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Kaupunkiseutujen asukkaiden asumispreferenssit - Miten ja missä kaupunkilaiset haluavat asua?
... According to the residents' barometer conducted every fourth year by the Finnish Environmental Administration, housing estate neighbourhoods are the least popular type of housing environment among Finns (Strandell, 2017). Another large survey in Finland focusing on the future aspirations of urban dwellers also confirmed that housing estate neighbourhoods are the least desired housing environments among all household and age groups living in urban areas (Haltia et al., 2019). The view of the residential real-estate company also strongly contrasts with the public and media debate, which has treated housing estate neighbourhoods as symbols of urban deprivation, unemployment, abuse, and broken families (Hyotylainen, 2019;Roivainen, 1999). ...
This paper addresses the under-researched phenomena of investments in the private rental markets in disadvantaged suburbs in Finland. Despite the application of a social-mixing policy in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area and the Nordic welfare model, suburban housing estate neighbourhoods built in the 1960s and 1970s have experienced a socioeconomic decline since the 1990s. According to several recent large surveys, housing estate neighbourhoods represent the least popular housing environments among Finns. Nevertheless, as the Helsinki Metropolitan Area is currently facing rapid population growth, these neighbourhoods have now become the target for heavy infill development, and ambitious city-led regeneration plans. Simultaneously, housing investment has become an opportunity in Finland for both national and, increasingly, also international real-estate investment companies, as well as for private households. We explore the resurge to invest in housing estate neighbourhoods through two case studies in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Using statistics and interviews with policymakers and institutional real-estate investors, as well as a review of policy documents as our data, we show the variegated ways in which the marketization and financialization of housing and urban renewal policies change the social geography of housing estates in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
Tarkastelemme lähiössä asuvien asumispolkuja. Tulokset osoittavat, että asumispolun eri vaiheissa asukkaiden suhde alueeseen muuttuu. Asuinalueelle muutossa korostuvat arjen sujuvuus, taloudellisuus ja tuttuus, kun taas sinne kiinnittymisessä luonnon läheisyys ja yhteisöllisyys. Juurtumisvaiheessa keskeistä on, että alueeseen liitetyt myönteiset käsitykset näyttävät olevan turvattuja myös tulevaisuudessa. Tulokset tuovat uutta tietoa siitä, miten asuinalueeseen ja asumiseen liittyvät arvostukset muuttuvat yksilön asumispolulla ja siitä, miten asukkaiden yhteinen ymmärrys asuinalueesta ja asuinalueen suhde muuhun kaupunkiin muodostuu osaksi yksilöiden asumispolkuja.
Ympäristöministeriö tilasi selvityksen osana asuntopoliittisen kehittämisohjelman valmistelua. Hallitusohjelman mukaan osana asuntopoliittista kehittämisohjelmaa tulisi tehdä kansainvälinen asumisen tukien, lainsäädännön ja vuokramarkkinoiden vertailu. Selvityksessä kuvataan eräiden Euroopan maiden asuntopolitiikkaa aiheina asumisen kohtuuhintaisuus, yksityiset vuokramarkkinat sekä väestöltään vähenevien alueiden asumisongelmat. Asumismeno-osuuksin mitaten Suomessa asuminen on vertailumaihin nähden kohtuuhintaista, mutta suomalaiset arvioivat asumismenonsa rasittavimmiksi kuin monissa vertailumaissa. Asumismenojen kalleus kohdistuu väestöryhmiin eriarvoisesti, ja etenkin vuokralla asuvat ja pienituloiset maksavat asumisestaan suhteessa muita enemmän. Kaikissa tarkastelluissa maissa asuntopolitiikassa on tapahtunut ideologinen ja poliittinen käänne kohti markkinaperusteista asuntohuoltoa, ja yksityisen vuokrasektorin merkitys kohtuuhintaisuuden kysymyksessä on korostunut. Vuokrien kohtuuhintaisuutta on eri maissa edistetty sekä vuokranantajille suunnatuilla kannustimilla että vuokrasektorin säätelyllä. Pohjoismaissa syrjäseutujen asumisongelmat liittyvät asuntojen arvon laskuun, tyhjiin asuntoihin, yksipuoliseen asuntokantaan ja väestön ikääntymiseen. Ongelmia on pyritty ratkaisemaan sekä tukemalla asuntojen purkamista että niiden käyttötarkoituksen muuttamista.
Julkinen taide aluerakentamisessa ja -kehittämisessä: Taloudellisen arvon tunnistaminen ja arviointimenetelmät
Summary in English
Public Art in Planning and Development: Economic Value and Evaluation Methods
The 21st century has seen public art become an instrument for developing cities and residential areas. In the last 20 years, art has played a particularly important role in area-level planning and the redevelopment of residential districts in Finland. Art and artistic planning are understood to enhance the quality of built environment and to increase interest and demand in both new and redeveloped areas. The regulations on planning and the obligations on art funding (e.g., the percent for art principle) defined in land use agreements have increased the proportion of private funding in public art projects. This has heightened the demand for knowledge on the profitability of investing in art and culture. Little research exists on the economic impact of public art. This report presents a review of methods for identifying and assessing the economic impact of artworks and projects that have been commissioned as part of area development projects.
In identifying the economic impact of public art, the report builds on existing theoretical and research literature as well as on empirical data that was collected via interviews with developers and art experts who work in Finland and via an online survey of Finnish architecture firms. The methodological development work also draws upon several Finnish art districts, that is, areas where art has been incorporated into area-level planning. The data gathered from these case areas include documents and personal communications. The new residential developments included in the report are Penttilänranta in Joensuu (2011–2036), Länsiranta in Porvoo (2014–2035), and Kangas in Jyväskylä (2014–2040), while the Circle of Art (Taidekehä) outdoor gallery (1990–) in Kankaanpää represents the use of public art in town centre regeneration.
The report demonstrates the suitability of willingness-to-pay (WTP) analysis for assessing the total economic value of public art. Particularly useful are the methods of hedonic regression model, contingent valuation, and choice-experiment. WTP analysis is used in, for example, environmental economics to assess the impact of the proximity of green areas on housing prices. Finnish cultural economists have used these methods in research on the economic value of museums and cultural heritage. Internationally, the idea of using WTP analysis on public art has been proposed, but few studies have been conducted. Instead of carrying out actual estimations, the report discusses data requirements and provides a review of the existing data sources. It is recommended that WTP analysis will be piloted in further research on the topic.
The report was created as part of the development project Art in Use – Solutions for the integration of art into construction projects (Creative Expertise project 2018–2020). The project is funded by the European Social Fund and coordinated by the Ornamo Art and Design Finland. The aim of the project is to simplify the integration of arts in planning and construction projects and to increase the quality and quantity of art and creative design acquisitions of both municipalities and construction companies.
This paper assesses the value of urban green spaces, specifically peri-urban forests and their potential substitutes, for the local population on the basis of their residential choice. We applied a choice experiment that focuses on the trade-offs between private housing characteristics and the environmental aspects of neighborhoods. Individual willingness-to-pay is estimated from a latent class model and a mixed logit model along with a Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) space approach. Our results show that green spaces provide both direct use value (recreation) and indirect use value (scenic view). The respondent's value of distance to peri-urban forests depends on recreational use. The ownership of a private garden reduces the WTP for living closer to an urban park.
The success of compact development depends in part on accurately gauging its public demand and understanding residents’ preferences towards it. Drawing upon a stated-preference survey in the Wasatch Front region in Utah, this paper estimates preferences for compact, walkable and transit-friendly neighbourhoods through the application of a discrete choice experiment. Results derived from a latent class analysis reveal significant heterogeneity in residential location preferences. Overall, strong preferences for compact development are more likely to occur among families with fewer school-age children, low-income and renter-occupied households, and those who appreciate social heterogeneity and have less desire for privacy. These tastes are also associated with personal preferences for walking and biking and supportive opinions toward environmental protection and urban growth boundary policies. By comparing respondents’ preferences to their actual residential and travel choices in two contrasting subregions, we further address the complex relationships between environment, preferences, residential locations and travel.
We estimate a neighborhood choice model using 2014 American Community Survey data to investigate the degree to which new housing supply can improve housing affordability. In the model, equilibrium rental rates are determined so that the number of households choosing each neighborhood is equal to the number of housing units in each neighborhood. We use the estimated model to simulate how rental rates would respond to an exogenous increase in the number of housing units in a neighborhood. We find that the rent elasticity is low, and thus marginal reductions in supply constraints alone are unlikely to meaningfully reduce rent burdens. The reason for this result appears to be that rental rates are more closely determined by the level of amenities in a neighborhood—as in a Rosen-Roback spatial equilibrium framework—than by the supply of housing.
This paper conceives of residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon varying along five distinct axes of measurement:
evenness, exposure, concentration, centralization, and clustering. Twenty indices of segregation are surveyed and related
conceptually to one of the five dimensions. Using data from a large set of U.S. metropolitan areas, the indices are intercorrelated
and factor analyzed. Orthogonal and oblique rotations produce pattern matrices consistent with the postulated dimensional
structure. Based on the factor analyses and other information, one index was chosen to represent each of the five dimensions,
and these selections were confirmed with a principal components analysis. The paper recommends adopting these indices as standard
indicators in future studies of segregation.
[Shared city or divided neighbourhoods? Residential segregation and selective migration of the native and immigrant populations in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.]
This thesis examines the patterns and processes of ethnic residential segregation in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA). These phenomena are examined in two main ways: a) between the native and immigrant populations and b) the extent to which different immigrant groups are sharing the same neighbourhoods. The main aim of the study is to test the extent to which the theoretical claims of the selective migration processes can explain the development of ethnic residential segregation in HMA. The data is mixed: it consists of neighbourhood-level statistics related to the migration, demography and housing stock. The selective migration flows are analysed within and between neighbourhood-types, defined on the basis of the percentages of foreign-language-speakers. For contextual purposes, the study also includes fifteen expert interviews who work within the housing sector. Firstly, the results show that, from the early 2000s the patterns of ethnic residential segregation have strengthened while the differences between neighbourhoods have grown. On a more general level the HMA can be divided into two main areas: some eastern and north-eastern neighbourhoods that have experienced the rise of immigrant concentrations and; the northern, north-western and southern parts of the HMA, where the number and percentages of immigrants have remained relatively low. However, within the eastern and north-eastern neighbourhoods there are also discernable internal differences that reflect the income levels of the inhabitants and the type of housing stock. The results also show that, the existing immigrant concentrations are ethnically and culturally mixed and thus qualitatively different from China town and Little-Italy enclaves of single groups of immigrants. Secondly, the results show that there are clear signs of the selective migration processes of the native and immigrant populations which have resulted in the discernable development of ethnic residential segregation. Migration flows of the native population have gravitated towards neighbourhoods, where the percentage of immigrants is below the HMA average. This has resulted in significant migration losses for neighbourhoods with established and developing concentrations of immigrants. Meanwhile, migration of immigrants has been drawn to neighbourhoods where their percentages are above the HMA average. However, the results also point to clear differences in the migration and spatial patterns of different immigrant groups. The spatial selectivity of migration is, thus, more prominent amongst the native population than when compared with immigrants. Overall, the results indicate that the reproduction of the selective migration flows of the native and immigrant populations will largely determine HMA s future development of ethnic residential segregation.
Despite enormous progress made in the resource-efficient housing construction as a result of technical innovation, market share of sustainable new housing development in Germany is still very low. There is a need for a demand-driven research approach to determine and exploit the potential for sustainable housing among private home buyers—the principal consumers of new housing in Germany. This study measures the preferences of German home buyers based on stated preferences survey data through the application of a discrete choice experiment. Using latent class analysis, the article identifies market segments of differing “environmental awareness” and corresponding preference heterogeneity. The results point to a latent demand for sustainable housing alternatives among private home buyers in Germany.
