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Biology | 1 Comparative Anatomical and Histological Study of the Stomach in Two Iraqi Birds (Columba palumbus and Tyto alba)

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  • Al-Rasheed University

Abstract and Figures

The present study aimed to investigate the anatomical and histological, aspects of the stomach in two different Iraqi birds, (common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus (herbivorous) and the barn owl, Tyto alba (carnivorous). Stomach in the two studied birds IS divided into two parts, glandular or true stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach or gizzard (ventriculus). Proventriculus in the common wood pigeon appeared as fusiform shaped tube and separated from the gizzard by isthmus while in the barn owl, it was pearsshaped , wider and shorter than that of the common wood pigeon and not separated from the gizzard by isthmus. In common wood pigeon, gizzard appeared as biconvex lens lining with yellowish green tissue, the koilin , while in the barn owl, gizzard was pear shape and the koilin was very thin. Mucosa of proventriculus in the two studied birds was rich with simple tubuler glands, the superficial gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl than of those in common wood pigeon and the sub mucosa was rich with compound branched alveolar glands, the deep gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl than those of common wood pigeon. Muscularis externa and serosa in the common wood pigeon were thicker than in the barn owl. Mucosa in the gizzard of the barn owl filled with more gastric pits than the common wood pigeon and the koilin in common wood pigeon was thicker.
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Biology | 1
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
Comparative Anatomical and Histological Study of the
Stomach in Two Iraqi Birds (Columba palumbus and Tyto
alba)
Rasha W. Al-Juboory
Dept. of Biology/ College of Sciences/ University of Babylon
Hussain A.M. Dauod
Dept. of Biology/ College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al- Haitham)
University of Baghdad
Ali S. Al-arajy
Dept. of Biology/ College of Sciences/ University of Babylon
Received in :20 December2015, Accepted in:7January2016
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anatomical and histological, aspects of the
stomach in two different Iraqi birds, (common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus
(herbivorous) and the barn owl, Tyto alba (carnivorous). Stomach in the two studied birds IS
divided into two parts, glandular or true stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach
or gizzard (ventriculus). Proventriculus in the common wood pigeon appeared as fusiform
shaped tube and separated from the gizzard by isthmus while in the barn owl, it was pears-
shaped , wider and shorter than that of the common wood pigeon and not separated from the
gizzard by isthmus. In common wood pigeon, gizzard appeared as biconvex lens lining with
yellowish green tissue, the koilin , while in the barn owl, gizzard was pear shape and the
koilin was very thin. Mucosa of proventriculus in the two studied birds was rich with simple
tubuler glands, the superficial gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl
than of those in common wood pigeon and the sub mucosa was rich with compound branched
alveolar glands, the deep gastric glands which were longer and wider in the barn owl than
those of common wood pigeon. Muscularis externa and serosa in the common wood pigeon
were thicker than in the barn owl. Mucosa in the gizzard of the barn owl filled with more
gastric pits than the common wood pigeon and the koilin in common wood pigeon was
thicker.
Key words: Anatomy, histology, birds.
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ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
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Introduction
Avian stomach consists of an upper part, the proventriculus or glandular part and lower part
, the ventriculus( gizzard) or muscular part [1]. The proventriculus in carnivorous birds are
more developed than the gizzard and it has a thick-walled and cone- shaped and take with the
gizzard a pear shape and large cavity due to the lacking of the ventricular isthmus [2,3]. In the
contrast, seed-eating birds have a thin-walled simple proventriculus and a thick-walled
powerful gizzard. The two parts are connected by the intermediate zone called isthmus [4].
These two parts represented the important portion of enzyme activities [5].
Glandular stomach or true stomach (proventriculus) is lined with glandular mucous layer
which secreted gastric juices such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid, by this mechanism, the
ingested food with its juices passes quickly to the gizzard in which the food particles are
reduced to small particles took by the intestine for more digestion and absorption [6].
Chemically, gizzard have a keratinize nature lining that termed as keratohyalin or koilin, it
was insoluble in keratinolytic solvents and resistant to pepsin [7].
The size of the gizzard changed according to the diet nature within the same species, when
the bird eat dry seed in winter, the gizzard being thicker and larger in contrast when it eate
fruits during summer [4].
Review of the literature revealed that there are few reseach works delt with the anatomy
and histology of the different parts of alimentary tract in wild Iraqi bird.This situation
supports the idea for the present study,with hope to give the more information about the
different aspects of the anatomy and histology of the alimentary tract in Iraqi wild bird.
Material and Methods
The animals under investigation are collected from Najaf desert. Five birds of each
species were used to study the different aspects of the present study.
The species of birds under investigation were classified according to Allose and Salim et al.,
[8 and 9].
The studied birds were anesthetized using chloroform. The anesthetized birds were
weighed, the length of the body of the two species under investigation and the length of each
part of the alimentary tract were measured. The digestive tract was removed and specimens of
stomach was fixed in Bouins' fluid for 18-24 h, methods of Al –Attar and Kiernan[10 and 11]
were employed for histological techniques.
The routine stain of Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) were used to show the general
components of the tissues and special stains Alcian Blue (AB) and Periodic Acid Schiff
reagent (PAS) were used for the general histochemical study.
Results
1. Morphological description
The common wood pigeon Columba palumbus
The anatomical results showed that the stomach situated in the left median part of the
abdominal cavity. The stomach in the common wood pigeon consists of two chambers, these
are the glandular stomach or proventriculus and the muscular stomach , ventriculus or gizzard
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Proventriculus appeared as a thick-wall fusiform shape tube started at the narrow end of
the thoracic esophagus in the abdominal cavity .This tube was separated from the gizzard by
isthmus. The mean of length was (2.08 cm) with range (1.8 2.5 cm) ,the mean of diameter
(6519.34 µm) with range ( 5592 – 8760.8 µm) .
The ventriculus or gizzard appeared in common wood pigeon as disc or biconvex lens
shape with mean length of ( 3.84 cm ) , with range (3 – 4.3 cm ),the mean of diameter (35800
µm ) and range of diameter (33000 – 38000 µm). The gizzard was lined by yellowish-green
tissue ,the koilin which was took irregular pleated pattern of longitudinal folds (Figure1) . The
present study found many of grits inside the gizzard. On both sides of gizzard , there was
conspicuous tendinous aponeurosis represented by the white colored regions .
The barn owl Tyto alba
The present study was observed clear differences of the gross anatomical structure of the
two parts of the stomach between the two studied birds, in the barn owl , the proventriculus
appeared as pear shape , thick wall , dark colour and there was no clear isthmus separated
proventriculus from gizzard. The proventriculus in barn owl appeared as short and narrow as
that of the common wood pigeon. The mean length was (1.52 cm) , the range (1.4 – 1.8 cm) ,
the diameter ( 5848.3 µm) and the range of the diameter ( 4170.7 – 8201.6 µm).
The gizzard in the barn owl was soft , elongated , spindle to pear shape with longitudinal
outer groove on its surface. The mean of length and diameter were less than that of the
common wood pigeon. The mean length was(2.38 cm) and the range (1.6 2.8 cm) , the
diameter ( 22200 µm) and the range of diameter (21000 – 24000 µm).
Anatomical results showed that the koilin layer of the gizzard in the barn owl was took
the fan shape due to the vertical and longitudinal pattern of the inner folds at the same time ,
this layer has very poor yellowish green pigment inside the gizzard ( Figure2). The present
study did not recognize any grit inside the gizzard.
2.The histological descriptions
The common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus)
The mucosa of the glandular stomach or proventriculus appeared as finger-like shaped
structure , mucosal epithelium was compressed , crowded with plicae which was separated by
sulci , these plicae were lined with simple columnar epithelium with cells of clear cytoplasm
and oval dark nucleus. The epithelium of mucosa was rested on loose connective tissue
represented by lamina propria which contained blood vessels , lymph cells and simple tubular
glands lining with columnar epithelial cells called the superficial glands opened at the base of
each sulci .The histological results showed that the length of the superficial glands was (280
µm) and the width (8 µm).Muscularis mucosa was invaginated under the mucosa toward the
sub mucosa. The mean of thickness was (79.42 µm with range (69.9 – 94.2 µm) (Figure 3a,c)
The submucosa was composed of loose connective tissue with high blood vessels supply
and huge oval to conical compound tubuloalveolar glands called deep gastric glands filling
most of the proventriculus wall and separating from each other by connective tissue (Figures
3a,c and 4 a,c)
The histological examination revealed that the deep gastric glands were consisted of
numerous adenomers appeared with different shapes and diameter and arranged with two
rows , these adenomers were composed of many secreted units or tubes , each one was lined
with cuboidal epithelial cells with spherical central nucleus resting on basement membrane
which was then rested on loose connective tissue diffusing among the secreted units for
strengthening (Figures 3b,c and 4a,c).
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The results showed that the mean length of the deep gastric glands was(1500 µm) ,the
width (1160 µm) and the mean of thickness in the sub mucosa of Proventriculus was (163.1
µm) with range (116.5 – 209.7 µm).
The muscularis mucosa was consisted of inner thick circular muscle fibers and secondary
circular smooth muscle cells penetrated with nerve plexus and outer thin longitudinal muscle
fibers. The mean of thickness was (186.4 µm) with range (116.5 279.6 µm). The outermost
layer was the serosa which was composed of loose connective tissue containing blood and
lymph vessels and nerve ends. The mean of thickness was (83.88 µm) with range (46.6
163.1 µm).
The muscular stomach, ventriculus or gizzard was exhibited another difference in common
wood pigeon , in the mucosa ,the epithelium was possessed thin , finger-like projection
toward the lumen appear as folds separated by gastric pits , each folds was possessed one
lateral extension. The folds of the epithelium was lined with simple cuboidal epithelial cells
with central oval nuclei ,as the cells progressive toward the lumen , the cells become
columnar with hypo-nuclei (Figures 4b,d).
The histological examination revealed that there was a layer of koilin in front of the
epithelial folds and adjacent with it , this layer was stained with eosin only and appeared with
clear pink color. Lamina propria appeared as a connective tissue rich with lymph cells , blood
vessels and few simple tubular glands near the bases of the gastric pits , these glands were
lined with simple cuboidal epithelial cells with central spherical nucleus. In the present study ,
the muscularis mucosa is not clear in the gizzard of the common wood pigeon(Figure3d,e and
f).
The present study thought that the cells which were lined the glands were the chief cells
and there were some of columnar epithelial cells at the bases of these glands may be the basal
cells(Figure 3f). The mean of thickness in the mucosa of gizzard in common wood pigeon
was (172.42 µm) and the range (93.2 – 326.2 µm).
The results showed that the sub mucosa of the gizzard in the common wood pigeon was
not separated clearly from the mucosa , it appeared as dense connective tissue containing
blood vessels and collagenous fibers. The mean thickness was (163.1 µm) with range ( 69.9 –
279.6 µm)(Figures 3e and 4d).
The histological examination revealed that the muscularis externa in the gizzard of the
common wood pigeon consisted of parallel smooth muscle fibers. This layer exhibited the
presence of only circular oriented cells and tendeneous connective tissue lines between the
muscle fibers i.e. the muscularis externa was appeared as circular layer of smooth muscle
bundles interpersed with bands of irregular elastic fibers. There were blood vessels and nerve
ends in this layer. The mean thickness was (60.58 µm) with range (46.6 93.2 µm). The
outermost layer in the gizzard was the serosa that was composed of loose connective tissue
lined with simple squamous epithelium rich with arterioles, veins, lymphoid vessels and nerve
ends. The mean of thickness was (60.58 µm) with range (46.6 93.2 µm)(Figures 3d and
4b,d).
The barn owl Tyto alba
The results revealed that the differences between the proventriculus in the two studied birds
were represented by the secreted glands although the similarity of the histological structures
and the mode of secretion of them. The superficial glands of the proventriculus in the barn
owl were took the club shape , they appeared more abundant , larger and wider than that of
the common wood pigeon. The height of these glands was (600 µm) and the width (10 µm).
The mucosa in the barn owl was not differed from that in the common wood pigeon , it
folded and contained the superficial glands within the lamina propria which then contained
blood vessels. The muscularis mucosa (Figure 5a,b). appeared as scattered smooth muscle
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Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
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fibers involving by the mucosa. The mean thickness was (93.2 µm) and the range (69.9
116.5 µm)
The sub mucosa also contained the deep gastric glands which were separated from each
other by the connective tissue of the sub mucosa. The deep gastric glands were appeared with
longer , more , wider than that of the common wood pigeon and arranged with one row
(Figuer 5a). The length of these glands was (1933.9 µm) and width (582.5 µm).
The muscularis externa nearly exhibited the same histological structure of that in the common
wood pigeon. The mean thickness was (121.16 µm) with range (93.2 – 163.1 µm). The serosa
in the proventriculus of the barn owl built of the same histological of that in the common
wood pigeon. The mean of thickness was (60.58 µm) with range( 46.6 69.9 µm)(Figures
5a,c and 6a,c).
In the present study , the gizzard of the barn owl differed from that of the common wood
pigeon , the differences were represented by the thickness of the mucosa ,it was less in the
prior than the second and the lamina propria of the prior filled with the gastric pits. The mean
of thickness was (135.14 µm) with range (116.5 – 139.8 µm)(Figures5d,e,f and 6b,d).
The sub mucosa was with less thickness than that of the common wood pigeon. The mean
thickness was (83.88 µm) with range (69.9 – 93.2 µm).
The muscularis externa was the more different layer of the gizzard in the barn owl it was
with less thickness than that of the common wood pigeon. The mean of thickness was
(1104.42 µm) with range(862.1–1258.2 µm). The serosa was thicker than that of the common
wood pigeon, its thickness mean was (181.74 µm) and the range(69.9–326.2
µm).
Discussion
Results of the present study showed clear differences between the stomach of the two
studied birds, in common wood pigeon, proventriculus was fusiform shape tube separated
from the gizzard by isthmus , while in the barn owl, proventriculus was pear shape, shorter &
narrower and not separated from the gizzard by isthmus.
Gizzard in the common wood pigeon appeared with disc or biconvex lens shape, lined
with yellowish-green tissue (koilin) taking the irregular pleated pattern of longitudinal folds
and grooves, while in the barn owl, gizzard was soft, elongated, spindle to pear shape, lined
with very poor yellowish koilin layer took the fan shape with vertical and longitudinal pattern
of the inner folds. The difference between stomach of under investigation birds are probably
due to the feeding habits or perhaps the amount of food engulfed by birds under investigation
[1, 12 and 13]. The relative size of these organs was variable according to the food habits and
this may be the reasons of the differences between the two stomaches, so, in the birds that eat
hard food items as in common wood pigeon proventriculus (bird species under investigation)
was wide due to the high number of glands component , gizzard was powerful and big and the
intermedian zone (isthmus) connect the two parts of stomach for segregation[4]. These results
were conformable with what have been found by [14] who studied the stomach of Eurasian
hobby Falco subbuteo and [15] who studied the stomach of partridge Rhynchotus rufescens.
This conformance probably came from the functional needs of the studied birds, as the bird
feed on relative large soft items of food, so, it required a stomach adapting more for storage
than digestion as in the stomach of barn owl under investigation, by contrast, in the common
wood pigeon which feed on indigested items of food, so, required a stomach adapting for
more digestion than storage [1] .
Biology | 6
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
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320000um320000u
1
2
Figure (1): Inner view in the gizzard of the
common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows
the inner folds.16x.
Figure (2): Inner view in the gizzard of the barn
owl Tyto alba shows the inner folds. 16x.
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


a
M
S
SG
30
µ
m
FL
SM
M DG
G
b
M
S
M
SGDG
20
µm
DU
B
LY
c
5 µm
S
C
LP
SGG
DG
G
S
d
30 µm
K
M
ME
SM
G
IE
SM
F
e
20 µm
FO
GL
LY
CF
Figure (3)a: Cross section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the lumen L , the
folds FO , the superficial gastric glands SGG and the deep gastric glands DDG.H&E , 4x . b: Cross section in the
proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the mucosa M , superficial gastric glands SGG , deep
gastric glands DGG , the ducts of the deep gastric glands DU , lymph vessels LYM and the blood vessels. H&E 10x. c: Cross
section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep
gastric glands DGG, lamina propria LPR, simple columnar epithelial tissue SCE and the secretion unite SU. H&E 40x. d:
Cross section in the gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the mucosa M, sub mucosa SM,
muscularis externa ME, irregular elastic fibers IEF, gastric pits GP and the koilin KO. H&E 4x. e: Cross section in the
gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows the folds FO , lymph cells LYM , glands GL and
the collagenous fibers. H&E 10x.f: Cross section in the gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus shows
the simple cuboidal epithelial tissue SCE , lamina propria LPR , koilin KO ,the basal cells BC and the chief cells CC . H&E
40x.
f
5 µm
S
C
LP
K
BC
CC
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ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
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
 
20µm
c
SGG
SU
DG
C T
20µm
d
BM
F
G
Figure(4)a:
Cross section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus showed the
superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG and the connective tissue C T . Note the strong reaction of
the superficial glands and the weak reaction of the deep gastric glands with the stain. AB .10x. b: Cross section in the
gizzard of the common wood pigeon Columba palumbus showed the irregular elastic fibers IEF and the glands GL .
Note the few number of the glands. AB , 10x. c: Cross section in the proventriculus of the common wood pigeon
Columba palumbus showed the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG , basement membrane BM,
and the secretary units SU. Note the strong reaction with the stain . PAS 10x. d: Cross section in the gizzard of the
common wood pigeon Columba palumbus showed the folds FO , glands GL and the basement membrane BM.
PAS.10x.
20µm
b
IEF
G
30
µ
m
a
C T
SGG
DG
Biology | 10
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
 
 
 
e
20
µ
m
GL
LYM
CF
f
5 µm
Figure (5)a: Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the lumen L , the folds FO , the superficial gastric
glands SGG and the deep gastric glands .H&E , 4x . b: Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the mucosa
M , sub mucosa SM , superficial gastric glands SGG , deep gastric glands DGG , the ducts of the deep gastric glands DU. H&E 10x. c:
Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG,
lamina propria LPR, simple columnar epithelial tissue SCE and the secretion unite SU. H&E 40x. d: Cross section in the gizzard of the
barn owl Tyto alba shows the mucosa M, sub mucosa SM, muscularis externa ME, regular elastic fibers REF, gastric pits GP and the
folds F. H&E 4x. e: Cross section in the gizzard of the barn owl Tyto alba shows the folds FO , lymph cells LYM , glands GL
and the collagenous fibers. H&E 10x.f
:
Cross section in the gizzard of
the
barn owl Tyto alba
showed the simple
cuboidal epithelial tissue SCE,H&E 40x.
SCE
L
FO
DG
SG
M
S
ME
SM
30 µm
a
S
SGG
DU
M
DGG
b
20
µ
m
5 µm
LP
SC
DG
SGG
S
U
c
ME
SM
M
RE GP
30
µ
m
S
d
F
Biology | 11
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
 
  
GL
BM
DGG
SGG
DU BM
GL
N
SGG
DGG
CT
20µm 20µm
20µm 20µm
b
a
c
d
Figure(6) a:Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba showed the superficial
gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG and the connective tissue C T . Note the strong reaction
of the superficial glands and the weak reaction of the deep gastric glands with the stain. AB .10x.
b: :Cross section in the gizzard of the barn owl Tyto alba showed the glands GL . Note the high
number of the glands. AB , 40x. c: Cross section in the proventriculus of the barn owl Tyto alba
showed the superficial gastric glands SGG, deep gastric glands DGG , basement membrane BM, and
the secretary units SU. Note the strong reaction with the stain . PAS 10x. d:Cross section in the gizzard
of the barn owl Tyto alba showed the glands GL and the basement membrane BM, glands GL and
folds F. PAS 10x.
Biology | 12
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﺻﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﺛﻳﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺑﺇ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ29 ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ)2 ﻡﺎﻋ (2016
Ibn Al-Haitham J. for Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol. 29 (2) 201
6
ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺠﺴﻧﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
(Columba palumbus and Tyto alba)
ﻱﺭﻮﺒﺠﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺣﻭ ﺎﺷﺭ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ/ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ/ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ
ﺩﻭﺍﺩ ﻢﻌﻨﻤﻟﺍﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﻴﺴﺣ
ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ/ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗﺩﺍﺪﻐﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ/(ﻢﺜﻴﻬﻟﺍ ﻦﺑﺍ)ﺔﻓﺮﺼﻟﺍ
ﻲﺟﺮﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻼﻌﺷ ﻲﻠﻋ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ/ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ/ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ
:ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﺘﺳﺍ20 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ2015،ﺒﻗ :ﻲﻓ ﻞ7 ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻛ2016
ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟﺍ
ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺴﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺣﺍﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻓﺪﻫ
ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ)palumbus
Columba ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻥﺯﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺑﻭTyto albaﻲﻓ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻘﺗ.( ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻴﻄﻟﺍ
ﻦﻳﺃﺰﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍﻠﻀﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻱﺪﻐﻟﺍ ، ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺪﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻣﻻﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ
ﺥﺯﺮﺒﺑ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﻔﻣ ﻲﻟﺰﻐﻣ ﺏﻮﺒﻧﺃ Isthmu) ﺮﺼﻗﺍﻭ ﻊﺳﻭﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻱﺮﺜﻤﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ،(
.ﺥﺯﺮﺒﺑ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻟﻮﺼﻔﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻣ
ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺕﺮﻬﻅﺍ ﺮﻀﺧﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻨﺑ ﺔﻨﻄﺒﻣ ﻦﻴﻬﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺪﺤﻣ ﺔﺳﺪﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ
ﻦﻴﻟﻮﻛ ﻰﻋﺪﻳ ﺮﻔﺼﻣKoilin) ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ .ﻦﻴﻟﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺔﻔﻴﺤﻧ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﺑ ﺔﻨﻄﺒﻣﻭ ﻱﺮﺜﻤﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ، (
ﺪﻐﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﻼﻜﻟ ﺔﻳﺪﻐﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍﻌﺳﻠﻳﻮﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻄﺴﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻄﻴﺴﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﻮﺍ ﺩ
ﺩﺪﻐﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺔﻋﺮﻔﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻮﺣ ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺩﺪﻐﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍﻭ، ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
ﺔﻴﻠﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ .ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺳﻭﺍﻭ ﻝﻮﻁﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ
ﻭﺪﺒﺗ ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍﻭ .ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﺒﺍ ﻲ ﺎﻤﺍ ﺕﺑﺎﻟﺍﺎﻤ ﻲﻓﻮﻜﺼﻤﺍﻭ
.ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻳﺪﻌﻣ ﺮﻘﻨﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻠﻣ
:ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ .ﺭﻮﻴﻁ ،ﺔﺠﺴﻧﺍ ،ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ
... The stomach appeared in both birds consisting of two parts, the proventriculus and the gizzard, and this is confirmed by most studies that deal with birds (Zaher et al. 2012;Hamdi et al. 2013;AL-Juboory et al. 2016;Al-taee 2017). The proventriculus in both birds appeared conical with a secretory chemical activity, and this is consistent with the proventriculus of doves, sandgrouse, parrot, Coturnix coturnix, and most birds (Hamad 2008;Al-Hamdany 2012;Zaher et al. 2012). ...
... That was also seen in forest pigeon birds (AL-Juboory et al. 2016) as well as in the study of Ogunkoya and Cook (2009) and the sandgrouse (Al-Jeraisy, 2017). It did not appear clearly in the starling, as it was difficult to notice, and this is consistent with the white owl, as this region was not observed (AL-Juboory et al. 2016). That also indicates that the stomach in the zebra finch is of a simple type while in the starling is of a complex type. ...
... Gizzard contained small pebbles as in most birds, such as sandgrouse, parrot, and guinea fowl, which also appeared in the current study of birds (Al-Hamdany 2012; Al-Jeraisy 2017). The research results showed that gizzard is lined with koillin and has a role in mechanical digestion as in pigeon birds and white owl (AL-Juboory et al. 2016). ...
Article
Full-text available
Background The present study is designed to identify the morphological description of the digestive tract in two species of different birds; these birds were Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch) which is granivorous and Sturnus vulgaris (Starling) which is omnivorous. Results The results showed that the digestive canal of both birds was similar in the essential structure. It begins with the oropharyngeal cavity, which starts with the beak. The beak appeared different in the outer shape, which depends on the feeding. The mouth palate in both birds contains slit localized in the hard palate. This slit represents as beak nostril. The tongue appeared at the bottom of the oropharyngeal cavity. The esophagus appeared as a muscular tube containing the crop, which is divided into two parts the cervical part and the thoracic region, while the stomach was composed of two clear parts in both birds. The first one was a conical shape called proventriculus. The second was a spherical shape called the gizzard, and they are separated by a transitional zone called the isthmus, which was more apparent in the zebra finch, while the small intestine developed mostly in both birds. It is divided into three parts, which were the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, as well as the large intestine, which appeared as tube shape, which is the rectum. There was a pair of caecum located in the contact area of the ileum and rectum. The digestive canal ends with the cloaca in both birds. Conclusion These results indicate that there are differences in the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract organs between the two birds to be compatible with the quality and method of obtaining food.
... The microscopic findings observed that the ventricular wall was comprised of three layers, and the submucosa was not present; this result disagrees with (9) in the barn owl. A cuticle covered the mucous membrane, comparable with (10) in pigeon Columba palumbus. ...
... In contrast, species that eat food that unrequired mechanical digestion significantly as piscivores or carnivores possesses mostly a thin or undeveloped ventriculus with a thin cuticle 12,14 . The serosal layer was formed by loose connective tissue covered by a mesothelium; this finding was concerned with previously observed in (9) in mallard and Columba palumbus. The mean thickness of this layer was higher (non significantly) in guinea fowl than in geese. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study aimed to describe and compare the histomorphological and histochemical structures to ventriculus in Goose(Anser anser) and Guinea fowls (Numidia meleagris). The work was carried out on twenty apparently clinically healthy birds obtained from a supplier in Baghdad city. They were allocated in two equal groups of each type of bird. The two groups were utilized for histological and histochemical investigations of their ventriculus organ. After anesthesia and killing birds, their abdominal cavity was dissected, their ventriculus was identified and proper specimens from its walls were prepared. The samples designated for histochemical staining were fixed in a solution of bruin's fixative, while the others for general histological examination were fixed in (10%) neutral buffered formalin. After processing, the sections were stained with (2.5 PH) Alcian- PAS combination, periodic acid Schiff, Masson Trichrome, and Hematoxylin and Eosin stains. This study elucidates that the microscopic construct of the ventriculus was similar for the two species. The ventriculus consists of three tunicates (serosa, muscularis, and mucosa), whereas the submucosa is absent. The wall showed some significant differences in morphometric measurements. The mucosa of the ventriculus is coated with a thick layer of cuticles organized as a wavy clear pink line parallel to the mucosal surface and mucosal folds. The simple cuboidal-columnar epithelium covered the mucosa, which showed many folds. The proprial glands (simple tubular type) are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, which opens into the crypts between the folds. A well-developed muscular comprised of smooth muscle fibers as two layers of inner circular and outer longitudinal. Serosa is composed of loose connective tissue coated by mesothelium. The Mean thickness of Cuticle, length of folds, mucosa and muscular in goose were significantly higher than that in guinea fowl; these differences may be due to variation in their diet. PAS and AB-PAS combined (2.5-PH) stains, cuticle layer, epithelium lining, and gastric glands showed a positive reaction with these stains. This study aimed to Study the normal histomorphological histochemical and structure of Gizzard in two avian species, local male guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) and male geese (Anser anser). Also aimed to Comparative histomorphological, histomorphometric measurements and histochemical study of the Gizzard of two different local male avian species (Guinea fowl and geese). Keywords: Histomorphological, Histochemical, Ventriculus, Guinea fowls, Geese
... The luminal side is characterized by a mucous membrane covered with simple cuboidal epithelium which forms tubular glands protruding to lamina propria. The secretion from these glands forms a gastric cuticule (Kuryszko et al., 2019;Catroxo et al., 1997;Al-Juboory et al., 2017; Taki-El-Deen, 2017). ...
... A literature review showed several morphological and histological examinations and SEM on the digestive system (Al-Juboory et al., 2016;Umar & Atabo, 2019), cervical spine (Krings et al., 2014), pecten oculi (Yilmaz et al., 2017), wing vision (Orlowski et al., 2012), auditory space (Feldman & Knudsen, 1997), appendicular skeleton (Usende et al., 2017), and kidneys (Dauod & Israa, 2021) of the barn owl. However, during an exhaustive literature search, there is no detailed study on the tongue of the barn owl. ...
Article
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The beak structure changes according to the feeding patterns of birds. Further, the morphological and histological structures of their tongues vary. Therefore, the current study aimed to perform macroanatomical and histological examinations and scanning electron microscopy of the barn owl's (Tylo alba) tongue. Two dead barn owls were brought to the anatomy laboratory and were used as study material. The tongue of the barn owl was long, triangular-shaped with a bifurcated tip. There were no papillae in the anterior 1/3 of the tongue, and the lingual papillae were shaped toward the back. The radix linguae were surrounded by a single row of conical papillae. Irregular thread-like papillae were found on both sides of the tongue. The salivary gland ducts were on the lateral margin of the corpus linguae and the dorsal surface of the radix linguae. The lingual glands were in the lamina propria near the stratified squamous epithelium layer of the tongue. The dorsal surface of the tongue comprised non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and the ventral surface and caudal part of the tongue had keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Hyaline cartilages were detected in the connective tissue immediately below the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium on the dorsal surface of the root of the tongue. The study results can contribute to the current knowledge on the anatomical structure of birds. Further, they can be useful in managing the barn owl when used as companion animals and in research activity.
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The present study aims to investigate the anatomical, histometrical, and histochemical aspects of the stomach in two species of birds, Psittacula krameri (Ring-necked parakeet) and Elanus caeruleus (Black-shouldered kite). The stomach tissues in the two species were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for general histological study and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)-Alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5 for histochemical study. An automated analysis system was used for histometrical study. The stomach in two species of birds was divided into proventriculus and ventriculus (gizzard); in the parakeet, proventriculus appeared as fusiform shape and the isthmus separated the gizzard from proventriculus, while in the kite, the proventriculus was pear shape, and the isthmus was absent. In the parakeet, the gizzard was a spherical shape with a thick koilin layer, while the kite has pear shape gizzard with a thin koilin layer. The mucosa was possessed simple tubular glands which were larger and more in the kite; the submucosa was rich with compound tubular glands which were longer and wider in the kite. The histochemical results showed a positive reaction of epithelial cells and simple tubular glands with PAS-AB stains; the koilin and deep gastric glands showed a positive reaction with the PAS stain only.
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The oesophagus is a muscular tube comprised of cervical and thoracic regions. Several studies have clarified the histological structure of the oesophagus. However, its histoarchitecture in relation to variable dietary habits of each species is still unclear. In the current study, 21 pigeons, cattle egrets and ducks, n = 7, each was used. Macroscopically, the oesophagus of cattle egrets either the cervical or thoracic parts was the longest among the pigeons and ducks. Histologically, the oesophagus comprised of four distinct tunicae: mucosa, propria submucosa, musculosa and adventitia or serosa. A great structural variation in these layers among the three investigated species was recorded. In the cervical oesophagus of pigeons, the superficial squamous cells showed perinuclear halo zone, the propria submucosa was characteristically lacked any gland. Moreover, its musculosa was very thick. On the other hand, the intraepithelial glands were characteristically distributed along the whole length of the cattle egret’s oesophagus. Interestingly, the cervical esophagus of the ducks showed submucosal associated lymphatic tissue; diffuse and nodular Ultrastructurally, the oesophageal glands showed secretory granules of variable electron densities, electron‐lucent in the pigeons and ducks and electron‐dense in the cattle egrets.
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The avian stomach was a muscular organ, located between the esophagus and the intestine and it was consisted of two parts; the proventriculus and the ventriculus as reported in many text books and previous articles. A morphological study of stomach was carried out, grossly and under light microscopy on ten adult normal healthy Eurasian Hobbies. The stomach was constituted by two chambers: proventriculus and gizzard. The proventriculus was elongated fusiform shaped organ and extended from the level of 2nd intercostal space to the level of 4th rib, while the ventricular resembles a biconvex lens and was extended from the level of 4th rib to the level of 7th rib. There is no any proventricular papilla on the gastric epithelium surface. Both, the mucous tunic of the proventriculus and of the ventriculus present folds were lined by simple columnar epithelium. The tunica mucosa of the proventriculus was extensively folded due to the presence of well-developed longitudinal muscle bundles. The Eurasian Hobby stomach ischaracterized by the absence of the isthmus. There are fourventricular muscles that radiating from a powerful fan-shaped tendinous center; two thick and two thin muscles. The luminal surface of the ventriculus have cuticle, which was sloughed and shed small fine area around the pyloric opening and very thin membrane and highly closely adherent to the lining surface of gizzard. The gizzard was separated from the small intestine by a slit-like ventriculo-duodenal opening, which guarded by the very small pyloric sphincter in addition to the pyloric valve which consists of two small folds.
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This study was the second in a series of studies aiming at establishing a connection between the food habits of aves and the anatomical, histological and histochemical structures of their alimentary tract. In this study, the gross anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the digestive system of the black -winged kite, Elanus caeruleus, a carnivorous bird, have been investigated. This study has revealed that, the oesophagus was relatively long with poorly developed crop; the simple stomach is differentiated into a glandular proventriculus and a muscular ventritculus or gizzard. The small intestine is divided into duodenum, and ileum. The large intestine contains a very small pair of ceca called, lymphoid ceca and a short rectum. The internal mucous glands of the oesophagus keep the surface of the tube moist and slimy and thereby facilitate the passage of the food. The differences in the proventriculus structure may also be related to diet. The present study revealed that the alimentary tract shows the usual four laminae; serosa, musculosa, submucosa and mucosa. The oesophageal mucosa is thrown into numerous longitudinal folds. The mucosa of the oesophagus is lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. The oesphageal glands were of the simple tubule alveolar type. The proventricular mucosa is thrown into numerous folds of different depths which are lined by simple columnar epithelium. The proventricular glands were simple tubular to simple branched tubular glands. A thin layer of gastric keratinoid material is found in the ventriculus. The goblet cells gradually increase in frequency from the duodenum to the rectum. The lamina propria contains diffuse lymphatic tissue and the muscularis mucosa is well developed, and extends into the stroma of the villi. Also, the histochemical studies revealed that PAS positive matter was found in the entire alimentary tract. The oesophageal glands have acid mucopolysaccharide secretions. While gastric glands of stomach, the thin koilin layer, the goblet cells and crypts of Lieberkühn have acid and neutral mucopolysaccharide secretions. Proteins and nucleic acid was observed in the different regions of the alimentary canal.
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A morphological (histological) study of the stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) of the red-capped cardinal (Paroaria gularis gularis) was carried out, under light microscopy. Anatomically, the stomach of the red-capped cardinal is constituted by two externally distinguishable chambers: a cranial region, glandular, the proventriculus (proventriculus, pars glandularis), which is cranially connected to the esophagus and caudally, to the gizzard or ventriculus (ventriculus, pars muscularis), also known as muscular portion. Both, the mucous tunic of the proventriculus and of the gizzard present folds lined by simple prismatic epithelium. A thick cuticle is laid over the mucous tunic of the gizzard. In the lamina propria of both regions, there are simple tubular glands. The submucosa of the proventriculus is occupied by deep proventriculus glands. Due to the absence of a muscularis mucosae, the submucosa of the gizzard cannot be distinguished from the lamina propria. The muscle tunic of proventriculus, consists of a inner longitudinal layer, of an intermediary circular layer and of an external longitudinal discontinuous layer of smooth muscle. In the gizzard, it consists of an internal longitudinal layer and of an external circular layer. In both chambers, the serosa is constituted by a connective tissue lined by mesothelium, containing blood vessels, nerve elements of the serous plexus and adipose tissue
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7th Ed Bibliogr. s. 680-681
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The proventricular surface epithelial cells were positive for both acid and neutral mucins and stained intensive for acid phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. The proprial gland cells revealed histochemical distribution and activity of various enzymes and lipids similar to that of the submucosal gland cells. However, the ductular cells of the submucosal glands showed comparatively stronger reaction for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, lipase and carbonic anhydrase except for succinic dehydrogenase. In gizzard, the koilin was positive for both acid and neutral mucin. The epithelial cells of the proprial glands stained strongly for adenosine triphosphatase and moderately for acid and alkaline phosphatases. However, their response for succinic dehydrogenase and lipase was weak. The smooth muscle cells of the proventriculus and gizzard showed a moderate to strong reaction for adenosine triphosphatase.
Birds, Their structure & Function. 2 nd edition
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King, A.S. and Mclelland, J. (1984). Birds, Their structure & Function. 2 nd edition, Bailliere Tindall, London.
The histology of the fowl
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Hodges, R.D. (1974). The histology of the fowl. Academic Press, London.