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19
copper age in northern croatia back to the past
Razmišljanja koja se bave problemom prijelaza ne-
olitika na eneolitik mogu se u grubim crtama podi-
jeliti u dvije skupine. Jednu čine autori koji zastu-
paju tradicionalan pogled na ovo razdoblje, a vide
ga kao posljedicu migracijskih pokreta novih etnič-
kih grupa. Autori druge skupine proces eneolitiza-
cije vide kao lokalni, unutarnji i pojedinačni razvoj
kasnoneolitičkih zajednica (Banffy 1990-1991: 23).
Promjene koje donosi eneolitik mogu se povezati s
određenim socijalnim promjenama prouzročenim
povećanjem broja stoke, razmjenom životinjskih
proteina, primjenom plodoreda u poljodjelsvu,
promjenama u klimi. Stanovništvo napušta velika
naselja tipa tela i seli u manja, disperzirana nase-
lja. Ovakav obrazac promjene naseljavanja, vidljiv
je i na prostoru sjeveroistočne Hrvatske.
Rani eneolitik koji počinje oko 4500. pr. Kr. u ve-
ćem dijelu sjeverne Hrvatske u početku ne donosi
bitne promjene. Kasnoneolitičke zajednice poput
sopotske kulture i njezinih regionalnih inačica,
nastavljaju razmjerno miran tradicionalni život
u istočnoj Slavoniji, zapadnoj Slavoniji i sjevero-
zapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Ipak, sve brojnija populacija,
snažan razvoj trgovine i komunikacije sa susjed-
nim prostorima, gomilanje sve većih bogatstava
te prvobitni razvoj metalurgije postupno počinju
mijenjati tradicionalno neolitičko društvo. Tome
treba pridodati i značajnije pokrete stanovništva
koje iz stepskih područja sjeverno od Crnoga mora
i istočne Europe zbog klimatskih promjena koje su
prouzročile i demografsko-gospodarske potrese,
traži nove životne prostore na zapadu.
The ideas about the transition from the Neolithic
into the Eneolithic can roughly be divided into
two groups. One group is comprised of authors
who support the traditional view of the period,
and who see it as a result of the migrations of new
ethnic groups. The second group sees the process
of Eneolithization as the local, internal, and indi-
vidual development of Late Neolithic communities
(Bánffy 1990-1991: 23). The changes brought on by
the Eneolithic can be connected to certain social
changes caused by an increase in the number of
cattle, the exchange of animal proteins, the appli-
cation of crop rotation in agriculture, or changes in
the climate. The populations abandoned large tell
settlements and moved to small, dispersed ones.
Such a change in settlement patterns is also visible
in northeastern Croatia.
In a larger portion of northern Croatia, the Early
Eneolithic began around 4500, and did not intro-
duce major changes. Late Neolithic communities,
such as the Sopot culture and its regional variants,
continued their relatively peaceful traditional life
in eastern Slavonia, western Slavonia and north-
eastern Croatia. However, the growing popula-
tions, the stronger development of trade and com-
munication with the neighboring territories, the
accumulation of riches, and the first development
of metallurgy, gradually started to change the tra-
ditional Neolithic society, which was also affected
by significant movements of populations from
steppes north of the Black Sea and eastern Europe,
which were instigated by climate change that also
caused demographic and economic uproars, all in
search of new living areas in the west.
Eneolitička faza sopotske kulture – kraj neolitika i
početak eneolitika na području sjeveroistočne Hrvatske
The Eneolithic phase of the Sopot culture – the end of the Neolithic and
the beginning of the Eneolithic in northeastern Croatia
Dragana Rajković
Arheološki muzej Osijek
Archaeological museum Osijek
dragrajkov@gmail.com
DOI: 10.17234/9789531758185-02
20 povratak u prošlost bakreno doba u sjevernoj hrvatskoj
U kronologiji neolitika i eneolitika za područje
sjeverne Hrvatske već je odavno uočeno da ne-
dostaje pojava koja bi se mogla okarakterizirati
kao rani eneolitik, odnosno nije bilo vidljivo neko
prijelazno razdoblje između kasnoga neolitika i
eneolitika. Dugo se smatralo da eneolitik istočne
Hrvatske čine badenska, kostolačka i vučedolska
kultura, dok se u središnjim i sjeverozapadnim di-
jelovima eneolitik iskazuje kroz lasinjsku, retzga-
jarsku i kasnu vučedolsku kulturu, odnosno njezin
regionalni tip C. No, kako je već odavno utvrđeno
da i badenska i kostolačka i vučedolska kultura pri-
padaju kasnome eneolitiku, postavilo se pitanje
što je zapravo rani i srednji eneolitik. Pokazalo se
da to razdoblje zauzimaju lasinjska i retzgajarska
kultura, no opet je ostalo otvoreno pitanje rano-
ga eneolitika. Z. Marković je u svojoj monografiji
1994. predložio nešto drukčiju podjelu eneolitika
u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj od one uobičajene (zapravo
Dimitrijevićeve). On također eneolitičko razdo-
blje dijeli na tri dijela, ali rani eneolitik sagledava
kroz daljnje trajanje sopotske kulture (tzv. Sopot
IV) u istočnoj i srednjoj Slavoniji te horizont Seče
u srednjoj i sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj (Marković
1994: 28). Horizont Seče je već ranije definirao kao
kulturu Seče, kronološki je smjestivši na prijelaz
Vinče D2 u Vinču D3, odnosno Sopot III/IV (Marko-
vić 1985). U materijalnoj ostavštini uočio je mnoge
dodirne točke s klasičnom sopotskom kulturom,
ali i postojanje znatnih razlika koje nisu dopušta-
le da se nova pojava potpuno uklopi u postojeću
sliku istočnoslavonske sopotske kulture. S druge
strane jasno su bila vidljiva neka obilježja kasnih
lenđelskih kultura, osobito njihovih neslikanih
inačica, poznatih na području zapadne Mađarske,
Moravske i jugozapadne Slovačke. Uz to neka su
obilježja podsjećala na keramografiju lasinjske
kulture. Otkriće novih lokaliteta po cijeloj sjever-
noj Hrvatskoj kao i radiokarbonski datumi s nekih
od njih naveli su Z. Markovića da svoju kronologiju
ranoga eneolitika donekle modificira, mada u op-
ćem smislu ostaje ista (Marković 2012) pa je pojam
kulture Seče opravdano zamijenio tipom Seče so-
potske kulture. Dakle, rani eneolitik u sjevernoj
Hrvatskoj obilježuju regionalne inačice kasnoneo-
litičke zajednice sopotske kulture koje nastavljaju
svoj tradicionalni život i početkom eneolitika pa-
ralelno s nekim novim eneolitičkim zajednicama.
To potvrđuju i apsolutni datumi dobiveni radiokar-
bonskim metodama.
Prema trenutnom stanju istraživanja tip Seče so-
potske kulture izdvojen je na Slavči u Novoj Gra-
It was noticed long ago that the chronology of the
Neolithic and the Eneolithic of northern Croatia was
missing an occurrence that could be characterized
as the Early Eneolithic, i.e. there was no visible tran-
sitional period between the late Neolithic and the
Early Eneolithic. For a long time, it was thought that
the Eneolithic of eastern Croatia was marked by the
Baden, Kostolac and Vučedol cultures, and that of
central and northwestern parts were marked by the
Lasinja, Retz-Gajary and the late Vučedol culture, i.e.
its regional type – C. However, as it was already es-
tablished that the Baden, Kostolac and Vučedol cul-
tures belonged to the Late Eneolithic, the question
arose of what the Early and Middle Eneolithic were.
It then became clear that the period was marked by
the Lasinja and Retz-Gajary cultures, but the ques-
tion of the Early Eneolithic remained unanswered.
In his 1994 monograph, Z. Marković suggested a
different division of Eneolithic in northern Croatia
that the usual one (made by Dimitrijević). He also
divided the Eneolithic into three parts, but studied
the Early Eneolithic as a prolonged duration of the
Sopot culture (so called Sopot IV) in eastern and
central Slavonia, as well as the Seče phase in central
and northwestern Croatia (Marković 1994: 28). He
had previously defined the Seče phase as the Seče
culture, chronologically placing it to the Vinča D2 to
Vinča D3, i.e. the Sopot III to IV transition (Marković
1985). He saw numerous points of contact with the
classical Sopot culture in the material remains, but
also the existence of significant differences that
did not allow the new occurrence to completely fit
into the picture of the Sopot culture in eastern Sla-
vonia. On the other hand, some characteristics of
the late Lengyel cultures were clearly visible, espe-
cially the non-painted variants, known from west-
ern Hungary, Moravia and southwestern Slovakia.
Slika / Figure 1. Mala posuda s lokaliteta Koprivnički Bregi-Seče / A
small vessel from the site of Koprivnički Bregi-Seče (foto / photo: I.
Krajcar).
21
copper age in northern croatia back to the past
diški (Mihaljević 2012) i Pepelani (Minichreiter
1990), potom na križevačkom području na lokali-
tetu Grabrovec-Zvonarica, gdje su u donjem sloju
otkriveni nalazi Seče-tipa, a u gornjem lasinjske
kulture (Marković & Homen 1990). Na lokalitetu
Karane u blizini Križevaca, također su prisutni ele-
menti Seče-tipa i lasinjske kulture (Marković 2012:
61), kao i na lokalitetu Letičani-Bukvik (Dimitrijević
1961: sl. 26-29; Marković 1985: 8-9, sl. 6). Površinski
nalazi ove kulture uočeni su u blizini Virovitice na
nalazištima Rezovac, Orošac-Dvor, Brana i Pepela-
na (Minichreiter 1986: 83; 1990: 27-29). Opravdanost
uvrštavanja spomenutih lokaliteta u rani eneolitik
te izdvajanje eneolitičke faze sopotske kulture
potvrđuju i noviji radiokarbonski datumi sa So-
pota 4340-4040 pr. Kr., 4320-4040, 4250-4040 pr. Kr.,
4250-4030 pr. Kr., 4230-3940 pr. Kr. (Obelić et al. 2004:
252). Ova prijelazna faza prema eneolitičkom hori-
zontu, uočena je na Sopotu u najmlađim objekti-
ma koji se sastoje od kanala i rupa za stupove (Kr-
znarić Škrivanko & Balen 2006; Krznarić Škrivanko
2011: 213; 2015: 379, 380, sl. 18-19).
Slični datumi potječu i s lokaliteta Nova Gradiška-
Slavča 4250-3990 pr. Kr. (Mihaljević 2012; 2014: 83)
te nalazišta Osijek-Filipovcia/Hermanov vinograd
4230-3810 pr. Kr. i jedan s nalazišta Otok-Mandekov
vinograd 4330-4040 pr. Kr. (Obelić et. al. 2004: 252,
253), a povezani su uz keramičke nalaze stupnja So-
pot IV. Taj je stupanj definirao Z. Marković uočivši u
keramičkom materijalu s istočnoslavonskih lokali-
teta određene sličnosti s tipom Seče, ali i razlike
u odnosu na stupanj III klasične sopotske kulture
(Marković 1994: 28, 85). Sopotu IV pripisao je i na-
laze s područja Đakovštine, a to su Drenje i Mrzo-
vić kod Đakova (Marković 1994: 85; 2012: 14). Grubu
keramiku karakteriziraju ručke koje spajaju obod i
rame posude, oker do svijetlo-crvene boje, a u fak-
Additionally, some characteristics resembled the
pottery production of the Lasinja culture. The dis-
covery of new sites all across northern Croatia, as
well as radiocarbon dates from some of them, urged
Z. Marković to somewhat modify his chronology of
the Early Eneolithic, although it generally stayed
the same (Marković 2012), so he justifiably replaced
the term ‘the Seče culture’ with ‘the Seče type of
the Sopot culture’. Therefore, the early Eneolithic
in northern Croatia is marked by regional variants
of the Late Neolithic communities of the Sopot cul-
ture, who continued their traditional way of life at
the beginning of the Eneolithic parallel with some
new Eneolithic communities. This was confirmed by
absolute dates obtained through the application of
the radiocarbon method.
According to the current state of research, the Seče
type of the Sopot culture was defined at Slavča in
Nova Gradiška (Mihaljević 2012) and at Pepelana
(Minichreiter 1990), then in the territory of Križevci,
at the site of Grabrovec-Zvonarica, which yielded
finds of the Seče type in the lower, and those of
the Lasinja culture in the upper layers (Marković &
Homen 1990). The site of Karane near Križevci also
yielded elements of the Seče type and the Las-
inja culture (Marković 2012: 61), as did the site of
Letičani-Bukvik (Dimitrijević 1961: sl.26-29; Marković
1985: 8-9, sl. 6). Surface finds of this culture were
recorded near Virovitica, at the sites of Rezovac,
Orošac-Dvor, Brana, and Pepelana (Minichreiter
1986: 83; 1990: 27-29). The justified inclusion of these
sites into the Early Eneolithic and the defining of
an Eneolithic phase of the Sopot culture have been
confirmed by the latest radiocarbon dates obtained
at Sopot: 4340-4040 BC, 4320-4040 BC, 4250-4040 BC,
4250-4030 BC, 4230-3940 BC (Obelić et al. 2004: 252).
This transitional phase towards the Eneolithic was
noticed in the youngest structures at Sopot, com-
posed of canals and post holes (Krznarić Škrivanko
& Balen 2006; Krznarić Škrivanko 2011: 213; 2015: 379,
380, Fig. 18-19).
Similar dates were obtained at Nova Gradiška-
Slavča, 4250-3990 BC (Mihaljević 2012; 2014: 83),
Osijek-Filipovcia/Hermanov Vinograd, 4230-3810 BC,
and Otok-Mandekov Vinograd, 4330-4040 BC (Obelić
et. al. 2004: 252, 253), and can be connected to ce-
ramic finds of the Sopot IV phase. This phase was de-
fined by Z. Marković, who noticed similarities with
the Seče type in the material from sites in eastern
Slavonia, as well as differences in relation to phase
III of the classical Sopot culture (Marković 1994: 28,
85). He ascribed other finds to the Sopot IV phase,
Slika / Figure 2. Vrč s lokaliteta Sopot / A jug from the site of Sopot
(foto / photo: I. Krajcar).
22 povratak u prošlost bakreno doba u sjevernoj hrvatskoj
including those from the Đakovo region - Drenje and
Mrzović near Đakovo (Marković 1994: 85; 2012: 14).
Coarse pottery is characterized by handles that con-
nect the rim and the shoulder, varies in color from
ochre to light red, and has a lot of inclusions of sand
and crushed rock. Characteristic forms include jugs
and small jugs with finger imprints in a ribbon or on
the vessel surface. Fine ware is sometimes polished
and has a sheen, varies in color from gray, black and,
occasionally, red, and sometimes has traces of red
paint. Characteristic forms include conical bowls
on a cylindrical/bell-like foot with a hole, spherical
light gray bowls with vertical flutes, and different
biconical bowls. Slightly tongue-like applications on
the transition of the vessel body and straightened
vessel rims are also characteristic (Marković 1994:
85). Fine ware, from SU 091, discovered at Slavča-
Nova Gradiška (Mihaljević 2012) is characterized
by variation in color from black to reddish-brown
and red, rounded bowls, biconical bowls, biconical
bowls with a handle that connects the rim and the
transition of the vessel body, “bute” or deeper bowls
with a pointy beak-shaped handle, and vessels on
a cylindrical/bell-like foot. Decorations rarely ap-
pear on fine ware, but include gauged individual or
stacked horizontal lines and plastic applications at
the body. The most common decorations include
sunken holes on the handle and the bodies of ves-
sels with handles. Coarse pottery contains inclu-
sions of sand and rocks, varies in color from ochre
and gray to gray-black and black (Marković 2012: 62).
An Early Eneolithic phase was also confirmed at
Gomolava (Gomolava IIa, Brukner 1980-1981: 20-
25; Petrović 1986: 23) and Gradina na Bosutu (Tasić
1985: 1-2). At the latter site, the Bosut I layer yielded
a thick layer of the Late Eneolithic Lengyel culture
that contained pottery finds, mixed with those of
the Lasinja, Vatin and Boleraz cultures. Therefore, N.
Tasić sees this site as a good example of the Sopot-
Lengyel-Vinča contacts during the Early Eneolithic
in Slavonia and eastern Syrmia, and emphasizes
that this phase was immediately followed by a
layer of the Lasinja culture, without significant in-
terruption. E. Bánffy also emphasizes the Lengyel-
Balaton-Lasinja continuity in southern Transdanu-
bia. The existence of the final Sopot phase was also
suggested by B. Brukner, who dated it to the same
time as Vinča D and the Tiszapolgar culture (Brukner
1980-1981). The end of phase IIIof the Sopot culture
is dated to 4600/4500 BC and is, according to the
chronology of Borić from 2009, parallel to Vinča D
(Borić 2009: 234). In that case, the dates that appear
turi ima primjese pijeska i usitnjenog kamena. Od
oblika izdvojeni su lonci i lončići s otiscima prsta u
traci ili stijenci posude. Fina keramika je ponekad
glačana i sa sjajem, boja joj je siva, crna, a rijetko
crvena, a ponekada je vidljiv trag slikanja crvenom
bojom. Karakteristični oblici su konične zdjele na
cilindrično-zvonastoj nozi s rupom, kuglaste svije-
tlosive zdjele s plitkim vertikalnim kaneliranjem te
različite bikonične zdjele. Karakterisitčne su i bla-
go jezičaste aplikacije na prijelomu te zaravnjeni
obodi zdjela (Marković 1994: 85). Finu keramiku iz
SJ 091 nalazišta Slavča-Nova Gradiška (Mihaljević
2012) obilježuje boja koja varira od crne do crev-
nosmeđe i crvene, od oblika zaobljene zdjele, bi-
konične zdjele, bikonične zdjele s ručkom od obo-
da do prijeloma, bute ili dublje zdjele sa šiljastom
kljunastom ručkom, kupe na nozi zvonoliko-cilin-
dričnog tipa. Ukrašavanje fine keramike je rijetko,
a javlja se žljebljenje horizontalnih linija u nizu
ili samostalno te plastične aplikacije na trbuhu.
Najkarakterističniji su ukras udubljene jamice na
ručki i trbuhu zdjele s ručkom. Gruba keramika u
fakturi ima primjese pijeska i kamena, a boja vari-
ra od oker, smeđe, sive do sivocrne i crne (Marković
2012: 62).
Ranoeneolitički horizont potvrđen je i na nalazi-
štu Gomolava (Gomolava IIa, Brukner 1980-1981:
20-25; Petrović 1986: 23) te Gradini na Bosutu (Tasić
1985: 1-2). Na potonjem, u sloju Bosut I uočen je
vrlo debeo sloj kasnoneolitičke lenđelske kulture,
bogat keramičkim nalazima koji su bili pomiješa-
ni s nalazima lasinjske, vatinske i kulture Boleraz.
Stoga N. Tasić smatra ovaj lokalitet dobrim primje-
rom kontakata na relaciji Sopot-Lengyel-Vinča u
vrijeme ranoga eneolitika na području Slavonije
i istočnoga Srijema, te naglašava kako iza ovog
horizonta odmah slijedi sloj lasinjske kulture, bez
značajnog prekida. E. Banffy također naglašava
kontituitet Lengyel-Balaton-Lasinja na području
južne Transdanubije. Postojanje faze finalnog So-
pota pretpostavio je i B. Brukner te ga vremenski
izjednačio s Vinčom D i kulturom Tiszapolgar (Bru-
kner 1980-1981). Kraj stupnja III sopotske kulture
smješta se u 4600/4500. pr. Kr., i prema kronologi-
ji Borić 2009. paralelan je s Vinčom D (Borić 2009:
234). U tom slučaju datume koji se pojavljuju iz-
među 4500. i 4300. možemo smatrati datumima ra-
noga eneolitika, odnosno Sopota IV (Z. Marković),
paralelnog s Lengyelom III i fazom Seče sopotske
kulture. J. Balen se slaže da je potpuno opravdano
klasičnu sopotsku kulturu (stupnjevi I-III prema S.
Dimitrijeviću) datirati najkasnije do oko 4500. pr.
23
copper age in northern croatia back to the past
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