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Biology | 1
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
Comparative Anatomical and Histological Study of the
Stomach in Two Iraqi Birds (Columba palumbus and Tyto
alba)
Rasha W. Al-Juboory
Dept. of Biology/ College of Sciences/ University of Babylon
Hussain A.M. Dauod
Dept. of Biology/ College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al- Haitham)
University of Baghdad
Ali S. Al-arajy
Dept. of Biology/ College of Sciences/ University of Babylon
Received in :20 December2015, Accepted in:7January2016
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anatomical and histological, aspects of the
stomach in two different Iraqi birds, (common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus
(herbivorous) and the barn owl, Tyto alba (carnivorous). Stomach in the two studied birds IS
divided into two parts, glandular or true stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach
or gizzard (ventriculus). Proventriculus in the common wood pigeon appeared as fusiform
shaped tube and separated from the gizzard by isthmus while in the barn owl, it was pears-
shaped , wider and shorter than that of the common wood pigeon and not separated from the
gizzard by isthmus. In common wood pigeon, gizzard appeared as biconvex lens lining with
yellowish green tissue, the koilin , while in the barn owl, gizzard was pear shape and the
koilin was very thin. Mucosa of proventriculus in the two studied birds was rich with simple
tubuler glands, the superficial gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl
than of those in common wood pigeon and the sub mucosa was rich with compound branched
alveolar glands, the deep gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl than
those of common wood pigeon. Muscularis externa and serosa in the common wood pigeon
were thicker than in the barn owl. Mucosa in the gizzard of the barn owl filled with more
gastric pits than the common wood pigeon and the koilin in common wood pigeon was
thicker.
Key words: Anatomy, histology, birds.
Biology | 2
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
Introduction
Avian stomach consists of an upper part, the proventriculus or glandular part and lower part
, the ventriculus( gizzard) or muscular part [1]. The proventriculus in carnivorous birds are
more developed than the gizzard and it has a thick-walled and cone- shaped and take with the
gizzard a pear shape and large cavity due to the lacking of the ventricular isthmus [2,3]. In the
contrast, seed-eating birds have a thin-walled simple proventriculus and a thick-walled
powerful gizzard. The two parts are connected by the intermediate zone called isthmus [4].
These two parts represented the important portion of enzyme activities [5].
Glandular stomach or true stomach (proventriculus) is lined with glandular mucous layer
which secreted gastric juices such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid, by this mechanism, the
ingested food with its juices passes quickly to the gizzard in which the food particles are
reduced to small particles took by the intestine for more digestion and absorption [6].
Chemically, gizzard have a keratinize nature lining that termed as keratohyalin or koilin, it
was insoluble in keratinolytic solvents and resistant to pepsin [7].
The size of the gizzard changed according to the diet nature within the same species, when
the bird eat dry seed in winter, the gizzard being thicker and larger in contrast when it eate
fruits during summer [4].
Review of the literature revealed that there are few reseach works delt with the anatomy
and histology of the different parts of alimentary tract in wild Iraqi bird.This situation
supports the idea for the present study,with hope to give the more information about the
different aspects of the anatomy and histology of the alimentary tract in Iraqi wild bird.
Material and Methods
The animals under investigation are collected from Najaf desert. Five birds of each
species were used to study the different aspects of the present study.
The species of birds under investigation were classified according to Allose and Salim et al.,
[8 and 9].
The studied birds were anesthetized using chloroform. The anesthetized birds were
weighed, the length of the body of the two species under investigation and the length of each
part of the alimentary tract were measured. The digestive tract was removed and specimens of
stomach was fixed in Bouins' fluid for 18-24 h, methods of Al –Attar and Kiernan[10 and 11]
were employed for histological techniques.
The routine stain of Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) were used to show the general
components of the tissues and special stains Alcian Blue (AB) and Periodic Acid Schiff
reagent (PAS) were used for the general histochemical study.
Results
1. Morphological description
The common wood pigeon Columba palumbus
The anatomical results showed that the stomach situated in the left median part of the
abdominal cavity. The stomach in the common wood pigeon consists of two chambers, these
are the glandular stomach or proventriculus and the muscular stomach , ventriculus or gizzard
Biology | 3
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
Proventriculus appeared as a thick-wall fusiform shape tube started at the narrow end of
the thoracic esophagus in the abdominal cavity .This tube was separated from the gizzard by
isthmus. The mean of length was (2.08 cm) with range (1.8 – 2.5 cm) ,the mean of diameter
(6519.34 µm) with range ( 5592 – 8760.8 µm) .
The ventriculus or gizzard appeared in common wood pigeon as disc or biconvex lens
shape with mean length of ( 3.84 cm ) , with range (3 – 4.3 cm ),the mean of diameter (35800
µm ) and range of diameter (33000 – 38000 µm). The gizzard was lined by yellowish-green
tissue ,the koilin which was took irregular pleated pattern of longitudinal folds (Figure1) . The
present study found many of grits inside the gizzard. On both sides of gizzard , there was
conspicuous tendinous aponeurosis represented by the white colored regions .
The barn owl Tyto alba
The present study was observed clear differences of the gross anatomical structure of the
two parts of the stomach between the two studied birds, in the barn owl , the proventriculus
appeared as pear shape , thick wall , dark colour and there was no clear isthmus separated
proventriculus from gizzard. The proventriculus in barn owl appeared as short and narrow as
that of the common wood pigeon. The mean length was (1.52 cm) , the range (1.4 – 1.8 cm) ,
the diameter ( 5848.3 µm) and the range of the diameter ( 4170.7 – 8201.6 µm).
The gizzard in the barn owl was soft , elongated , spindle to pear shape with longitudinal
outer groove on its surface. The mean of length and diameter were less than that of the
common wood pigeon. The mean length was(2.38 cm) and the range (1.6 – 2.8 cm) , the
diameter ( 22200 µm) and the range of diameter (21000 – 24000 µm).
Anatomical results showed that the koilin layer of the gizzard in the barn owl was took
the fan shape due to the vertical and longitudinal pattern of the inner folds at the same time ,
this layer has very poor yellowish green pigment inside the gizzard ( Figure2). The present
study did not recognize any grit inside the gizzard.
2.The histological descriptions
The common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus)
The mucosa of the glandular stomach or proventriculus appeared as finger-like shaped
structure , mucosal epithelium was compressed , crowded with plicae which was separated by
sulci , these plicae were lined with simple columnar epithelium with cells of clear cytoplasm
and oval dark nucleus. The epithelium of mucosa was rested on loose connective tissue
represented by lamina propria which contained blood vessels , lymph cells and simple tubular
glands lining with columnar epithelial cells called the superficial glands opened at the base of
each sulci .The histological results showed that the length of the superficial glands was (280
µm) and the width (8 µm).Muscularis mucosa was invaginated under the mucosa toward the
sub mucosa. The mean of thickness was (79.42 µm with range (69.9 – 94.2 µm) (Figure 3a,c)
The submucosa was composed of loose connective tissue with high blood vessels supply
and huge oval to conical compound tubuloalveolar glands called deep gastric glands filling
most of the proventriculus wall and separating from each other by connective tissue (Figures
3a,c and 4 a,c)
The histological examination revealed that the deep gastric glands were consisted of
numerous adenomers appeared with different shapes and diameter and arranged with two
rows , these adenomers were composed of many secreted units or tubes , each one was lined
with cuboidal epithelial cells with spherical central nucleus resting on basement membrane
which was then rested on loose connective tissue diffusing among the secreted units for
strengthening (Figures 3b,c and 4a,c).
Biology | 4
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
The results showed that the mean length of the deep gastric glands was(1500 µm) ,the
width (1160 µm) and the mean of thickness in the sub mucosa of Proventriculus was (163.1
µm) with range (116.5 – 209.7 µm).
The muscularis mucosa was consisted of inner thick circular muscle fibers and secondary
circular smooth muscle cells penetrated with nerve plexus and outer thin longitudinal muscle
fibers. The mean of thickness was (186.4 µm) with range (116.5 – 279.6 µm). The outermost
layer was the serosa which was composed of loose connective tissue containing blood and
lymph vessels and nerve ends. The mean of thickness was (83.88 µm) with range (46.6 –
163.1 µm).
The muscular stomach, ventriculus or gizzard was exhibited another difference in common
wood pigeon , in the mucosa ,the epithelium was possessed thin , finger-like projection
toward the lumen appear as folds separated by gastric pits , each folds was possessed one
lateral extension. The folds of the epithelium was lined with simple cuboidal epithelial cells
with central oval nuclei ,as the cells progressive toward the lumen , the cells become
columnar with hypo-nuclei (Figures 4b,d).
The histological examination revealed that there was a layer of koilin in front of the
epithelial folds and adjacent with it , this layer was stained with eosin only and appeared with
clear pink color. Lamina propria appeared as a connective tissue rich with lymph cells , blood
vessels and few simple tubular glands near the bases of the gastric pits , these glands were
lined with simple cuboidal epithelial cells with central spherical nucleus. In the present study ,
the muscularis mucosa is not clear in the gizzard of the common wood pigeon(Figure3d,e and
f).
The present study thought that the cells which were lined the glands were the chief cells
and there were some of columnar epithelial cells at the bases of these glands may be the basal
cells(Figure 3f). The mean of thickness in the mucosa of gizzard in common wood pigeon
was (172.42 µm) and the range (93.2 – 326.2 µm).
The results showed that the sub mucosa of the gizzard in the common wood pigeon was
not separated clearly from the mucosa , it appeared as dense connective tissue containing
blood vessels and collagenous fibers. The mean thickness was (163.1 µm) with range ( 69.9 –
279.6 µm)(Figures 3e and 4d).
The histological examination revealed that the muscularis externa in the gizzard of the
common wood pigeon consisted of parallel smooth muscle fibers. This layer exhibited the
presence of only circular oriented cells and tendeneous connective tissue lines between the
muscle fibers i.e. the muscularis externa was appeared as circular layer of smooth muscle
bundles interpersed with bands of irregular elastic fibers. There were blood vessels and nerve
ends in this layer. The mean thickness was (60.58 µm) with range (46.6 – 93.2 µm). The
outermost layer in the gizzard was the serosa that was composed of loose connective tissue
lined with simple squamous epithelium rich with arterioles, veins, lymphoid vessels and nerve
ends. The mean of thickness was (60.58 µm) with range (46.6 – 93.2 µm)(Figures 3d and
4b,d).
The barn owl Tyto alba
The results revealed that the differences between the proventriculus in the two studied birds
were represented by the secreted glands although the similarity of the histological structures
and the mode of secretion of them. The superficial glands of the proventriculus in the barn
owl were took the club shape , they appeared more abundant , larger and wider than that of
the common wood pigeon. The height of these glands was (600 µm) and the width (10 µm).
The mucosa in the barn owl was not differed from that in the common wood pigeon , it
folded and contained the superficial glands within the lamina propria which then contained
blood vessels. The muscularis mucosa (Figure 5a,b). appeared as scattered smooth muscle
Biology | 5
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
fibers involving by the mucosa. The mean thickness was (93.2 µm) and the range (69.9 –
116.5 µm)
The sub mucosa also contained the deep gastric glands which were separated from each
other by the connective tissue of the sub mucosa. The deep gastric glands were appeared with
longer , more , wider than that of the common wood pigeon and arranged with one row
(Figuer 5a). The length of these glands was (1933.9 µm) and width (582.5 µm).
The muscularis externa nearly exhibited the same histological structure of that in the common
wood pigeon. The mean thickness was (121.16 µm) with range (93.2 – 163.1 µm). The serosa
in the proventriculus of the barn owl built of the same histological of that in the common
wood pigeon. The mean of thickness was (60.58 µm) with range( 46.6 – 69.9 µm)(Figures
5a,c and 6a,c).
In the present study , the gizzard of the barn owl differed from that of the common wood
pigeon , the differences were represented by the thickness of the mucosa ,it was less in the
prior than the second and the lamina propria of the prior filled with the gastric pits. The mean
of thickness was (135.14 µm) with range (116.5 – 139.8 µm)(Figures5d,e,f and 6b,d).
The sub mucosa was with less thickness than that of the common wood pigeon. The mean
thickness was (83.88 µm) with range (69.9 – 93.2 µm).
The muscularis externa was the more different layer of the gizzard in the barn owl it was
with less thickness than that of the common wood pigeon. The mean of thickness was
(1104.42 µm) with range(862.1–1258.2 µm). The serosa was thicker than that of the common
wood pigeon, its thickness mean was (181.74 µm) and the range(69.9–326.2
µm).
Discussion
Results of the present study showed clear differences between the stomach of the two
studied birds, in common wood pigeon, proventriculus was fusiform shape tube separated
from the gizzard by isthmus , while in the barn owl, proventriculus was pear shape, shorter &
narrower and not separated from the gizzard by isthmus.
Gizzard in the common wood pigeon appeared with disc or biconvex lens shape, lined
with yellowish-green tissue (koilin) taking the irregular pleated pattern of longitudinal folds
and grooves, while in the barn owl, gizzard was soft, elongated, spindle to pear shape, lined
with very poor yellowish koilin layer took the fan shape with vertical and longitudinal pattern
of the inner folds. The difference between stomach of under investigation birds are probably
due to the feeding habits or perhaps the amount of food engulfed by birds under investigation
[1, 12 and 13]. The relative size of these organs was variable according to the food habits and
this may be the reasons of the differences between the two stomaches, so, in the birds that eat
hard food items as in common wood pigeon proventriculus (bird species under investigation)
was wide due to the high number of glands component , gizzard was powerful and big and the
intermedian zone (isthmus) connect the two parts of stomach for segregation[4]. These results
were conformable with what have been found by [14] who studied the stomach of Eurasian
hobby Falco subbuteo and [15] who studied the stomach of partridge Rhynchotus rufescens.
This conformance probably came from the functional needs of the studied birds, as the bird
feed on relative large soft items of food, so, it required a stomach adapting more for storage
than digestion as in the stomach of barn owl under investigation, by contrast, in the common
wood pigeon which feed on indigested items of food, so, required a stomach adapting for
more digestion than storage [1] .
Biology | 6
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
References
1. King, A.S. and Mclelland, J. (1984) . Birds, Their structure & Function. 2
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2. Hamdi, H. ; El-Gareeb, A. ; Zaher, M. and AbuAmod, F. (2013) . Anatomical,
histological and histochemical adaptations of avian alimentary canal to their food
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3. Catroxo, M.H.B. ; Lima, M.A.I. and Cappellaro, C.M.P.D.M (1997) . Histological
aspects of the stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) of the red-capped cardinal
(Paroaria hularis gularis, Linnaeus, (1766). Rev. Chil. Anat., 15(1).
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5. Selvan, P.S. ; Ushakumary, S. and Ramesh, G.(2008).Studies on the histochemistry of
the proventriculus and gizzard of post-hatch guinea fowl Numida meleagris. Int. J.
Poult. Sci., 7(11). 1112-1116.
6. Saleem, G. (2012). Necrotic enteritis, disease induction, predisposing factors and
novel biochemical markers in broilers chickens. PhD. Thesis, Scottish Agriculture
Collage, University of Glasgow.
7. Hodges, R.D. (1974) . The histology of the fowl . Academic Press, London.
8. Allose, B. (1962). Iraqi birds.(3
rd
ed.), Arrabita press. Baghdad , Iraq.(In Arabic).
9. Salim, M.A. , Porter, R.F. , Shermiker-Hanson, B. , Krestinson, S. and Aljuboor, S.
(2006) . Field guide of Iraqi birds. Iraqi Nature and International Council of Wild
Birds Protection. ( 1
st
ed.). (In Arabic).
10. Al-Attar, A.A. , Al-Allaf, S.M. and Al-Mukhtar, K.A. (1982) . Microscopic
preparations. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq. (In Arabic).
11. Kiernan, J.A. (1999). Histological and histochemical methods, (3
rd
ed). Butterworth
Heinemann, Oxford.
12. Kent, G.C. and Carr, R.K. (2001). Comparative anatomy of the vertebrates , (9
th
ed.)
McGraw_ Hill Co., New York.
13. Kardong ,K.V.(1998) . Vertebrates , (2
nd
ed.). McGraw-Hill Co., New York.
14. Abumandour, M.M.A. (2014) . Histomorphological studies on the stomach of
Eurasian hobby(Falconinae. Falco subbuteo, Linnaeus1758) and its relation with its
feeding habits. Life Science Journal, 11(7).809-819.
15. Rossi, J.R. ; Baraldi-Artoni, S.M. and Oliveria, D. (2005) . Morphology of glandular
stomach (Ventriculus glandularis) and muscular stomach (Ventriculus muscularis) of
the paratrigdr Rhynchotus rufescens. Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, 35(6).1319-1324.
Biology | 7
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
320000um320000u
1
2
Figure (1): Inner view in the gizzard of the
common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows
the inner folds.16x.
Figure (2): Inner view in the gizzard of the barn
owl Tyto alba shows the inner folds. 16x.
Biology | 8
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
a
M
S
SG
30
µ
m
FL
SM
M DG
G
b
M
S
M
SGDG
20
µm
DU
B
LY
c
5 µm
S
C
LP
SGG
DG
G
S
d
30 µm
K
M
ME
SM
G
IE
SM
F
e
20 µm
FO
GL
LY
M
CF
Figure (3)a: Cross section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the lumen L , the
folds FO , the superficial gastric glands SGG and the deep gastric glands DDG.H&E , 4x . b: Cross section in the
proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the mucosa M , superficial gastric glands SGG , deep
gastric glands DGG , the ducts of the deep gastric glands DU , lymph vessels LYM and the blood vessels. H&E 10x. c: Cross
section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep
gastric glands DGG, lamina propria LPR, simple columnar epithelial tissue SCE and the secretion unite SU. H&E 40x. d:
Cross section in the gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the mucosa M, sub mucosa SM,
muscularis externa ME, irregular elastic fibers IEF, gastric pits GP and the koilin KO. H&E 4x. e: Cross section in the
gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the folds FO , lymph cells LYM , glands GL and
the collagenous fibers. H&E 10x.f: Cross section in the gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows
the simple cuboidal epithelial tissue SCE , lamina propria LPR , koilin KO ,the basal cells BC and the chief cells CC . H&E
40x.
f
5 µm
S
C
LP
K
BC
CC
Biology | 9
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
20µm
c
SGG
SU
DG
C T
20µm
d
BM
F
G
Figure(4)a:
Cross section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus showed the
superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG and the connective tissue C T . Note the strong reaction of
the superficial glands and the weak reaction of the deep gastric glands with the stain. AB .10x. b: Cross section in the
gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus showed the irregular elastic fibers IEF and the glands GL .
Note the few number of the glands. AB , 10x. c: Cross section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon
Columba palumbus showed the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG , basement membrane BM,
and the secretary units SU. Note the strong reaction with the stain . PAS 10x. d: Cross section in the gizzard of the
common wood pigeon Columba palumbus showed the folds FO , glands GL and the basement membrane BM.
PAS.10x.
20µm
b
IEF
G
30
µ
m
a
C T
SGG
DG
Biology | 10
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
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6
e
20
µ
m
GL
LYM
CF
f
5 µm
Figure (5)a: Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the lumen L , the folds FO , the superficial gastric
glands SGG and the deep gastric glands .H&E , 4x . b: Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the mucosa
M , sub mucosa SM , superficial gastric glands SGG , deep gastric glands DGG , the ducts of the deep gastric glands DU. H&E 10x. c:
Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG,
lamina propria LPR, simple columnar epithelial tissue SCE and the secretion unite SU. H&E 40x. d: Cross section in the gizzard of the
barn owl Tyto alba shows the mucosa M, sub mucosa SM, muscularis externa ME, regular elastic fibers REF, gastric pits GP and the
folds F. H&E 4x. e: Cross section in the gizzard of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the folds FO , lymph cells LYM , glands GL
and the collagenous fibers. H&E 10x.f
:
Cross section in the gizzard of
the
barn owl Tyto alba
showed the simple
cuboidal epithelial tissue SCE,H&E 40x.
SCE
L
FO
DG
SG
M
S
ME
SM
30 µm
a
S
SGG
DU
M
DGG
b
20
µ
m
5 µm
LP
SC
DG
SGG
S
U
c
ME
SM
M
RE GP
30
µ
m
S
d
F
Biology | 11
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
GL
BM
DGG
SGG
DU BM
GL
N
SGG
DGG
CT
20µm 20µm
20µm 20µm
b
a
c
d
Figure(6) a:Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba showed the superficial
gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG and the connective tissue C T . Note the strong reaction
of the superficial glands and the weak reaction of the deep gastric glands with the stain. AB .10x.
b: :Cross section in the gizzard of the barn owl Tyto alba showed the glands GL . Note the high
number of the glands. AB , 40x. c: Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba
showed the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG , basement membrane BM, and
the secretary units SU. Note the strong reaction with the stain . PAS 10x. d:Cross section in the gizzard
of the barn owl Tyto alba showed the glands GL and the basement membrane BM, glands GL and
folds F. PAS 10x.
Biology | 12
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺠﺴﻧﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
(Columba palumbus and Tyto alba)
ﻱﺭﻮﺒﺠﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺣﻭ ﺎﺷﺭ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ/ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ/ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ
ﺩﻭﺍﺩ ﻢﻌﻨﻤﻟﺍﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﻴﺴﺣ
ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ/ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗﺩﺍﺪﻐﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ/(ﻢﺜﻴﻬﻟﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ)ﺔﻓﺮﺼﻟﺍ
ﻲﺟﺮﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻼﻌﺷ ﻲﻠﻋ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ/ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ/ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ
:ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﺘﺳﺍ20 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ2015،ﺒﻗ :ﻲﻓ ﻞ7 ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ2016
ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺴﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺣﺍﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻓﺪﻫ
ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ)palumbus
Columba ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻥﺯﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺑﻭTyto albaﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻘﺗ.( ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻴﻄﻟﺍ
ﻦﻳﺃﺰﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍﻠﻀﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻱﺪﻐﻟﺍ ، ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺪﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻣﻻﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻲ
ﺥﺯﺮﺒﺑ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﻔﻣ ﻲﻟﺰﻐﻣ ﺏﻮﺒﻧﺃ Isthmu) ﺮﺼﻗﺍﻭ ﻊﺳﻭﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻱﺮﺜﻤﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ،(
.ﺥﺯﺮﺒﺑ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻟﻮﺼﻔﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻣ
ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺕﺮﻬﻅﺍ ﺮﻀﺧﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻨﺑ ﺔﻨﻄﺒﻣ ﻦﻴﻬﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺪﺤﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ
ﻦﻴﻟﻮﻛ ﻰﻋﺪﻳ ﺮﻔﺼﻣKoilin) ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ .ﻦﻴﻟﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺔﻔﻴﺤﻧ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﺑ ﺔﻨﻄﺒﻣﻭ ﻱﺮﺜﻤﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ، (
ﺪﻐﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﻼﻜﻟ ﺔﻳﺪﻐﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﻄﺴﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻄﻴﺴﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﻮﺒﻧﺍ ﺩ
ﺩﺪﻐﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺔﻋﺮﻔﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻮﺣ ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺩﺪﻐﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍﻭ، ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
ﺔﻴﻠﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ .ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺳﻭﺍﻭ ﻝﻮﻁﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ
ﻭﺪﺒﺗ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍﻭ .ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻣ ﻚﻤﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻤﻟﺍﻭ
.ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻳﺪﻌﻣ ﺮﻘﻨﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻠﻣ
:ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ .ﺭﻮﻴﻁ ،ﺔﺠﺴﻧﺍ ،ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ
