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Four new species of Actinopus (Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae) from Uruguay
Abstract
Actinopus specimens from different localities in Uruguay that did not match any of the previously species present in the country were examined, and four new species are described: A. coboi sp. nov., from Colonia province; A. fernandezi sp. nov., from Salto province; A. simoi sp. nov., from Maldonado province; and A. uruguayense sp. nov., from Colonia and Cerro Largo provinces. The record of the species A. longipalpis for Montevideo is rejected and A. liodon is considered “species inquirenda”. Actinopus coboi has spermathecae with an apical lobe diagonally directed; A. fernandezi is characterized by a stylized copulatory bulb and its greater number of retrolateral thorns on tibia II. Actinopus simoi can be distinguished from A. uruguayense by its carapace with a dark coloration; a reddish coloration in the palpal tibia and the shape of its spermathecae and copulatory bulb. With the presence of the Argentinian species—A. gerschiapelliarum, A.
puelche and A. insignis—the number of species known in the country is increased to nine. All new species are diagnosed and illustrated; a dichotomous key to all species of Actinopus from Uruguay is also provided.
... Las hembras suelen ser obtenidas con métodos de recolecta manual con técnicas específicas para arañas tramperas, mientras que los machos, en ciertas épocas del año, pueden ser observados y capturados de manera casual o a través de trampas de caída (Ríos-Tamayo & Goloboff 2018). Debido a todo lo anterior, la taxonomía y filogenia del género, solo han podido ser entendidas recientemente de manera parcial (Miglio et al. 2012;Wheeler et al. 2017;Ríos-Tamayo & Goloboff 2018;Ríos-Tamayo 2019;Miglio et al. 2020;Opatova et al. 2020), sin embargo, al igual que como sucede con otras arañas trampilla de la región, su verdadera diversidad puede estar siendo subestimada (Ferretti et al. 2019;Montenegro & Aguilera 2022). ...
A partir de ejemplares hembra de Chile se describe una especie nueva de araña ratón del género Actinopus, Actinopus tatara sp. nov. Este es el primer registro del género para el país. Se presenta una detallada descripción morfológica, ilustraciones de la nueva especie y mapa de distribución.
The specimens of Actinopus Perty, 1833 deposited at the Natural History Museum, London are catalogued. Redescriptions of Actinopus crassipes (Keyserling, 1891), A. harti Pocock, 1895, A. liodon (Ausserer, 1875), A. robustus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892), and A. wallacei F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 are presented. A lectotype and paralectotypes are designated for A. robustus. Miglio et al. (2020) erroneously considered the type specimens of A. harti and A. liodon to be lost, and further wrongly stated A. liodon would have been deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien when this was never the case. The type series of A. harti comprises of a holotype female and numerous paratypes. The male of A. harti is described for the first time. Actinopus liodon is represented in the collection by the holotype male and a non-type male, and this species, along with A. pindapoy Miglio, Pérez-Miles & Bonaldo, 2020, is synonymised with A. longipalpis C. L. Koch, 1842 syns nov. The first record of A. longipalpis from Paraguay is reported. The holotype of Actinopus luteipes (Keyserling, 1891) is illustrated, confirmed as an immature female, and is tentatively maintained as a junior synonym of A. crassipes. The male of A. trinotatus Mello-Leitão, 1938 is described for the first time. Conversely, the female of A. tetymapyta Sherwood & Pett, 2022 is described for the first time (on the basis of specimens from the Dr Bohls collection which also contains two adult males). Actinopus vilhena Miglio, Pérez-Miles & Bonaldo, 2020 is recorded from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil for the first time. An additional female of A. princeps Chamberlin, 1917 from the previously-reported locality Parque Nacional do Itatiaia is illustrated. A new species is proposed on the basis of Bolivian material misidentified as A. wallacei by Miglio et al. (2020), and described in full accordance with Article 13.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999).
Based on male specimens, two new sympatric species of Actinopus Perty, 1833 from Paraguay: Actinopus tetymapyta sp. nov. and Actinopus tasneemae sp. nov. are described. The remarkable discovery of two species occurring sympatrically in the humid Chaco ecoregion of Paraguay demonstrates the species richness of the genus.
Grasslands are endangered habitats through the world. Among its threats, land-use change has been recognized as one of the most important drivers of biodiversity decline. Sustainable livestock farming can be important conserving grasslands and preserving their biodiversity, and particularly in Uruguay are extensive and are carried out based on natural grasslands with little external management. However, in recent years there has been an increasing in land-use change, replacing natural grasslands with cultivated pastures, leading to a homogenization of the environments. Spiders are a model group for ecological studies, because they are good indicators of environmental change. Our goals were to evaluate the effect of land-use change (natural grasslands by annual pastures) in livestock systems of Uruguay on the spider community; and describe this community identifying conservation priority species and potential environmental indicators. We collected spiders seasonally during 1 year in three farms in Uruguay with a cattle and sheep full cycle production system. We found that substitution of natural grasslands by pastures in livestock systems implied a reduction in spider abundance and species richness. We found species considered of priority conservation for the country according to a local list and added new species to that list.
Implications for insect conservation
Our results highlight the importance of conservation of natural grasslands, even in productive systems, to reduce spider diversity loss, and contribute to preserve one of the most threatened environments in the region.
A new species of Mouse Spider (family Actinopodidae Simon, 1892), Missulena hare-woodi, is described from near the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder in the Goldfields region of Western Australia. It differs from all other Missulena species by the unusual light grey colouration of the abdomen in combination with small body size and shiny carapace. A phylogenetic analysis of a fragment (658 bp) of the COI barcoding gene places M. hare-woodi sp. n. in a clade with four Missulena species from the Pilbara region of Western Australia, more than 900 km away. Missulena harewoodi sp. n. is one of the many species in this genus that are currently only known from a single, or a very limited number of specimen, highlighting the paucity of fauna collections in many arid regions of Australia and the difficulties in sampling these cryptic spiders.
The type species of the Neotropical Actinopus, A. tarsalis Perty, 1833, is redescribed based on material from the type locality, the state of Piaui, Brazil. The species appears to be restricted to northeastern Brazil and is newly recorded from the state of Sergipe. An old record from the state of Rio Grande do Sul is rejected. Actinopus tarsalis differs from other species of the genus by details of the male copulatory bulb: tegular apophysis absent, robust embolar base, inserted basally at a right angle (90 degrees); embolar apices apex flattened and expanded, arrow-shaped in dorsal view.
The genus Actinopus Perty, 1833, is revised for Argentina, comprising a total of 23 species. The female of A. insignis (Holmberg, 1881) is described for the first time; the species is found in northern Buenos Aires, southern Santa Fe, and Uruguay. The female of A. longipalpis (Koch, 1842), previously known only from the male type from Uruguay, is described for the first time, and the species is newly cited for Argentina (Entre Ríos). Twenty new species are recognized, described and illustrated. Thirteen of the new species are based on males and females (A. reycali, sp. nov., from Jujuy and Salta; A. clavero, sp. nov., from Córdoba; A. szumikae, sp. nov., from Córdoba, southern Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and Corrientes; A. coylei, sp. nov., from Salta and Santiago del Estero, A. argenteus, sp. nov., from Santiago del Estero, Córdoba and Catamarca, A. ramirezi, sp. nov., from Misiones, A. patagonia, sp. nov., from Chubut, La Pampa, Río Negro and southern Buenos Aires, A. gerschiapelliarum, sp. nov., from Córdoba, northern Buenos Aires, southern Santa Fe, northern La Pampa and Canelones in Uruguay, A. pampa, sp. nov., from La Pampa, A. septemtrionalis, sp. nov., from Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, and Formosa, A. taragui, sp. nov., from Corrientes, Chaco, and Misiones, A. excavatus, sp. nov., from Córdoba, A. casuhati, sp. nov., from southern Buenos Aires). Only one of the new species described is based on females only (A. indiamuerta, sp. nov., from Tucumán); and the remaining six on males (A. puelche, sp. nov., from southern Buenos Aires and Uruguay, A. cordobensis, sp. nov., from San Luis and Córdoba, A. magnus, sp. nov., from Córdoba, A. ariasi, sp. nov., from Formosa, A. palmar, sp. nov., from Entre Ríos, and A. balcarce, sp. nov., from southern Buenos Aires). New morphological characters that can help solve phylogenetic relationships within the genus are described. A dichotomous key for all the species from Argentina is provided, as well as maps of the known geographic distribution for all the species. Three of the species treated here (A. gerschiapelliarum, A. puelche, and A. insignis) are recorded also for Uruguay.
American Museum Novitates, 2888, 1-15.International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
- N I Platnick