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Smart Cities: A Taxonomy for the Efficient Management of Lighting in Unpredicted Environments
Abstract
In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the number of outdoor lighting installations, the energy management of this has not been greatly improved and electricity consumption has skyrocketed. Most of it does not come from renewable energies with all the negative effects that this entails. With all this, public lighting can represent up to a total of 54% of the energy consumption of a municipality and up to 61% of its electricity consumption. This work focuses on the analysis of the factors to consider in the implementation and application of a lighting control system in a real environment for energy saving. The system should be based on the collection of data by the different sensors installed in the luminaries of the route oriented to the environment of the Smart Cities and the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). The main objective is to try to reduce the consumption of electrical energy as much as possible while maintaining the comfort that the road user feels in it. For this, the weak points of these systems will be searched and their elimination will be sought. A study will be made of the situation of the systems available today. The characteristics of these systems will be analysed. Based on the characteristics of the systems analysed, the necessary requirements of the system presented will be determined. The characteristics that will make this project different from the rest will be established. An architecture proposal that seeks to optimise the parameters analysed will be presented.
In recent years, intelligent dust-free process environment system has increasingly appeared in our daily life. Based on this, this paper designs and implements a more efficient and widely used intelligent dust-free process environment system, which plays a role in the development of IC manufactures. The system mainly completes three parts of functions: the first part uses the temperature and humidity module and light intensity module to display the collected temperature and humidity information and light intensity information on the screen through the STM32 single chip microcomputer FSMC interface, and upload these information to the terminal (upper computer) through the ESP8266 module for real-time viewing by the greenhouse owner. The second part is to automatically supplement the light source according to the change of light intensity through STM32 single chip microcomputer to promote the growth of crops in the greenhouse. The third part is to realize the function of monitoring and recording.
The energy management in urban and interurban lighting is currently, mainly, based on a centralised or clustered model. The control is mainly based on the level of brightness needed to circulate, without taking into account the presence or not of pedestrians or vehicles. This thesis proposes to review the solutions implemented and to use the Industry 4.0 paradigm as a basis for the design of a highly distributed architecture that efficiently controls the lighting of the roads of urban environments, and is extensible to interurban environments. As results it is expected to be able to verify the hypothesis of, how the distribution of the intelligence at the level of control node, together with the communication between nearby control nodes, allows to optimise the consumption in front of the current solutions.
Business traveling is attracting growing attention due to the expansion of international markets. This fact calls for an increasing attention of the tourism sector toward the needs of business travellers, who often require services that are different from the ones desired by leisure tourists. The application of smart solutions coming from Context Awareness and Ambient Intelligence aimed at promoting guests’ comfort and well-being, also in cases in which they have special needs, represents a promising solution to tackle business travellers’ requirements and thus, to increase hotels attractiveness and incomes. In this context, this work introduces RoomFort, a smart comfort management system aimed at enhancing comfort of hotel room guests and leveraging on semantic representations of comfort, environment, and sensors. RoomFort provides a set of domain ontologies to formalize comfort-related metrics and to exploit the automatic reasoning capabilities provided by Semantic Web technologies, while gathering data through a network of sensors to ensure guests are provided with tailored comfort profiles during their stays in the hotel. Particular focus has been placed on visual comfort, since indoor lighting features constitute one of the main factors influencing the two main activities that most business travellers accomplish in their hotel room: working and relaxing.
This paper presents the extension of a meta-model (MAM5) and a framework based on the model (JaCalIVE) for developing intelligent virtual environments. The goal of this extension is to develop augmented mirror worlds that represent a real and virtual world coupled, so that the virtual world not only reflects the real one, but also complements it. A new component called a smart resource artifact, that enables modelling and developing devices to access the real physical world, and a human in the loop agent to place a human in the system have been included in the meta-model and framework. The proposed extension of MAM5 has been tested by simulating a light control system where agents can access both virtual and real sensor/actuators through the smart resources developed. The results show that the use of real environment interactive elements (smart resource artifacts) in agent-based simulations allows to minimize the error between simulated and real system.
Many governments are considering adopting the smart city concept in their cities and implementing big data applications that support smart city components to reach the required level of sustainability and improve the living standards. Smart cities utilize multiple technologies to improve the performance of health, transportation, energy, education, and water services leading to higher levels of comfort of their citizens. This involves reducing costs and resource consumption in addition to more effectively and actively engaging with their citizens. One of the recent technologies that has a huge potential to enhance smart city services is big data analytics. As digitization has become an integral part of everyday life, data collection has resulted in the accumulation of huge amounts of data that can be used in various beneficial application domains. Effective analysis and utilization of big data is a key factor for success in many business and service domains, including the smart city domain. This paper reviews the applications of big data to support smart cities. It discusses and compares different definitions of the smart city and big data and explores the opportunities, challenges and benefits of incorporating big data applications for smart cities. In addition it attempts to identify the requirements that support the implementation of big data applications for smart city services. The review reveals that several opportunities are available for utilizing big data in smart cities; however, there are still many issues and challenges to be addressed to achieve better utilization of this technology.
During the latest years, smart city projects have been more and more popular and widespread all over the world. The continuous increasing of city‟s population and the complexity of city management drive local governments towards the strong use of technologies to support a higher quality of urban spaces and a better offering of public services. The fascination of smart cities, able to link high technology, green environment and well-being for citizens, interests all the municipalities, independently on their dimensions, geographical area or culture. However, the concept of smart city is far from to be unambiguous. Several experiences all over the world show that cities define themselves as smart, but the meaning attributed to this word is different each time. Smart city concept has been growing from empirical experience, therefore a systemic theoretical study about this phenomenon still lacks. In this paper, the author aims to propose a comprehensive and verified definition of smart city, based on both a deep literature investigation about smart city studies and a large survey of smart city projects in the international panorama. The goal of this work is not only to provide a clear framework about this interesting and current topic, but also to support local governments and public administrations in effective smart city implementation, able to create public value and well being for citizens and environmental sustainability in the urban space.
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs), and particularly pedestrian protection systems (PPSs), have become an active research area aimed at improving traffic safety. The major challenge of PPSs is the development of reliable on-board pedestrian detection systems. Due to the varying appearance of pedestrians (e.g., different clothes, changing size, aspect ratio, and dynamic shape) and the unstructured environment, it is very difficult to cope with the demanded robustness of this kind of system. Two problems arising in this research area are the lack of public benchmarks and the difficulty in reproducing many of the proposed methods, which makes it difficult to compare the approaches. As a result, surveying the literature by enumerating the proposals one--after-another is not the most useful way to provide a comparative point of view. Accordingly, we present a more convenient strategy to survey the different approaches. We divide the problem of detecting pedestrians from images into different processing steps, each with attached responsibilities. Then, the different proposed methods are analyzed and classified with respect to each processing stage, favoring a comparative viewpoint. Finally, discussion of the important topics is presented, putting special emphasis on the future needs and challenges.
This paper gives the main definitions relating to dependability, a generic concept including a special case of such attributes as reliability, availability, safety, integrity, maintainability, etc. Security brings in concerns for confidentiality, in addition to availability and integrity. Basic definitions are given first. They are then commented upon, and supplemented by additional definitions, which address the threats to dependability and security (faults, errors, failures), their attributes, and the means for their achievement (fault prevention, fault tolerance, fault removal, fault forecasting). The aim is to explicate a set of general concepts, of relevance across a wide range of situations and, therefore, helping communication and cooperation among a number of scientific and technical communities, including ones that are concentrating on particular types of system, of system failures, or of causes of system failures.
This paper presents a novel smart street lighting (SmSL) system in which energy consumption by a group of street lighting poles is minimized based on Brute-Force search algorithm. While outdoor lighting imposes considerable cost, maintenance, safety, and environmental issues; utilization of advanced street lighting system with energy saving, autonomous fault detection, and monitoring capabilities benefits all the players involved including municipalities and distribution companies. The proposed SmSL has a hierarchical platform. The segment or intermediate controller determines the scheduling, switching, and dimming level of each pole based on the proposed optimization subroutine and transmits the controller set points to the local pole controller through Power Line Communications (PLC). Optimization of street lighting electrical energy is achieved by minimizing a cost function, considering operational constraints, ambient luminance, and local traffic flow. The local controller acts as an actuator and applies the received commands. The controller inherently responses to lamp fault. Moreover, pole electrical parameters and status of the lamp and its capacitor is transmitted to the intermediate controller. The supervisory controller which is installed on a server in distribution center monitors the whole system and sends appropriate commands such as minimum required luminance in the area to the segment controller based on WiMAX wireless communications. The whole system is developed and implemented in a pilot street. The experimental results show considerable energy saving with the proposed SmSL and reduced maintenance costs.
The concept of smart city is getting more and more relevant for both academics and policy makers. Despite this, there is still confusion about what a smart city is, as several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims at clarifying the meaning of the word “smart” in the context of cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a smart city, which are its features, and how it performs in comparison to traditional cities. Furthermore, performance measures and initiatives in a few smart cities are identified.
The increasing in the demand for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has intensified studies which are dedicated to obtain more energy-efficient solutions, since the energy storage limitation is critical in those systems. Additionally, there are other aspects which usually must be ensured in order to get an acceptable performance of WSNs, such as area coverage and network connectivity. This paper proposes a procedure for enhancing the performance of WSNs: a multiobjective hybrid optimization algorithm is employed for solving the Dynamic Coverage and Connectivity Problem (DCCP) in flat WSNs subjected to node failures. This method combines a multiobjective global on-demand algorithm (MGoDA), which improves the current DCCP solution using a Genetic Algorithm, with a local on line algorithm (LoA), which is intended to restore the network coverage soon after any failure. The proposed approach is compared with an Integer Linear Programming (ILP)-based approach and a similar mono-objective approach with regard to coverage, network lifetime and required running time for achieving the optimal solution provided by each method. Results achieved for a test instance show that the hybrid approach presented can improve the performance of the WSN obtaining good solutions with a considerably smaller computational time than ILP. The multiobjective approach still provides a feasible method for extending WSNs lifetime with slight decreasing in the network mean coverage.
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Smart LED street lighting
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