and obtain informed consent. Also prepare forms
and record basic information such as age, height, body
weight, gender, test conditions.
Test procedure: (9 min run/ walk Test)
The nine-minute walk/run test was conducted to assess cardio
vascular endurance among girl football players. To conduct
the test the following resources needed such as flat oval
running track, marker, stop watches etc. Place markers at set
intervals around the track to aid in measuring the completed
distance. The test requires to run or walk for 9 minutes, and
the total distance covered was recorded. Walking may be
allowed, though participants should try and push themselves
as hard as they can.
Scoring: Measure the distance walked in 9 minutes to the
nearest meter [12].
Aerobic running program
Aerobic running (continuous run) for three alternative days
per week and one session per day with the intensity was
progressively increased the range from 30% to 40% and
volume of work was increased from 30 to 40 minutes per
session for six weeks period without the rest between the
running activity. During the early season the athletes should
have one very long run every 3 days and the workouts should
progress in duration every 2 weeks by 5 minutes.
Anaerobic running program
Anaerobic running (interval run) for three alternative days per
week and one session per day with the intensity was
progressively increased the range from 40% to 50% and
volume of work was increased from 30 to 40 minutes per
session for six weeks period with active rest between the
repetition of running activity. During the early season the
athletes should have one session run every 3 days and the
workouts should progress in duration every 2 weeks.
The data were collected from experimental groups and control
group prior to and immediately after the completion of the
training period on selected variable and it was statistically
examined by applying analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for
find out the significant differences among experimental and
control groups. As all the three groups were selected from the
same population and no attempt were made to equate the
groups on the selected dependent variable initial differences
may exist, and there was a possibility of affecting the post-test
mean. For eliminating any possible influence of pre-test
means the adjusted post-test means of experimental groups
and control group were tested for significance by using
ANCOVA. When the F ratio of the adjusted post-test mean
was found to be significant, Scheffe’s post hoc test was
employed to find out the paired mean difference. All the data
were analyzed using SPSS statistical package. The level of
confidence was fixed at 0.05 level of significance as the
number of subjects was limited and also as the selected
variable might fluctuate due to various extraneous factors.
Results and discussion
Table 1: Analysis of covariance for the selected variable among experimental groups & control group (meters)
Test
Aerobic Running
Group
Anaerobic Running
Group
Control
Group
Source
of variance
DF
Mean
square
‘F’
ratio
Pre Test Mean
SD (±)
1113.32
1110.79
1087.45
B.M
2
154.77
1.73
102.11
121.45
143.14
W.G
33
89.46
Post Test Mean
SD (±)
1382.74
1326.85
1135.87
B.M
2
997.29
9.57*
94.03
110.87
132.09
W.G
33
104.21
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International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education
Adjusted Post
Test Mean
1389.45
1328.06
1136.83
B.M
2
2445.36
13.30*
W.G
32
183.87
*significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for 3 & 33 and 3 &
32 are 3.28 and 3.29.
The table 1 shows that the pre-test mean value on cardio
vascular endurance of school girl football players aerobic
running, anaerobic running and control groups are 1113.32,
1110.79 and 1087.45 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio 1.73
for pre-test scores was less than the table value 3.28 for DF 1
and 33 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on
cardio vascular endurance.
The post-test mean values on cardio vascular endurance of
school girl football player’s aerobic running, anaerobic
running and control groups are 1382.74, 1326.85 and 1135.87
respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio 9.57 for post-test scores
was greater than the table value 3.28 for DF 1 and 33 required
for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on cardio vascular
endurance.
The adjusted post-test means of school girl football players
aerobic running, anaerobic running and control groups are
1389.45, 1328.06 and 1136.83 respectively. The obtained ‘F’
ratio of 13.30 for adjusted post-test means was greater than
the table value of 3.29 for DF 1 and 32 required for
significance at 0.05 level of confidence on cardio vascular
endurance.
Table 2: The Scheffe’s test for differences between the adjusted post-test paired means
Variable
Aerobic Running Group
Anaerobic Running Group
Control Group
Mean Difference
CI
Cardiovascular Endurance
1382.74
1326.85
--
55.89*
14.20
1382.74
--
1135.87
246.87*
--
1326.85
1135.87
190.98*
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
The table 2 shows that the mean difference values between
aerobic running group & anaerobic running group, aerobic
running group & control group and anaerobic running group
& control group which is greater than the confidence interval
value 14.20 at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the
study showed that there was significant differences between
aerobic running group & anaerobic running group, aerobic
running group & control group and anaerobic running group
& control group of school girl football players on cardio
vascular endurance
Fig 1: Mean value of aerobic running group, anaerobic running
group and control group on cardio vascular endurance among school
girl football players
Discussion on findings
The result of study indicates that there were significant
differences on cardio vascular endurance between aerobic
running, anaerobic running and control groups on school girl
football players. Aerobic endurance group significantly
improved than anaerobic running and control groups.
Anaerobic running group had significantly improved than
control group. The following studies are supported to the
result of this investigation Hoff, J., & Helgerud, J. (2004) [13],
Mcmillan, K., Helgerud, J., Macdonald, R., & Hoff, J. (2005)
[14], Norris, R., Carroll, D., & Cochrane, R. (1990) [15], Gent,
D. N., & Norton, K. (2013) [16], Bendiksen, M., Williams, C.
A., Hornstrup, T., Clausen, H., Kloppenborg, J., Shumikhin,
D., & Krustrup, P. (2014) [17] and Satheesh Kumar, K., &
Arumugam, S. (2018) [18].
Conclusion
The following conclusions were drawn from the result of the
present study,
1. The present study was exposed that significant
differences were found in the mean of cardio vascular
endurance between aerobic running, anaerobic running
and control groups.
2. There was significant improvement of aerobic endurance
group when compared to control group on cardio
vascular endurance due to the effect of aerobic running
among school girl football players.
3. There was significant improvement anaerobic endurance
group when compare than control group on cardio
vascular endurance due to the effect of anaerobic running
among school girl football players.
4. The aerobic running group had excelled than anaerobic
running group.
5. The control group had not shown any significant
improvement on cardio vascular endurance.
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... This is among the most significant elements of physical fitness that have to do with health. The Cardiorespiratory Endurance is the site where the heart and lungs take in and transfer enough oxygen to the working muscles such that prolonged activity is possible (Subramani & Suba, 2019) [22] . Thus enhancing endurance in sports or daily activities at maximum level. ...
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The purpose of this study was to examine aerobic demands and activity patterns during match play in young soccer players with respect to competition level, age, and biological maturity. Ten nonelite players (NbP) and nine elite players (EbP) in their early puberty (12 yr), and seven elite players (EeP) in their late puberty (14 yr) were studied. Heart rate (HR) and activity pattern were recorded during match play, whereas corresponding .VO(2) and HR values were obtained during submaximal and maximal treadmill tests in the laboratory. The maturity status was assessed from testicular volume. No difference in .VO(2max) was observed between the nonelite and the elite players in the beginning of puberty (58.7 +/- 5.3 vs 58.6 +/- 5.0 mL O(2).min-1.kg(-1)), whereas the elite players in the end of puberty were significantly more fit (63.7 +/- 8.5 mL O(2).min(-1).kg(-1)). During match play, a higher HR was recorded in the elite players in the beginning of puberty than their nonelite counterparts, whereas the two elite groups showed the same HR responses (HR 1st half/2nd half-NbP: 162/157; EbP: 177/174; EeP: 178/173). The elite players in the end of puberty thus performed a higher absolute and relative .VO(2) (.VO(2).min(-1) and mL O(2).min(-1).kg(-1)) compared with the nonelite players during both halves, corresponding to more time spent in standing/walking in the nonelite group. The elite players in the end of puberty showed higher absolute .V(O2) values during match play than the young elite players but identical relative aerobic loads. It seems that the midfield/attack group had the highest absolute .VO(2max) and was performing at the highest HR during the matches. The present study shows that young soccer players are highly specialized both according to playing level and position on the field.
Article
Top soccer players do not necessarily have an extraordinary capacity in any of the areas of physical performance. Soccer training is largely based on the game itself, and a common recruitment pattern from player to coach and manager reinforces this tradition. New developments in understanding adaptive processes to the circulatory system and endurance performance as well as nerve and muscle adaptations to training and performance have given rise to more effective training interventions. Endurance interval training using an intensity at 90-95% of maximal heart rate in 3- to 8-minute bouts have proved to be effective in the development of endurance, and for performance improvements in soccer play. Strength training using high loads, few repetitions and maximal mobilisation of force in the concentric mode have proved to be effective in the development of strength and related parameters. The new developments in physical training have important implications for the success of soccer players. The challenge both for coaches and players is to act upon the new developments and change existing training practice.
Article
Improved oxygen uptake improves soccer performance as regards distance covered, involvements with the ball, and number of sprints. Large improvements in oxygen uptake have been shown using interval running. A similar physiological load arising from interval running could be obtained using the soccer ball in training. The main aim was to study physiological adaptations to a 10 week high intensity aerobic interval training program performed by professional youth soccer players, using a soccer specific ball dribbling track. Eleven youth soccer players with a mean (SD) age of 16.9 (0.4) years performed high intensity aerobic interval training sessions twice per week for 10 weeks in addition to normal soccer training. The specific aerobic training consisted of four sets of 4 min work periods dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track at 90-95% of maximal heart frequency, with a 3 min recovery jog at 70% of maximal heart frequency between intervals. Mean VO2max improved significantly from 63.4 (5.6) to 69.8 (6.6) ml kg(-1) min(-1), or 183.3 (13.2) to 201.5 (16.2) ml kg(-0.75) min(-1) (p<0.001). Squat jump and counter movement jump height increased significantly from 37.7 (6.2) to 40.3 (6.1) cm and 52.0 (4.0) to 53.4 (4.2) cm, respectively (p<0.05). No significant changes in body mass, running economy, rate of force development, or 10 m sprint times occurred. Performing high intensity 4 min intervals dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track together with regular soccer training is effective for improving the VO2max of soccer players, with no negative interference effects on strength, jumping ability, and sprinting performance.