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The Interactive Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Islamic
Values and Business Success: A Conceptual Study
Zainatulhani Mohamad, Mohamad Zulkifli Bin Abdul Rahim, Habsah Muda,
Roslida Razak, Mohd Rosli Mohamed, Abdul Malek Tambi, Hartini Abdul
Ghani
To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i8/4478 DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i8/4478
Received: 09 August 2018, Revised: 26 August 2018, Accepted: 30 August 2018
Published Online: 09 September 2018
In-Text Citation: (Mohamad, Rahim, Muda, Razak, Mohamed, Tambi & Ghani, 2018)
To Cite this Article: Mohamad, Z. (2018). The Interactive Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Islamic Values
and Business Success: A Conceptual Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social
Sciences, 8(8), 410–425.
Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s)
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The Interactive Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation,
Islamic Values and Business Success: A Conceptual
Study
Zainatulhani Mohamad, Zulkifli Rahim, Habsah Muda, Roslida
Razak, Mohd Rosli Mohamed, Abdul Malek Tambi, Hartini Abdul
Ghani
Faculty of Economy and Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA)
Email: zainatulhanimohamad93@gmail.com
Abstract
It is undeniable, the Small and Medium Enterprises help much in boosting the economic growth in
many countries. Hence, many scholars have studied on its success factors throughout different
perspectives, including Entrepreneurial Orientation, Islamic values and business success. However,
past studies revealed contradictory results on EO and business success relationship. Furthermore,
limited empirical studies on the effect of Islamic values were found in the context of SMEs especially
the Malay entrepreneurs. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the interactive effects of EO on
business success with the integration of moderation effects of Islamic values of Trustworthiness
(Amanah), Truthfulness (Siddiq), Communicative (Tabligh) and Wisdom (Fathonah). Besides, this
study will contribute to the selected theories of Islamic Leadership Theory and Human Capital Theory.
The development of the theoretical model is expected to shed a new light of the constructs under
reviewed and would elevate the business success among Malays SMEs.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Orientation, Business Success, Islamic Values, Truthfulness, Wisdom,
Honesty, Communicative, Malay Entrepreneurs.
Introduction
In Malaysia, the contribution of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) continues to grow significantly.
The SMEs consists over 90% of the Malaysia business sectors (Bakar, Daud, Awaludin, & Jaafar, 2016).
Ahmad and Mohamed Zabri (2015) acknowledged the huge potential of SMEs to the country as the
key driver for economic growth, many studies (Keh, Nguyen, & Ng, 2007; Boso, 2010; El-Annan, 2013;
Abdul Rahman, Yaacob, & Mat Radzi, 2014; Banta, 2015; Matchaba-Hove, Farrington, & Sharp, 2015)
have been done to examine the business success factors. Furthermore, Lans, Blok and Wesselink
(2014) suggested entrepreneurs as the mover of SMEs, must be equipped with specific knowledge,
skills, techniques, and ability to conduct and motivate towards their business goals. Besides,
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entrepreneurs must be resilient toward unforeseen circumstances (Ayala & Manzano, 2014;
Bullough, Renko, & Myatt, 2014). For example, they have to earnestly anticipate in capturing all
business opportunities to perform better in business discipline (Dana, Gurau, & Lasch, 2014). Even
though a lot of studies have been done to understand the success factor, past studies only
emphasized on the issues of; eg lack of management skill (Abdul Rahman, Yaacob, & Mat Radzi,
2014b), marketing strategies (Zendehdel, Hj Paim, & Delafrooz, 2016), financial problem (Salikin,
Wahab, & Muhammad, 2014; Umrani & Johl, 2016) and many other entrepreneurial problems.
Unfortunately, limited results were found in the literature of EO, Islamic values and business success
relationship. This study is conducted to analyse the fall back of Malays SMEs entrepreneurs whom
are still lagged behind compared to their business counterparts. Thus, it aims to examine the
relationship of EO and business success, and the moderating effect of Islamic values.
Literature Review
Entrepreneurial Orientation
Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) is an important construct in current research of entrepreneurship
and has inspired practitioners and scholars over 30 years ago (Hughes & Morgan, 2015). According
to Covin and Slevin (1988), EO consists of the dimensions of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk
taking. These dimensions are crucial indicators in achieving a successful business (Arshad et al,
2014).For example, Lumpkin & Dess (1996, 2001) stressed that these dimensions would give
significant impacts on business success (Callaghan & Venter, 2011). As accentuated by Mohamad
and Kassim (2017); Nason and Wiklund (2018); Pittino, Visintin and Lauto (2017), they acknowledged
EO which consists of innovation, proactiveness and risk taking had positive impact towards SMEs and
in fact, many literatures found a significant effect of EO and business success relationship.
Nevertheless, past literatures conjointly reported insignificant and mixed results of EO and business
success relationship (Umrani, Mahmood, & Ahmed, 2016). Thus, it has encouraged Wiklund (1999)
to further investigate upon the EO-business success relationships. Finally, (Hariri & Osman, 2006;
Piirala, 2012; Shein, Crous, & Schepers, 2010; Jelenc, Pisapia, & Ivanusic, 2016) also revealed
ineffective result among the relationship and compulsory for further exploration.
Business Success
Business success can be defined as the firm ability to sustain and uphold in business nature (Hyder &
Robert, 2016). Somehow, different scholars defined business success differently. Baron and Kenny
(1986) argued that the determinant of business success or business failure is a complex, dynamic and
problematic issues as it requires numerous variables to measure on the construct. Rauch, Wiklund,
Lumpkin and Frese (2004);Lucky, Olesegun and Bakar (2012); Galli (2013) view the perception of
success can be identified from many angles like, external and internal factor as well as subjective and
objective criteria. As such, scholars have linked the business success from external factors like
economy and capital markets and cultures (Tehseen, Sajilan, Ramayah, & Gadar, 2015), while for
internal factor includes the cognitive perspectives (Frese et al., 2007; Bayrón, 2013; Salehi &
Roshandel, 2013; Pittino, Visintin, & Lauto, 2017).
In addition, in terms of business success measurement, numerous studies have reported diverse
dimensions to measure business success. Harif, Hoe and Ahmad (2013); Adiana, Ahmad, Md. Rus and
Zainudin (2014); Shamsuddin (2014) used both measurements; financial and non-financial measure
due to comprehensive attribute in the sense that measure the accurate and authentic success of the
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entrepreneurs. Some studies include subjective criteria for business success such as freedom and
independence in controlling the business. For example, Fararah and Al-Swidi (2013); Chokesikarin
(2014); Kashif, Awang, Walsh and Altaf (2015); Wijetunge (2016) described factors such as service
and quality, dedication and hard work and innovation were crucial to succeed respectively. In
addition, Chokesikarin (2014); Suci (2015); Rizki, Armanu, Surachman and Rofiaty (2017) suggest that
the firm success and effectiveness should not only be measured in term of objective criteria only like
profit, firm’s financial performance sales turnover and personal income and wealth; but also based
on subjective criteria like the work satisfaction and customer satisfaction.
Islamic Values
Islam as the way of life is guided by the teaching of the Al-Qur’an and Al-Sunnah (Musa, 2011; Ratten,
Alamanda, Ramadani, Hashani, & Anggadwita, 2017). The Islamic concept of life involves the equality
and socio economic justice among human being. Islam encourages all Muslims to be active and
hardworking as it reflects the characteristics of true Muslim. As entrepreneurship and business is an
integral part of the religion that emboldens wealth and prosperity through the correct usage of the
resources, Islam underpinned several principles to be adhered (Arslan, 2009; Al-Aidaros, Shamsudin,
& Idris, 2013; Rahman, Abdullah, Adham, & Mat, 2014). Prophet Muhammad (SAW) himself is a
successful businessman has inculcates the value of Al-Amin that consists of Trustworthy (Amanah),
Communicative (Tabligh), Honesty (Siddiq) and Wisdom (Fathonah) in conducting business (Abdullah
& Mikail, 2013; Banta, 2015; Triyuwono, 2006). He is known for integrity. He practices Islamic
teaching as resembles by verses (Al-An’aam: 141); saying:
“Don’t waste your wealth; those who involved in misusing wealth are the brothers of the evil”.
In another verse Allah SWT dictates that;
“When your prayer is over, spread over the earth and the bounty of Allah” (Al-Jummu’a:10).
Besides, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) states that, nine-tenth of the livelihood comes from business
activities. With the guidance from Al Qur’an and Al-Sunnah, it will help the entrepreneurs to delegate
their business framework accordingly. It is also important to distressed the aims of Islam is for both
worlds; this world and hereafter. Somehow, Mohd, Kirana, Kamaruddin, Zainuddin and Ghazali
(2014)found that Islamic values affect business success, but these values are not empirically
examined, thus this study would like to empirically investigate upon the issues.
Dimensions of Islamic Values
Trustworthiness (Amanah)
According to Ascarya and Rahmawati (2015b), Muslim entrepreneurs must have faith in Allah (taqwa)
and worship Him by following His command and left what’s being forbid. By practicing the two pillars
of Islamic laws which are fardhu’ ain and fardhu’ kifayah, an individual’s act of faith of Muslims can
be elevated. As such, Fardhu’ ain refers to where the act is being practiced by individual. While for
fardu kifayah, it is obligated to be performed by the whole societies. Instead of conducting the five
pillars of Islam in this life, another aspect of high moral values can improve individual and
entrepreneurs by practicing the values in their entrepreneurial activities as practiced by Prophet
Muhammad pbuh in his daily life which is Trustworthiness (Amanah).
Trust is the element that shaped positive connection for interpersonal relationship as it decree the
linkage of how people communicate to one another. Trust is the key element for accountability as it
being highlighted in Al-Quran and Hadith. This value reflects a person intentions with Allah as in the
business scope, when the workers trust their employees and believes in what they are doing is right,
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they will achieve their work satisfaction, thus will enhance the business success (Sulaiman, Sabian, &
Othman, 2013). As mentioned by Allah in His Holy Quran in Surah Al-Talaq: 3:
“And He provides for him from (sources) he never could imagine. And if anyone puts his trust in Allah
(SWT), sufficient is (Allah) for him, for Allah (SWT) will surely accomplish His purpose verily for all
things has Allah (SWT) appointed a due proportion” (Holy Quran, 65:3)
On top of that, taqwa which is the element of Amanah, educate Muslims to endorse and practices
the trust (Amanah) (Sarif, 2016). With taqwa and amanah, it will help Muslims to rely solely on Allah
SWT without any doubt. It helps Muslims to have trust with no doubt on Allah. With taqwa, it will
strengthen the value of trust (Amanah) in individual’s life. As such, those who are involve in business
sector, taqwa and Amanah will guide them to conduct the business progressively and fairly.
Honesty (Siddiq)
Siddiq means honesty. An honest people are the one who remain true to themselves and always
follow good attitude and always be grateful being the servant of Allah (God) (Ghoniyah & Hartono,
2014). For Muslim entrepreneurs, it is advisable for them to carry the behavior of truth, honesty and
be firm and fair in managing their business and employees.
In Qur’an Surah Al-An’am: 152 gives explanation that the Islamic view of fairness is the source of truth
and justice from the heart to be actualized for themselves, others and God.
“And do not approach the orphan's property except in a way that is best until he reaches maturity.
And give full measure and weight in justice. We do not charge any soul except [with that within] its
capacity. And when you testify, be just, even if [it concerns] a near relative. And the covenant of Allah
fulfill. This has He instructed you that you may remember”
In addition, in Surah Hud verse 18, God gives instructions to be fair and honest, as it will lead people
to be loved by God who will give glory and fortune in the world and the hereafter.
“And who is more unjust than he who invents a lie about Allah? Those will be presented before their
Lord, and the witnesses will say, "These are the ones who lied against their Lord." Unquestionably,
the curse of Allah is upon the wrongdoers.”
Communicative (Tabligh)
Tabligh can be defined as communicative. Information must be conveyed properly and accurately as
a means of internal control as if there are any failure in conveying the messages or information, it
would affect the whole progress of the business. Tabligh teaches entrepreneurs to be ethical in
delivering or sharing the thoughts or knowledge. The knowledge must be transparently delivered
without any hindered messages. The opinion they made resembles their responsibility where it has
been shown by our Prophet Muhammad PBUH before, to be a noble and generous in delivery
knowledge. Excellent entrepreneurs are assumes as excellent leader when they managed to carry
their business and the workforces to reach the mission, vision and objectives successfully (Putra,
2014). In fact, entrepreneurship in Islam must possess the value of transparency/communicative in
conducting business. Transparent entrepreneur is the one who able to communicate accurately and
effectively with people regardless of the level or strata. A successful entrepreneur able to motivate,
inspire and become an idol for communities, thus, it may benefit many parties.
Wisdom (Fathonah)
Fathonah refers to the knowledge possess within a person for a comprehensive knowing about
human being, circumstances that they are able to choose or react properly in order to create
optimum results in an accurate time, with less waste of time and energy. The entrepreneurs who
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possess this attitude will be effective and efficient in conducting their business. This value can be
gained through experience and the decision made by the entrepreneurs should be wisely-made. The
entrepreneurs are considered as wisdom when they managed to be smart, good in doing decision
and very knowledgeable in doing their business in highly competitive business environment (Abdullah
& Ahcene, 2011).
According to Putra (2014) wisdom conveyed the meaning of intelligent. Putra (2014) highlighted that
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is really wise and extraordinary intelligence as he able to conduct the
words of Allah and has attracted so many followers to practice Islamic acts. With the same kind of
value, it can be implemented in business strategies. By possessing this value, it would help
entrepreneurs to solve business problems as well as making wise solution without segregate other
parties, thus, it will be very helpful in conducting the business plan accordingly.
The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Success
Abundance of literature on EO and BS provide the answers of its implications for entrepreneurs.
Lumpkin and Dess (1996b) acknowledge the positive relationship between EO and firm performance.
EO is said to have a significant impact on the firm’s performance as it helps the firm to establish the
ideas, developing new products or services, get involve in risky projects and be able to capture the
business opportunities. The dimensions of EO which are innovativeness, risk taking and proactiveness
will be used to discover its effect on the business success. Positive results were indicated from the
previous studies (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996b; Wiklund and Shepherd (2003);Rauch et al., 2004; Salima.
Hafeez, Rashid, Zafar and Rehman, 2011) thus, this study posits that; EO has a significant and direct
effect on business success.
H1: Entrepreneurial orientation has a significant direct effect with business success
The Relationship between Islamic Values and Business Success
Tahir and Abdul (2013) stated that many researchers are fascinated on the field of personality
psychology. On their study, they developed a measure of Islamic Personality Model that will benefit
the researchers for their general and Islamic research. It is indicated that religious orientation variable
had a positive effect on the performance regardless of their gender (Tahir & Abdul, 2013). On the
other hand, other study found that there are five variables consists of Islamic business practices,
Islamic work ethics, Muslim worldview, Muslim personal help and Muslim practices have a positive
effect on the entrepreneurs’ success (Wahab & Rafiki, 2014). It proves that, Islamic values, ethics and
belief are positively related to business success (Rafiki & Wahab, 2013; Rafiki & Wahab, 2014).
However, previous studies do not provide a comprehensive or unified explanation of Islamic values,
therefore, there are many questions still need to be discovered and warrant further explanation.
The Relationship between Trustworthiness and Business Success
According to Mohamad and Mukhazir (2008) it has been reminded in the verse of Al-Quran;
“Those who are faithfully true to their amānah (all the duties which Allah has ordained with honesty,
moral responsibility and trust etc.) and to their covenants” (Al-Qur’an: Al-mu’minun 23:8).
It is a duty of Muslims to be vulnerable in conducting any actions and to put aside all the wrongdoings.
To do so, entrepreneurs must be faithful and truthful in undertaking business activities. Trust
(Amanah) is the concept of accepting responsibility from a Divine commandment as it engages with
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the relationship among human being and Lord. In entrepreneurial concepts, Muslim entrepreneurs
must be able to perform their entrepreneurial tasks by using the resources firmly and legally with
Islamic conduct. When person is able to fulfil God’s command, he is said to reach the value of Amanah
(Aminuddin et. al, 2016).
On top of that, Mohamad and Mukhazir (2008) acknowledged that our Prophet (pbuh) embolden
Muslims to embroil in business as he stated that,
“You ought to be engaged in commerce because ninety-nine per cent of the bounties of God are
contained therein.”
Therefore, it is encouraged for businessman to fulfil his obligation as Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) did
before.
H2a: Trustworthiness (Amanah) moderates the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation
and Business Success
The Relationship between Honesty and Business Success
As stated by Ajuna, Nasution and Yusuf (2017), honesty (siddiq) is reflected by the act of honesty and
fair mind. Frankly, the value of Siddiq resembles the acts of being transparent to ourselves and others.
The objective of Siddiq value is to avoid fraudulent and blackmail. Precisely, Muslim entrepreneurs
are obligated to manifest the act of honesty in business transactions such as by providing legal
information like the attachment of Halal requisite in the packaging and by being consistency when
delivering good quality services.
In business, it is important for entrepreneurs to be vulnerable towards any circumstances and
manager should be honest in delivering his products and services to the society as well as to
stakeholders (Ghoniyah & Hartono, 2014). In Al-Quran, Al-An’am verse 152 stated that:
“Fairness or justice is the key for honesty and it only comes from a good heart and only can be
estimated by God”. Additionally, one who always practices justice and honesty will be loved by Allah
in world and hereafter. Besides, Kamaluddin et al., (2018) stated that the engagement of clean
business transactions leads to a good business access among entrepreneurs. Therefore,
entrepreneurs with Siddiq value will be respected more in dealing business. In Al-Quran
acknowledged that:
“Truly the best of men to employ is the man who is strong and trustworthy.” The Qur’an (28:26)
In fact, it is believed that man possession of anything in this world should be shared among others
because none of them belongs solely to human beings. From Allah it all belongs, to Allah it all shall
return. We are only servant in this world whom is entrusted to carry this wealth or any tasks firmly
and fairly.
H2b: Honesty (Siddiq) moderate the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and
Business Success
The Relationship between Communicative and Business Success
Ajuna et al., (2017) defined Tabligh as an effective communication, good public serving such as giving
a good example in delivering the tasks. While Rizki, Armanu, Surachman, & Rofiaty (2017) emphasized
that communicative (tabligh) is the ability to gently communicate and conveying information in a
easiest manner to be understood by targeted the person. Allah has reminded us in Al-Quran to be
gentle even though when dealing with the foe, as stated in Surah Thaha, Verse 43 and 44:
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“Go, both of you, to Pharaoh. Indeed, he has transgressed. And speak to him with gentle speech that
perhaps he may be reminded or fear (Allah)." (Surah Thaha, Verse 43 and 44)
Additionally, Allah SWT does not like harsh words as he stated in Al-Quran:
”Call upon your Lord in humility and privately; indeed, He does not like transgressors.” Al A’raf Verse
55
In business, communication (tabligh) is prerequisite in order to achieve a successful business (Mohd
Ariffin, Archer, & Karim, 2007). A good leader must be able to demonstrate leadership, convey or
deliver the duty properly and able to create something that give advantages for people and nature
as well (Banta, 2015). Hence, it can be simplified that a good entrepreneurs are the one who can
motivate and bring out something good for the company as a whole. He or she may be the idols for
the work forces and able to be gentle even to the bottom part the worker in the organization as he
is able to convey the responsibility appropriately. With Tabligh, any issues arise can be handled
gently, peacefully and the solution made would be easy.
H2c: Communicative (Tabligh) moderates the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation
and Business Success
The Relationship between Wisdom and Business Success
Fathonah can be defined as knowledgeable (Wan Daud, Abdul Rahim, & Mohd Nasurdin, 2017). Ajuna
et al. (2017) added, a person is recognized as knowledgeable when he possesses expansive
information, skilful and able to design good strategy for his business Moreover, Wan Daud et. al,
(2017) stated that successful businessman are the one who are sophisticated in various aspects like
political awareness, economic growth, good in education and skilful. Besides, with knowledge, it will
help them to be competitive advantage and able to capture the business opportunities through the
right medium and correct approaches (Nasimi et al.,2013; Omerzel & Gulev, 2011; Rahimli,
2012).Therefore, Muslims entrepreneurs must be equipped with knowledge in most facets way
because it is crucial for them to understand and utilized the conduct of Syariah as Islamic law as it is
important for them to captivate the unambiguous situation and consider the situation as the
opportunity for them to attract more profit, only for the sake of Allah SWT.
H2d: Wisdom (Fathonah) moderates the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and
Business Success
Methods
In this study, cross-sectional approach will be used to examine the interaction between
entrepreneurial orientation, Islamic values and business success. The unit of analysis would be either
the founder/owner or manager of the firm. Simple random sampling will be used for data collection
from the list of SME Corp. The sample will be drawn from SMEs entrepreneurs in Klang Valley, of
Malaysia with at least three years business experience. Self-administered questionnaires will be
distributed to the target population. The firm size and firm age will be treated as controlled variables.
Data Analysis
The data will be analysed by using SEM (AMOS) version 21. Prior to that, the pre-test will be
conducted to examine content validity and the relevant items to be used. Followed by pilot study
where the questionnaires will be distributed among 100 respondents. The data then will be polished
by undergoes the EFA analysis. The number of items would be deducted to the most accurate amount
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and only the most suitable items will be selected. Thus, checklist for accuracy for each item will be
developed. Any irrelevant items below the requirement of EFA will be dropped. Then, the actual study
will be scanned through for data cleaning before final analysis by using Confirmatory Factor Analysis
(CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling AMOS. The duration allocated for data collection would be
two months.
H1: Entrepreneurial Orientation has a positive and significant effect on Business Success
H2a: Trustworthiness moderates the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business
Success
H2b: Honesty moderates the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Success
H2c: Communicative moderates the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business
Success
H2d: Wisdom moderates the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Success
Contribution of the study
This study is conducted in order to examine the effect of EO and Islamic values on business success.
Generally, this study will contribute to the Human Capital Theory and Islamic Leadership Theory. As
for Human Capital theory, it is hope that it would give the new insight on the influence of
entrepreneurs practising the entrepreneurial orientation at the individual level on their
organisational performance. Apart from that, the Islamic Leadership Theory it would be able to
explain the influence of practise Islamic values derived from Al-Quran and Al-Sunnah as the guideline
in managing the business as the decision must be aligned with Islamic principle (Aabed, 2006).
The study also aiming in improving human condition especially for entrepreneurs, helping them to
make better decisions, improve some policy for their firms, and finally help in doing advance decisions
making related to the human psychology related with Islamic values. In addition, this research is
conducted in order to help Malaysian SMEs to enhance their understanding in the business as well
as to fill in the gap of the body of knowledge as regards the effect of the business success and its
relationship with entrepreneurial orientation as moderated by Islamic values.
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Further, within the dimensions of innovativeness, risk-taking and pro-activeness; the result from the
analysis is expected to reveal which dimension is the main predictor for business success. The study
moderates the relationship of EO and Business Success with Islamic values. We want to identify
whether there is still exist the transparency among entrepreneurs in conducting their business. We
believe that Islamic Values will be the best indicator to analyse the behaviour of those Malay
entrepreneurs.
Conclusion
This study had identified the role of Islamic values and entrepreneurial orientation as the factor on
business success among Malay SMEs entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The fundamental objectives of this
study are to 1) identify the impact of the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and
business success and to 2) determine the moderating roles of Islamic values; Trustworthiness
(Amanah), Siddiq (Truthfulness), Tabligh (Courtesy) and Fathonah (Wisdom) between EO and
business success.
It would be assumed that the success factor of the SME is highly dependent on the EO possessed by
the entrepreneurs themselves like being innovation, dare to take the risk and being the able to
proactively grab the opportunities for future business success. On the other hand, the Islamic values
should not be neglected in order build up the rules in gaining profit and success. Generally,
moderation effect of Islamic value would prove the essentiality of adopting transparency, being
faithful, effective communication and good decision making of the entrepreneurs as the factors that
influence the positive development of the business success.
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our heartfelt appreciation and utmost gratitude to Ministry of Higher
Education of Malaysia for awarding the research grant under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme
to carry out this study.
Corresponding Author
1Mohamad Zulkifli Abdul Rahim
Senior Lecturer, Malaysia
Email: zulrahim@unisza.edu.my
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