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Optimal Energy Routing in Microgrids With IEC 61850 Based Energy Routers
Abstract
The concept of energy internet (EI) is very promising due to its ability to integrate distributed generators and storage devices. Energy routers (ERs) enable highly efficient, reliable and flexible power system operation. To dynamically control and optimize energy flow in EI, an extensive communication is required. Considering the diversity of generators and ERs, it is crucial that such communication is achieved in a standardized and interoperable way. In this paper, an improved energy routing algorithm and its impact in EI operation are demonstrated. Furthermore, a full communication solution is developed for ERs and their interaction with grid operator. This paper proposes an IEC 61850 communication-based power routing algorithm in microgrids. Optimal selection of source and routing path is achieved according to the proposed algorithm and communicated to the ERs via IEC 61850 based communication. The effectiveness of the proposed IEC 61850 communication-based routing algorithm is verified on network emulation platform comprising of IEC 61850 emulator tools and network simulator tool.
... Energy Router (ER) is the building block of IoE and it is assumed to be a crucial element of future smart power systems [57]. This is due to their ability to provide multidirectional power flow [51]. The ER can also maintain smart power flow between IoE and utility [58]. ...
... ER primarily controls the power flow between AC and DC buses between two or more layers of a smart power system [55]. A layout of single ER is shown in Fig. 4. It consists of a common DC bus, multiple input and output ports of AC/DC or DC/AC modules, energy storage devices and energy routing controller (ERC) [51] . ...
... The common DC bus is a regulated bus which is used to connect end-users and it acts as a medium of power exchange and it can also maintain power balance for a short period of time [51], [60] . Besides the local grid, the DER plants are also connected at the input ports. ...
In the quest of an efficient smart energy management system that can fulfill the power demand of consumers, researchers are focusing on smart power system which can integrate both conventional and renewable energy resources as well as production of clean energy. As a result, the concept of Internet of Energy (IoE) is developed which is similar to the perception of Internet of Things (IoT), which supports both energy and information flow. In this study, a systematic review of the current state-of-the-art of IoE and IEC 61850 has been presented, and it has identified the research gaps and opportunities for future development. The discussion unfolds by illuminating the evolution of smart grids and IoE, shedding light on the benefits and challenges inherent in employing IEC 61850 as a communication standard for IoE. Moreover, the potential application of IEC 61850 standard for enabling IoE in smart grids has been explored. Besides reviewing the trends and challenges of IoE and its key technologies, such as energy routers, power generation equipment, and energy storage devices; it also discussed how the IEC 61850 standard can facilitate the communication and interoperability among these technologies and provide a robust and flexible platform for the IoE. The outcome of this study show that IEC 61850 has a wide range of applicability and suitability for IoE, as it can support various functions and features of IoE, such as information modeling, data exchange, plug-and-play, fault detection, and intelligent control. This study also presents some examples of IEC 61850 based IoE systems, such as energy routers, wind and solar power plants, battery storage systems, and vehicle-to-grid systems. The comparison of this study with the equivalent studies shows that this study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of IoE and IEC 61850, and covers a wide range of topics and aspects of IoE and IEC 61850. This study also provides a critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of IEC 61850 for IoE, and proposes some directions for future research and development.
... Therefore, to minimize congestion in the transmission network, congestion management has to be done by the system operators in the present era. This congestion can be relieved in the process of rescheduling and dispatching either by including line constraints or by redirecting the power flow with FACTS devices or energy routers [10][11][12][13]. The authors in [14,15] proposed two methodologies based on optimal power flow and available transfer capability using locational marginal prices and congestion rent contributions for mitigation of congestion in a bilateral dispatch-deregulated environment. ...
... There are different curtailment strategies [10], which are put into operation by the system operator in alliance with the market utilities for optimal power dispatch. The curtailment strategy used for bilateral contracts is point-to-point curtailment. ...
... Even after placing the UPFC, the system operator has to curtail the contracted power to bring the line flow within limits. So for congestion management, the system operator follows four curtailment strategies taken from [10] and depicted in Figure 8, which are mentioned below: ...
A deregulated electricity market provides open access to all market players. In an open-access power market, the system operator is responsible for ensuring that all contracted power is dispatched. However, if this results in line flows that exceed their acceptable range, then it could threaten the system’s security. Therefore, the system operator checks for congestion as the line flow exceeds its limit. For congestion management, the system operator applies different curtailment strategies to limit the requested transaction. Therefore, in this work, an optimal power dispatch model has been presented in order to reduce the curtailment of requested power. A modified moth flame optimization technique has been implemented to frame this OPD model. The impact of congestion management on power dispatch has been analyzed, considering bilateral and multilateral dispatch in an electricity market. In addition, the effect of FACTS devices on reducing congestion and curtailing power is studied. Verification studies showed that the proposed solution reduces congestion costs by 27.14% and 29.4% in 14- and 30-bus systems, respectively. It has been verified that the MMFO approach with the FACTS device improves transaction deviations and ensures that the deregulated system provides secure energy with less cost reflected on the customers.
... The concept of energy routers (ERs) is proposed to provide plug-and-play interfaces for distributed renewable energy resources, energy storage devices, and loads [3]. ER can also improve the controllability of the smart grid [4], [5], including active controls of bidirectional flows of energy, power quality control, and energy management optimization [3], [6]- [11]. ...
... ER provides plug-and-play interfaces for devices of different voltage types and levels, and realizes electrical isolation between interfaces. Another important function is local power management functions, such as energy management, suppressing fluctuations of port voltages, power quality management, and increasing power supply reliability [6]- [11]. Fig. 1 (a) describes the system constructed by the ER-MLFT, which is called the energy subnet [12]. ...
... The current harmonic compensation, reactive power compensation, and asymmetry compensation for non-linear load from Port 2 are achieved by Converter B. Converter A and T 2 work together for the fluctuation and harmonic compensation of grid voltage. Furthermore, when ER-MLFT transmits power to the distribution grid, line loss may become significant with heavy power injection [11], and Converter A can compensate for the line loss through the series transformer T 2 . ...
Energy routers based on the electronic power transformer are suitable for the AC-DC hybrid grid with multiple voltage levels, but their structures are complex. This paper proposes a novel energy router based on the multi-winding line frequency transformer. By a combination of a multi-winding line frequency transformer and power electronic devices, the proposed energy router can take advantage of the high reliability of the multi-winding line frequency transformer and the high controllability of power electronic devices. The proposed energy router is suitable for the AC-DC hybrid grid with multiple voltage levels and has the characteristic of a simple structure. The simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed energy router.
... Thus, initially, there is a frequency dip in the system. The frequency is measured by Smart Meter (SM) at the load bus and communicated by the DO 'Hz' of LN MMXU of M_IED to the MGCC via the communication flow as shown in (21). The MGCC is updated of the frequency at the load bus each sampling interval. ...
... For this the MGCC continuously monitors the frequency of the microgrid. The communication flow for the same is as (21) If the frequency goes out of bounds, the WPP is isolated from the microgrid. The communication flow is as follows: ...
... This causes a dip in the load frequency, which is updated to the MGCC by the communication flow as in (21). The MGCC then sends the Δf to the DSLF Controller to maintain the frequency. ...
In an isolated microgrid with low inertia system components, the load frequency control (LFC) problem becomes more cumbersome due to presence of stochastic renewable generation. The diesel generator acts as a dominant generating unit in an isolated microgrid and participates in LFC. Since microgrid spread over a large geographical area, communication delays during exchange of control and measurement signals at the Load Frequency Controller affect the LFC scheme. Till now, either these communication delays were ignored or considered as a constant in the literature, computed through estimation models, at all nodes. Filling this research gap, this paper designs and develops an IEC 61850 based communication model for computing realistic communication delays between the microgrid entities. The IEC 61850 based information models of microgrid entities are developed and presented. Then, proposed and then performance of developed communication model is analyzed through an integrated network emulation platform using the real-life implementations of IEC 61850 communication models and a network simulator. The performance of Load frequency controller in presence of realistic communication delays validates the communication design.
... Gamel and Sultan (2023) emphasized wind energy as a cost-effective and fast-growing technology that contributes to resource conservation, rural power system enhancement, and carbon emission reduction. Nonetheless, because renewable sources are not dispatchable, energy storage facilities are required to retain any excess energy generated during low-demand periods (Hussain et al., 2020a). This stored energy can then be used during peak demand. ...
... • This paper examines the exploration and prospective use of V2G technologies, which serve as feasible means for minimizing the financial risks inherent in power generation imbalances. Gamel and Sultan (2023) Analyzed the relationship between wind speed and power output Did not consider power system stability or economic impacts Hussain et al. (2020a) Optimal energy routing in microgrids with energy routers based on IEC 61850 ...
Profit maximization is crucial for both producers and customers in power grids, particularly in deregulated energy markets. By focusing on profit maximization measures, power grids can improve economic viability and sustainability for all stakeholders. The growing demand for electricity in modern civilization poses a significant challenge to the power grid’s ability to meet it. To address these difficulties, the power industry is attempting to integrate renewable sources into existing power facilities. Because of its unpredictable character, the presence of renewable energy in the electricity system becomes increasingly important and adds complexity to the grid. Given the intermittent nature of renewable sources, an energy storage device is required in this scenario. During the low-power use phase, the grid has ample power. Meanwhile, energy storage devices can be utilized to store extra power in the low power demand phase while maintaining the safety and stability of the power network during peak demand periods. V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) technology is commonly employed to address the uncertainty of renewable resources while maintaining system stability. By using automobiles as transportable storage devices, V2G can make the best use of excess electricity during low-energy hours. Wind energy’s volatility causes imbalances, lowering system profitability. With wind energy integration, power system profitability can be improved by analyzing uncertainties and employing mitigation strategies. To overcome the issue, the research optimizes the use of V2G and TCSC (thyristor-controlled series compensator). V2G permits bidirectional power flow, lowering imbalance pricing (IP) while considering power demand. TCSC can increase the transient stability of transmission lines, hence reducing line faults. TCSC’s involvement in the system increases profitability by lowering congestion expenses. Strategic TCSC placement increases overall profitability. The approach strives to offer efficient, environmentally friendly power at a reasonable price while addressing the needs of both power providers and customers. This study also looks into the effects of V2G mixing on voltage stability, LMP (locational marginal price), and the effectiveness of a TCSC in a deregulated electrical system. MiPower software is used to simulate operation and find the optimal placement of the storage unit within the IEEE 14-bus system.
... This requires a standard communication approach to be developed in power systems. While this topic is very broad and cannot be fully discussed in this chapter, interested readers are encouraged to refer to these works for further details [36,37]. An unwanted result of such standardization is cybersecurity vulnerabilities that created unprecedented issues in power systems [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
... While this topic is very broad and cannot be fully discussed in this chapter, interested readers are encouraged to refer to these works for further details [36,37]. An unwanted result of such standardization is cybersecurity vulnerabilities that created unprecedented issues in power systems [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. This is also a very recent and fertile research field that cannot be properly discussed here and needs its own discussion avenue. ...
Energy sector is a big source of carbon emissions. Traditionally, it is built, almost entirely, on fossil fuels with the exception of hydro and nuclear power plants. In line with the global mobilization toward tackling global warming by reducing carbon emissions, energy sector is trying to transition its generation portfolio to clean and sustainable energy sources. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and wave provide energy without carbon emissions and provide a good alternative to traditional fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas. Another opportunity lies at the intersection of energy with transportation sector, another big contributor to carbon emissions. When electrified with renewables, transportation sector can both reduce its carbon emissions and provide support to electrical grid via novel solutions such as smart charging. However, these benefits come at a price. Non-dispatchable nature of renewable energy sources and their low inertia create operational and planning issues that make it hard to ensure demand is always met and the system operates in a healthy way. This chapter covers how renewable penetration can be increased while mitigating these issues with novel solutions. These include novel optimization ideas based on nature and new devices such as smart inverters.
... The concept of energy routers (ERs) is proposed to provide plug-and-play interfaces for distributed renewable energy resources, energy storage devices, and loads [4]. ER can also improve the controllability of the smart grid [5,6], including active controls of bidirectional flows of energy, power quality control, and energy management optimization [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. Generally, ER is based on multi-port converters (ER-MPC) [4,[13][14][15][16][17], or the electronic power transformer (ER-EPT) [18][19][20][21]. ...
... The current harmonic compensation, reactive power compensation, and asymmetry compensation for non-linear load from Port 2 are achieved by Converter B. Converter A and T 2 work together for the fluctuation and harmonic compensation of grid voltage. Furthermore, when ER-MLFT transmits power to the distribution grid, line loss may become significant with heavy power injection [12], and Converter A can compensate for the line loss through the series transformer T 2 . ...
Energy routers based on the electronic power transformer are suitable for the AC–DC hybrid grid with multiple voltage levels, but their structures are complex. This paper proposes a novel energy router based on the multi‐winding line frequency transformer. By a combination of a multi‐winding line frequency transformer and power electronic devices, the proposed energy router can take advantage of the high reliability of the multi‐winding line frequency transformer and the high controllability of power electronic devices. The proposed energy router is suitable for the AC–DC hybrid grid with multiple voltage levels and has the characteristic of a simple structure. The simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed energy router.
... Additionally, a particle swarm optimization algorithm has been developed to determine the amount of energy that needs to be collected from each producer, considering customer satisfaction. An optimal selection of source and routing path strategies has been developed in [10] based on International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 communication routing algorithm in microgrids. The proposed method successfully discovers the lowest loss route in a microgrid based on the least objective function value. ...
... The objective function of the routing optimization problem aims to minimize operational costs, power losses, and environmental costs. Thus, the optimal electricity routing in a NA is formulated as (10). ...
The Energy Router (ER) concept as a compact intelligent power electronic device has been proposed as the core of the Internet of Energy (IoE), maximizing energy efficiency, minimizing loss and costs, and addressing growing electricity demand. However, optimizing electricity routing in the residential sector has not been well investigated. Moreover, complex modeling of the energy components besides the uncertain environment made the conventional methods impotent in tackling these problems. Consequently, this research proposes a novel algorithm titled Approximate Reasoning Reward-based Adaptable Deep Double Q-Learning (A2R-ADDQL) that is introduced specially to optimize electricity routing in residential units. As a result, both overestimation and underestimation biases are reduced comparing other deep Q-Learning-based algorithms. Moreover, the sample complexity of the model is decreased due to utilizing a fuzzy approximate reasoning reward function. Ultimately, the proposed algorithm is assessed on a real-world dataset evaluating the findings in several benchmarks. The results indicate that the proposed model is unbiased while convergence speed is higher than other analyzed techniques. Additionally, monthly average cost and power loss are lowered by 24.9% and 29.1% more than other techniques. Finally, the proposed algorithm reduces greenhouse gases emission by 3.91 kg per month.
... Its popularity stems not only from its eco-friendly credentials but also from its economic viability and technological advancements [9][10][11]. This surge in interest has sparked a revolution in power systems, reshaping the way we generate, distribute, and consume energy [12,13]. Governments, industries, and communities are increasingly investing in wind, solar, hydro, and other renewable sources, driving innovation and fostering a transition towards cleaner, more resilient energy networks [14,15]. ...
... • Control of pitch angles (Hussain et al., 2020a)- (Safiullah et al., 2022). • Grid connection (Hussain et al., 2020b)- (Iqbal and Singh, 2021). ...
This study investigates strategies for enhancing the performance of dual-star induction generators in wind power systems by optimizing the full control algorithm. The control mechanisms involved include the PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller for speed regulation and the PI (Proportional-Integral) controller for flux, DC-link voltage, and grid connection control. The primary objective is to optimize the entire system by fine-tuning PID and PI controllers through the application of meta-heuristic algorithms, specifically Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These algorithms play a crucial role in estimating the optimal values of Kp, Ki, and Kd for the PID speed controller, as well as Kp and Ki for the PI controller used in the flux, DC-link voltage, and grid connection for wind energy conversion system based dual-star induction generator. This comprehensive optimization ensures accurate parameter tuning for optimal system performance. A comparative analysis of the optimization results has been conducted, focusing on the outcomes obtained with the GWO algorithm. The findings reveal a notable reduction in steady-state error, signifying improved stability, and an overall enhancement in the wind power system’s performance. This study contributes valuable insights into the effective application of meta-heuristic algorithms for optimizing dual-star induction generators in wind power systems.
... These hubs are essential for enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of energy supply networks. They make use of energy routers for electrical energy routing [109]. This section delves into the concept of energy hubs and their practical applications, highlighting their critical function in merging different energy sources to optimize the distribution and utilization of energy. ...
This review paper critically examines the role of demand response (DR) in energy management, considering the increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and the rise in electric vehicle (EV) adoption. As the energy landscape shifts toward sustainability, recognizing the synergies and challenges offered by RESs and EVs becomes critical. The study begins by explaining the notion of demand response, emphasizing its importance in optimizing energy usage and grid stability. It then investigates the specific characteristics and possible benefits of incorporating RESs and EVs into DR schemes. This assessment evaluates the effectiveness of DR techniques in leveraging the variability of renewable energy generation and managing the charging patterns of electric vehicles. Furthermore, it outlines important technological, regulatory, and behavioral impediments to DR’s mainstream adoption alongside RESs and EVs. By synthesizing current research findings, this paper provides insights into opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and advancing sustainable energy systems through the coordinated implementation of demand response, renewable energy sources, and electric vehicles.
... The lower level focuses on minimizing daily operation costs by managing operations within Energy Hubs (EHs), while the upper level optimizes the routing of energy between EHs to minimize losses. The authors in [23] have introduced a novel objective function for energy routing that considers voltage distortion. This approach enables the supply of additional load through paths with minimal power loss, leading to improved voltage stability. ...
The Energy Internet (EI) has emerged as a promising field within smart grids, addressing capacity limitations and discrepancies in energy resources. It facilitates a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading environment for EI prosumers and consumers, reducing reliance on the main grid. To ensure an efficient P2P trading process, it is essential to route energy through the path with minimal power loss optimally. The Energy Router (ER) plays a pivotal role in governing power flow through EI. This paper presents the development of a novel real-time Zbus-based method for directing P2P energy transactions within the EI considering congestion management. The proposed method depends on bus impedance matrix in forming the routing matrix. Firstly, the ER's structure and function are outlined in relation to the network, and then to design the EI's topology using an adjacency matrix representation. Secondly, the proposed method methodology is presented in steps and explained on simple 7-bus microgrid. Additionally, a novel congestion management method is integrated into the routing algorithm, considering transmission line loading and available capacity during route selection. Furthermore, the paper applies a power flow technique to the selected routes to optimize power flow performance. The proposed method demonstrates enhanced directness and accuracy compared to existing approaches. Its efficiency is validated by testing a modified IEEE 14-bus system and the standard IEEE 30-bus system. Importantly, the method successfully identifies the minimum loss path, despite the unnecessity of power loss calculations in the routing algorithm. The key contribution of this research lies in providing a comprehensive and practical solution for P2P energy transactions in the EI, showcasing substantial improvements in accuracy, efficiency, and congestion management compared to previous methods.
... Optimization methods are usually used to find the best solutions by ensuring profitability and reliability by managing the MG operation [8,9]. Most researchers are trying to find new ways to improve the existing system's performance, reliability, efficiency, and comfort. ...
This study presents an implementation of optimal Diesel Generator (DG) operation on a university campus, taking several strategies for managing the campus Micro Grid (MG) into account. The actual dataset is used to solve the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based energy management optimization problem of a campus MG consisting of a Utility Grid (UG), DG, and Wind Turbine (WT). The objective is to operate the campus MG more economically under the Time of Use (ToU) tariff by considering reliability, carbon balance, and peak load shaving. Five case studies are conducted at a university campus using a deterministic approach to validate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is economically beneficial by an average of 26.41% while keeping the carbon balance almost constant and decreasing the peak load by 15.8%. To summarize, the findings of this study demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method in real-world applications with no investment by economical operation of the DG considering the carbon balance of the campus.
... The lower level focuses on minimizing daily operation costs by managing operations within Energy Hubs (EHs), while the upper level optimizes the routing of energy between EHs to minimize losses. The authors in [23] have introduced a novel objective function for energy routing that considers voltage distortion. This approach enables the supply of additional load through paths with minimal power loss, leading to improved voltage stability. ...
The Energy Internet (EI) has emerged as a promising field within smart grids, addressing capacity limitations and discrepancies in energy resources. It facilitates a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading environment for EI prosumers and consumers, reducing reliance on the main grid. To ensure an efficient P2P trading process, it is essential to route energy through the path with minimal power loss optimally. The Energy Router (ER) plays a pivotal role in governing power flow through EI. This paper presents the development of a novel real-time Zbus-based method for directing P2P energy transactions within the EI considering congestion management. The proposed method
depends on bus impedance matrix in forming the routing matrix.
Firstly, the ER's structure and function are outlined in relation to the network, and then to design the EI’s topology using an adjacency matrix representation. Secondly, the proposed method methodology is presented in steps and explained on simple 7-bus microgrid.
Additionally, a novel congestion management method is integrated into the routing algorithm, considering transmission line loading and available capacity during route selection. Furthermore, the paper applies a power flow technique to the selected routes to optimize power flow performance. The proposed method demonstrates enhanced directness and accuracy compared to existing approaches. Its efficiency is validated by testing a modified IEEE 14-bus system and the standard IEEE 30-bus system. Importantly, the method successfully identifies the minimum loss path, despite the unnecessity of power loss calculations in the routing algorithm. The key contribution of this research lies in providing a comprehensive and practical solution for P2P energy transactions in the EI, showcasing substantial improvements in accuracy, efficiency, and congestion management compared to previous methods.
... Energy routers for terminal applications are widely used, and can effectively utilize distributed energy and meet the development goal of "double carbon", having high research significance. Therefore, energy routers have accordingly been studied in terms of overall architecture [11], control strategy [12,13], internal communication design [14], and key parameters [15], but so far, no expert scholars have proposed a general energy router architecture and a control strategy that can satisfy various operating conditions. Ref. [16] proposed a coordinated control strategy for AC-DC hybrid ER based on energy storage and voltage stabilization that used multiple sets of converters to provide a wealth of AC-DC ports, and also classified the external ports for consideration, but its module control strategy was relatively simple, and the dynamic performance required improvement. ...
Multi-port energy routers are a core device that integrates distributed energy sources and enables energy-to-energy interconnections. For the energy routing system, the construction of its topology, the establishment of internal model switching and the control of common bus voltage stability are the key elements of the research. In this paper, a five-port energy router structure is proposed, including a PV port, an energy storage port, a grid-connected port, a DC load port, and an AC load port. Among them, the energy storage port and the grid-connected port involve bidirectional energy flow, which are the core ports of control. For the system state, a model switching strategy is proposed based on the topology and the port energy flow direction. When the external conditions change, the system can be stabilized by means of a quick response from the energy storage port. When the energy storage is saturated, the state is switched, and the grid-connected port works to achieve system stability. The rapid stabilization of the bus voltage and the free flow of energy are achieved by combining the fast response of the model predictive control with the properties of multiple model switching. Finally, the feasibility of this energy router topology and control strategy is verified by building simulations in MATLAB.
... Use of latest technology such as SCADA system is very important. Also, due to flexibility and robustness, SCADA has been widely used in many countries for different applications such as renewable energy, electric vehicles and microgrid controllers [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Extensive communication has become popular in SCADA systems so that researchers are focusing on potential cybersecurity issues and their mitigations such as message integrity [16,17], confidentiality [18,19], authentication [20][21][22] as well as overall system security solutions [23][24][25]. ...
Intake is one of the most important pumping stations in water treatment plant (WTP) and greatly effects the overall plant efficiency. Intake mainly consist of high-tension (HT) motor pump such as vertical turbine pump and submersible pump. The required power supply for intake is generally fed from the main grid through distribution company/department. At the same time, high operational cost of the diesel generator (DG) power back up source results in a huge burden. Also, internet of things (IoT) and Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) based system is widely used nowadays. Therefore, study regarding monitoring strategies of intake is very important and is rarely to be found. In this paper, monitoring strategies of Greater Aizawl Water Supply Schemes phase II is studied. The main objectives are; to study and analyze pump energy consumption (viz. Feeder Current, Frequency etc.); to implement ladder logic for monitoring energy parameters using MOVEREAL. The study shows monitoring of intake energy parameters as well as the feeding substation, showing that SCADA can be efficiently used as an energy management plan.
... B IDIRECTIONAL dc-dc converters have been widely used in energy storage systems [1], electric vehicles [2], energy routers [3], etc. With the development of dc microgrids, their applications are more extensive. ...
LCL-type resonant dual active bridge (LCL-DAB) DC-DC converters feature high gain, high power density, and low reactive current. To further improve the efficiency, based on the dual-phase shift (DPS) modulation method, the operating characteristics are firstly derived and the design regions of soft-switching and no backflow power are established, and then a perturbation observation method based optimization seeking control of soft-switching and no backflow power is proposed in this paper. In the starting process, the system firstly tracks the reference voltage according to the relationship between the inner and outer phase shift ratio obtained by the first harmonic approximation. Then, the outer phase shift ratio is perturbed based on the characteristics of soft-switching and backflow power, approaching the target phase shift ratio stepwise, while the inner phase shift ratio is calibrated to hold the output voltage. Both H bridges can operate in soft-switching mode, and on this basis, the backflow power was eliminated to the maximum extent. Finally, the simulation and experimental results verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
... The combined operation of conventional and renewable energy sources can minimize the system risk by reducing the mismatch between power generation and demand. The restrictions in the construction of new transmission lines force the companies to develop new technologies for transmitting power through the existing lines [3,4]. However, there is a limitation in power flow through the present transmission channel due to the thermal limits of the transmission lines. ...
Power system networks are becoming more complex and decentralized with the foreword of deregulation in the global power sector. In this scenario, an independent system operator (ISO) is responsible for determining the appropriate actions to deliver stable and quality power to the customers connected to the network at the lowest cost without violating the system security limits. Violations of any security limit may result in system risk. The unstable and non-reliable system always has some drawbacks and is not desirable from the consumer’s point of view. A deregulated power market always keeps the consumer on the advantage side by giving stable, reliable, and less costly power. By using risk assessment tools, we identify the fault conditions and we try to minimize the risk by various uses of sequential programming methods. In this paper, a novel power system risk analysis and congestion management approach are introduced with considering meta-heuristic algorithms i.e., Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA) and Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC) in renewable energy integrated electricity market. The proposed power system risk analysis is constructed with the help of two risk valuation tools named Conditional-Value-at-risk (CVaR) and Value-at-risk (VaR). The higher negative value of VaR and CVaR represents the higher risk system and lower negative value or towards a positive value of VaR and CVaR denotes the less risk or stable system. The projected method has been experienced on the IEEE 14-bus test system and IEEE 30-bus test system to examine the usefulness of the meta-heuristic algorithm in system risk analysis under the deregulated environment. The importance of renewable energy integration in system risk curtailment has also been depicted in this work: basically, to measure the system’s risk, hence enhancing the system’s reliability and societal welfare. As a result, it will benefit both supply and demand-side participants.
... New energy sources are very important because energy consumption will increase very rapidly in the future, both in industry and in information technology [4]. Nevertheless, the fluctuations of new energy sources (such as wind and solar energy) and the disorderly charging of electric vehicles will have a great impact on the power balance and power quality of the system [5][6][7]. To solve these issues, the energy router (ER) based on advanced power electronic devices and distributed control is widely applied, which can realize multi-directional energy flow and active control of power flow [8,9]. ...
For the distribution area with a high penetration rate of new energy, the traditional power supply system has some problems, such as a single form of power supply and low utilization of new energy. Because the multi-port energy router can realize the interconnection and complementation of multiple energy forms, it has become the key piece of equipment in the hybrid AC/DC distribution area. Nevertheless, restricted by the existing control strategy, the performance of the energy router in complex operation mode switching and coordinated control still needs to be further improved. To address this issue, the free switching control strategy is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the topology and model of the multi-port energy router are designed and established. Secondly, the operation mode of the system is analyzed, and the control strategy of each port is designed. Then, a reference power calculation method suitable for multi-mode operation is derived. Based on this, the control strategy does not need to be changed when operation modes are switched. Furthermore, the extended state observer is introduced to track and compensate for the new energy disturbance, which can improve the power quality of the system. Finally, the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy of the multi-port energy router can realize flexible and controllable power transmission among various modules in the distribution area and the free switching of multi-operation modes without changing the control strategy.
... The microgrid (MG) is an effective way to utilize the renewable energy sources (RESs), energy store systems and load demands by providing energy management [1]. Optimization methods are used to find the best solutions to control the MG by ensuring stable and reliable operation [2][3][4]. Existing studies in the literature are classified as deterministic MG operation or stochastic MG operation [5][6][7]. In the deterministic operation, RES power output and load demand have not been taken into consideration as uncertainty. ...
An energy management system based on the rolling horizon control approach has been proposed for the grid-connected dynamic and stochastic microgrid of a university campus in Malta. The aims of the study are to minimize the fuel cost of the diesel generator, minimize the cost of power transfer between the main grid and the micro grid, and minimize the cost of deterioration of the battery to be able to provide optimum economic operation. Since uncertainty in renewable energy sources and load is inevitable, rolling horizon control in the stochastic framework is used to manage uncertainties in the energy management system problem. Both the deterministic and stochastic processes were studied to approve the effectiveness of the algorithm. Also, the results are compared with the Myopic and Mixed Integer Linear Programming algorithms. The results show that the life span of the battery and the associated economic savings are correlated with the SOC values.
... A quantity buffer was proposed to solve the problem of network real-time control loss (Xia et al., 2021). An improved energy routing algorithm was explored to solve standardization and interoperability communication problems (Hussain et al., 2019). 2) Cloud technology and 5G networks have made SESs gradually establish a distributed shared database (Hui et al., 2020). ...
Energy crisis and environmental pollution have expedited the transition of the energy system. Global use of low-carbon energy has increased from 1:6.16 to 1:5.37. Smart energy systems have received significant support and development to accelerate the development of smart cities and achieve the carbon neutrality goal. As a result of analyzing recent related publications and weighing their merits and downsides, it is determined that a more comprehensive and objective analysis of the main technologies underlying smart energy systems is necessary for the context of the new era. We report thoroughly on the six important hotspot technologies in smart energy systems, and undertake a comparative analysis of each technology's performance features, application status, and challenges. The ten key obstacles to developing a smart energy system are examined in terms of technology constraints, the social environment, human survival, and extreme climate circumstances. The four opportunities that smart energy systems confront in the digital age are examined in terms of governmental support, technology innovation, and public participation. The purpose of this research is to advance the creation of smart energy systems and the sustainable development of society in two ways: i) Smart energy system research should begin with a combination of technological innovation and practical application; ii) Key technologies in smart energy systems should consider the needs of people's livelihoods to evolve in a more intelligent and diverse path.
... Similar to the Internet, wide-area EI is organized into smaller-scale local area EIs such as community EI for more effective operation and management, as shown in Fig. 1 [11]. ERs are perceived as the core equipment of EI as they are responsible for routing energy across the EI with the objective to minimize the transmission loss between energy trading pairs [12][13][14]. This gives rise to the energy routing problem of finding the optimum path for transmitting power between a given energy trading pair. ...
Modern power grid is becoming increasingly decentralized due to the rapid penetration of distributed energy sources. The concept of Energy Internet has been proposed as an open framework for interconnecting all distributed electrical devices via energy routers. However, efficient power transmission across the complex Energy Internet depends critically on the implementation of efficient energy routing algorithm. In this paper, an optimal energy routing algorithm is proposed to minimize transmission loss and achieve efficient energy routing. A semi-decentralized algorithm is proposed to distribute the computational load to individual energy routers for relieving the computational burden of the network control center. Routing information is shared among all energy routers via a common information sharing platform. With the proposed energy routing algorithm, transmission loss is further reduced and line congestion problem can be avoided by adopting multi-path transmissions. In the presence of multiple source-sink pairs and path overlapping, congestion and conflicts are resolved by cooperative routing. Transmission paths of the coalition formed are re-planned with the objective to minimize the total transmission loss of the coalition, and transmission loss savings are fairly assigned according to the Shapley values of members. Finally, the proposed energy routing algorithm is rigorously verified by numerical simulations.
... And upper layer energy routing control in the energy wide area network (E-WAN) between the ERs. Aiming at the upper E-WAN routing control, existing research references define the concept of virtual circuit transmission in the information internet, taking the energy loss minimization as the optimization goal, and designing the routing control strategy based on the minimum loss path (MLP) [18][19][20][21]. Nevertheless, the MLP strategy has a low utilization rate of lines and has unbalanced transmission energy of different lines, leading to greater loss and easy energy congestion [22]. ...
The multi-energy interconnected energy system (MEIES) consists of multiple energy hubs (EHs) connected through the energy router (ER). To realize the optimal operation of the MEIES, this paper proposes an energy optimization and routing control strategy for the neotype MEIES based on ER using the lower and upper layers. In the lower layer, the multi-energy conversion device and storage device in the energy local area network (E- LAN) are modeled in detail, and the minimum cost electricity-heat-gas-cool multi-energy optimization strategy is realized. In the upper layer, the electric, heating, and natural gas network’s energy flow is normalized by strict mathematical derivation in the energy wide area network (E-WAN). The generalized energy loss model of a multi-energy network with the unified mathematical equation is obtained. Then, based on the loss model and fully considering the differences of national conditions and policies, the unified energy routing control strategy of minimum loss local absorption (MLLA) in the monopoly market and of minimum loss multipath transmission (MLMT) in the competitive market are proposed for different decision-makers. Moreover, two kinds of ER transactions of competitive market priority ranking methods are proposed to achieve the expected incentive goal by transferring the energy loss of the transaction from one to another, which are the priority determined by the quotation and transaction volume. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the overall strategy are verified by simulation and comparison.
... This is achieved by studying the capabilities of the said device and mapping them from the electrical domain to the communication domain within the rules and limitations of the IEC 61850 standard. Some of the devices have ready-made models such as smart inverters [39], while others may need novel models developed for the first time [40][41][42][43]. These models are representations of the devices in the communication world where only information is exchanged, not power. ...
Smartgrid technologies necessitate the use of information technologies (IT) and communication in power system networks. There are different ways of integrating power system equipment in the communication layer for successful information exchange. IEC 61850 offers standard support object-oriented modeling and standardized parameter declaration. This lends itself to the diverse nature of power systems and supports plug-and-play (PnP) operation in smartgrids. Considering the amount of time that is invested in customizing non-PnP communication networks, this is a huge advantage and the main reason behind the popularity of IEC 61850. In line with this popularity, the body of research regarding this standard is constantly growing. In order to test the developed IEC 61850 models and messages, various tools are required. Researchers operate with a limited budget and have to know the abilities and limitations of such tools before making a procurement decision. This paper provides a critical review of IEC 61850 testing tools available in the market. It compares them in terms of their abilities, technical superiority and customer experience, including delivery time and customer support. Researchers in this field will benefit significantly from this work when making procurement decisions based on their needs.
... Therefore, they need cybersecurity protection studies for each security component because traditional techniques are applied for the first time. Because the SG system is a cyber-physical and communication system, the power is also exchanged [15]. A thorough review that studies components of the SG system security is required. ...
Increased data collection and monitoring enable control systems to have a better understanding of the pseudo-real-time condition of power systems. In this fashion, more accurate and effective decisions can be made. This is the key towards mitigating negative impacts of novel technologies such as renewables and electric vehicles and increasing their share in the overall generation portfolio. However, such extensive information exchange has created cybersecurity vulnerabilities in power systems that were not encountered before. It is imperative that these vulnerabilities are understood well, and proper mitigation techniques are implemented.
This paper presents an extensive study of cybersecurity concerns in Smart grids in line with latest developments. Relevant standardization and mitigation efforts are discussed in detail and then the classification of different cyber-attacks in smart grid domain with special focus on false data injection (FDI) attack, due to its high impact on different operations. Different uses of this attack as well as developed detection models and methods are analysed.
... In the smart grid, communications have been mainly hosted on registered networks as well as SCADA systems. Industrial protocols, e.g., DNP3 as well as International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 61850) have been established for communications between and within substations along with control centers [87]. ...
This paper presents an inclusive review of the cyber-physical (CP) attacks, vulnerabilities, mitigation approaches on the power electronics and the security challenges for the smart grid applications. With the rapid evolution of the physical systems in the power electronics applications for interfacing renewable energy sources that incorporate with cyber frameworks, the cyber threats have a critical impact on the smart grid performance. Due to the existence of electronic devices in the smart grid applications, which are interconnected through communication networks, these networks may be subjected to severe cyber-attacks by hackers. If this occurs, the digital controllers can be physically isolated from the control loop. Therefore, the cyber-physical systems (CPSs) in the power electronic systems employed in the smart grid need special treatment and security. In this paper, an overview of the power electronics systems security on the networked smart grid from the CP perception, as well as then emphases on prominent CP attack patterns with substantial influence on the power electronics components operation along with analogous defense solutions. Furthermore, appraisal of the CPS threats attacks mitigation approaches, and encounters along the smart grid applications are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes with upcoming trends and challenges in CP security in the smart grid applications.
... An IEC 61850-based model of a MG protection system with logical nodes and datasets is proposed in [20] which is aimed at ensuring the protection in a bidirectional system. In [21] authors propose a standardized communication framework based on IEC 61850 to manage energy routers and to improve the operation of MGs achieving the optimal selection of the power source and routing path. Communications for management and control of MGs based on IEC 61850 are designed and implemented in [22] and [23], proving the effectiveness and security of the standard when implemented in a distributed EMS with small end-to-end latency times within WAN networks. ...
Since the advent of the microgrid (MG) concept, almost two decades ago, the energy sector has evolved from a centralized operational approach to a distributed generation paradigm challenged by the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DERs) mainly based on renewable energy. This has encouraged new business models and management strategies looking for a balance between energy generation and consumption, and promoting an efficient utilization of energy resources within MGs and minimizing costs for the market participants. In this context, this paper introduces an efficient management strategy, which is aimed at obtaining a fair division of costs billed by the utilities, without relying on a centralized utility or MG aggregator, through the design of a local event-based energy market within the MG. This event-driven MG energy market operates with blockchain (BC) technology based on smart contracts for electricity transactions to both guarantee veracity and immutability of the data and automate the transactions. The event-based energy market approach focuses on two of the design limitations of BC, namely the amount of information to be stored and the computational burden, which are significantly reduced while maintaining a high level of performance. Furthermore, the prosumer data is obtained by using IEC 61850 standard-based commands within the BC framework. By doing so, the system is compatible with any device irrespective of the manufacturer implementing the IEC 61850 standard. The advantages of this management approach are considerable for: MG participants, in terms of financial benefits; the MG itself, as it can operate more independently from the main grid; and the grid since the MG becomes less unpredictable due to the internal energy exchanges. The proposed strategy is validated on an experimental setup employing low-cost devices.
... Thanks to its object oriented and interoperable information models, IEC 61850 is poised to be a future communication standard for smart grids [9]. IEC 61850 information models for different power utility components are available in literature, e.g., Electric Vehicle (EV) [10], home energy management system [11], energy routers [12], PV stations [13]. Apart from information models, IEC 61850 standards define type of communication messages, namely Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), Sample Value (SV) and Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS). ...
Reactive power management in microgrids with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) is challenging. The intermittent generation of DRES makes the power management cumbersome. Generally, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) are employed for reactive power compensation in microgrids. However, for effective results in microgrids, coordinated operation between DSTATCOM and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) is required. In this paper, IEC 61850 communication is proposed for realizing coordinated operation between microgrid controller (MGCC), DSTATCOM and DERs. In microgrids, there may be large number of DERs dispersed over a large area. Hence, the underlying communication network technology for IEC 61850 communication must be highly scalable with wide range. Recently developed communication technology Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a promising solution since it offers high data rates, reliability, scalability and longer range. In this paper, the developed IEC 61850 based reactive power management system is tested with the LTE technology and the performance evaluation tests have been performed. Firstly, IEC 61850 messages have been mapped on LTE stack to enable their transmission. Then, simulations over a network emulator have been performed to evaluate the performance of IEC 61850 communication message exchanges over LTE network in terms of End to End (ETE) delays.
The current society is becoming increasingly interconnected and hyper-connected. Communication networks are advancing, as well as logistics networks, or even networks for the transportation and distribution of natural resources. One of the key benefits of the evolution of these networks is to bring consumers closer to the source of a resource or service. However, this is not a straightforward task, particularly since networks near final users are usually shaped by heterogeneous nodes, sometimes even in very dense scenarios, which may demand or offer a resource at any given moment. In this paper, we present DEN2NE, a novel algorithm designed for the automatic distribution and reallocation of resources in distributed environments. The algorithm has been implemented with six different criteria in order to adapt it to the specific use case under consideration. The results obtained from DEN2DE are promising, owing to its adaptability and its average execution time, which follows a linear distribution in relation to the topology size.
In order to relieve the pressure caused by the direct input of all kinds of distributed energy to the stable operation of distribution network, a kind of multi-port energy router with common DC bus is studied. The energy router provides five standardized interfaces that enable “plug and play” for photovoltaic, energy storage, diesel generators, DC loads and distribution network ports. The virtual motor control algorithm is introduced into the interface control link of energy router, which can increase the damping and inertia of the system, effectively reduce the voltage fluctuation of DC bus, and realize the friendly interconnection between distributed energy and distribution network. At the same time, an improved virtual synchronous motor control algorithm is introduced to make the energy router run stably under the voltage drop of power grid. Finally, an experimental model is built by simulation software to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
The energy router (ER) is key to realizing the coordinated management and efficient utilization of multiple forms of energy in Energy Internet. This paper proposes a novel design and configuration method for the physical layer of ER by using complex network theory. Firstly, an abstract model of the physical layer of ER is introduced according to its function, and important modules in the model are illustrated in details. Secondly, based on the electrical characteristics of ports, the community structure of the power networks inside ER is analyzed by the improved Girvan-Newman (GN) algorithm to design the independent bus systems (IBSs) and generate the network topology of the physical layer. Then, the optimization model of equipment configuration of the power supply and distribution systems of ER is developed considering the economy, utilization efficiency, and power supply reliability. Finally, two case studies demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively accomplish the module-level structure design and device configuration for the physical layer of ER.
Due to limitations of topology, the series architecture electric energy router (SA-EER) for low-voltage distribution network (LVDN) has the disadvantages that the energy transmission range is limited to 100% and reactive powers are unable to operate flexibly. For this reason, a new type of EER with seriesparallel architecture (SPA-EER) is constructed in this paper, and it can break through the above disadvantages in SA-EER. In addition to series-parallel architecture, a two-degree-of-freedom power flow flexible control strategy (TDF-PFFCS) is proposed to further support the realization of these two breakthroughs. According to TDF, the operation states of SPA-EER can be discriminated
into 6 modes, and then their operation mechanisms are analyzed. Considering the rated capacity limitations of LVDN ports and power electronic converters in SPA-EER, the operation ranges of TDF are discussed, and constraint relationships between TDF and these rated capacities are further established, so as to avoid the issue of over-limit rated capacities. Finally, the simulation results prove that the constructed SPA-EER and
proposed TDF-PFFCS can achieve the transmission targets that the maximum allowable amounts of active and reactive powers are 200% and 120% respectively, which provides new design ideas and solutions for EERs to realize the high-power energy flexible transmission.
Energy internet is a multi-energy system with “source-network-load-storage” coordinated and optimized operation, and the research on the routing mechanism of its core equipment called electric energy router (EER) is a significant aspect of the energy optimization in the energy internet. In this paper, the existing EERs routing mechanisms are improved in terms of optimization objectives, congestion management, and heavy load power supply. Firstly, the structure and function of the EER are described from the perspective of the network, and the topology of the energy internet is designed based on graph theory. Secondly, in combination with the concept of virtual circuit transmission, open shortest path first routing algorithm, policy-based routing, and routing policy in information internet, a two-stage routing mechanism of day-ahead peer-to-peer transaction and intraday power balance is proposed. Furthermore, a minimum cost routing selection algorithm with the cost weight coefficients is also proposed to support the studied mechanism. Besides, an equal-cost incremental principle is proposed to optimize transmission congestion management and heavy load power supply, which can realize the lowest cost transmission through the least path. Finally, the routing mechanism is verified by case analyses which prove the relevance of the proposed method.
The increasing installation of distributed energy resources during the last years has led to a fundamental change in the power system structure. As a consequence, utility operators are faced with new challenges in grid planning and control. The consideration of smart grids show promising results in increasing the hosting capacity for distributed and renewable resources. Standardized automation, control, and communication systems are important keys to realize such intelligent methods. This paper focuses on a deployment methodology of IEC 61850 on an experimental platform for smart grid system. We were interested in evaluating the performance of the GOOSE communication. A standard‐based communication approach for distributed energy resources is introduced and implemented. It uses the IEC 61850 interoperability approach as well as the GOOSE communication for distributed automation. The implementation methodology is provided to handle the hierarchical architecture of distributed control applications. In order to show the advantages of the proposed methodology, a combined analytical and experimental approach is demonstrated for evaluation of GOOSE communication performances.
The inclusion of advanced technologies such as emerging energy internet and system perception via data fusion in the electric power systems enhances the overall performance and reliability of the power system. However, accurate path selection, congestion circumvention, and fault recovery in electric energy router (EER) within the emerging energy internet are the key challenges. This paper proposes the routing control strategy based on the minimum loss path (MLP) and the fault recovery strategy based on the multi-source cooperative power supply (MCPS) for accurate path selection, congestion circumvention, and fault recovery in electric energy router (EER). The proposed MLP strategy offers accurate path recognition having smaller power loss in congestion circumvention. Moreover, the MCPS strategy can guarantee the power supply of various loads and maximize the normal load to restore power during the fault. Meanwhile, two priority ranking methods, incentive reasonable quotation and incentive transaction volume realized by loss transfer, are proposed. Finally, the feasibility and superiority of the overall strategy are verified by simulation and comparison.
With the increasing access of renewable energy resources and fast ubiquitous connection of everything, the traditional one-way power flow from centralized generation to end consumers will give way to bidirectional-way power flow with multidirectional energy network among central grids and distributed prosumers. To empower the prosumer-centric Energy Internet (EI) and enhance the integration of energy-aware services, digitalization and decentralization are the key enablers to achieve transactive EI. This article presents a systematic overview on how Internet of Things (IoT) drives the digitalization of transactive EI and how blockchain empowers the decentralization of transactive EI. A comprehensive discussion on the key infrastructures is provided for presenting how to implement digitalization and decentralization of transactive EI, including the last mile “Advanced metering infrastructure” (AMI), renewables integrator “smart inverter”, energy flow adjuster “energy router”, and coordinator “Microgrid”. Challenges and future trends are discussed from an extensive point of view, including energy physical space, data cyber space and human social space.
As the number of electric vehicles and PhotoVoltaic (PV) panels per household increases, the need for a coordination between these active components becomes more imminent. Home energy management systems (HEMS) have been proposed to increase efficiency, renewable energy capture and reduce costs for the owners. However, renewable energy is intermittent and time dependent. To increase the capture of this source, an integrated control with Electric Vehicle (EVs) is required to store excessive solar energy. Furthermore, coordination with the load profile enables storage for use at a later time or selling the excess energy to the grid. This requires the use of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) that can coordinate all these components with the grid. Operation of these controllers need to be validated before actual deployment. In this paper, a standardized communication modeling based on IEC 61850 is developed for a HEMS controller. An integrated emulation platform using network simulator and IEC 61850 Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) emulator is set up and the operation of HEMS is demonstrated with proper message exchanges. Such validation is crucial to project’s success before on-site deployment.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) can act as flexible resources in grid due to their bidirectional power transfer capabilities. In microgrids, the bidirectional power transfer capability of EVs through proper scheduling can be utilized to improve reliability, security and quality of supply. Optimal scheduling of EVs is generally managed and controlled through the Energy Management System of microgrid. Since microgrid Energy Management (EM) based scheduling of EVs is data driven, an effective communication between different actors of EM is required. This paper presents a IEC 61850 communication-based EM in microgrids with integrated EVs. Further, augmentation of existing IEC 61850-90-8 logical nodes of EV and its related equipment with new data objects to include information exchanges for discharging operation of EVs have been proposed. Finally, in this paper, XMPP based communication approach and its mapping to the service models for EM problem has been demonstrated.
The energy router is an emerging device concept that is based on an advanced power electronic technique. It is able to realize flexible and dynamic electric power distribution in power systems analogous to the function of information routers in the Internet. It is of great interest to investigate how the energy router can be used to optimize power system operation. This paper formulates the steady-state power flow model of the energy router embedded system network and the related optimal power flow (OPF) formulation. The role of the energy router in providing extra flexibility to optimize the system operation is studied. Case studies are carried out on a modified IEEE RTS-79 system and a modified IEEE 118 bus system with the energy router. The results show that the energy router is able to optimize the operation of the power system through controlling the power injections and voltage of ports of the energy router. Operating objective such as adjusting branch power flow, improving bus voltage and reducing active power losses of the grid can be reached under different objective functions.
Dynamic operation and control of power system is being increasingly done with the help of phasor measurement unit (PMU) based wide area monitoring and control system. The data communication requirements for the PMU based applications are well addressed by IEEE C37.118.2 standard. However, IEC 61850 is now becoming a leading standard for power utility automation needs. A new part of IEC 61850, IEC 61850-90-5, specifying the IEEE C37.118.1 based synchrophasors data transfer according to IEC 61850, will lead to IEC 61850-90-5 based PMU communication networks. A novel IEC 61850-90-5 compliant communication model of PMU is proposed in this paper. We also present a comparative performance analysis of the PMU communication networks supporting the new synchrophasor standard for data transfer, i.e. IEC 61850-90-5, and the existing standard, i.e. IEEE C37.118.2, for end to end (ETE) delay requirements for a modified IEEE 30 bus test system.
The impact of numerous distributed generators (DGs) coupled with the implementation of virtual inertia on the transient stability of power systems has been studied extensively. Time-domain simulation is the most accurate and reliable approach to evaluate the dynamic behavior of power systems. However, the computational efficiency is restricted by their mul-ti-timescale property due to the combination of various DGs and synchronous generators. This paper presents a novel projective integration method (PIM) for the efficient transient stability simulation of power systems with high DG penetration. One procedure of the proposed PIM is decomposed into two stages, which adopt mixed explicit-implicit integration methods to achieve both efficiency and numerical stability. Moreover, the stability of the PIM is not affected by its parameter, which is related to the step size. Based on this property, an adaptive parameter scheme is developed based on error estimation to fit the time constants of the system dynamics and further increase the simulation speed. The presented approach is several times faster than the conventional integration methods with a similar level of accuracy. The proposed method is demonstrated using test systems with DGs and virtual synchronous generators, and the performance is verified against MATLAB/Simulink and DIgSILENT PowerFactory.
Deployments of Distributed Generators (DGs) have large impacts on the structure of electrical networks. In order to tackle these issues, the 'Microgrid' concept has been proposed. However, due to their unprecedented structure, these smaller grids experience very significant protection issues. Conventional fault current protection schemes cannot be used and should be modified due to the existence of generators at all levels of the distribution system. Furthermore, two distinct operating modes (grid connected and islanded modes) exist in microgrids causing the fault currents in a system to vary substantially. It is also a challenge to operate Inverter Interfaced DGs (IIDGs) and estimate their fault currents. Consequently, differential current protection gains more attention for the microgrid protection. Differential protection is very versatile since it does not require prior knowledge of fault currents. The dynamic structure of the microgrids, ever-expanding networks and new deployments would require such a versatile protection. This paper presents a conceptual design of a protection system which employs a microgrid central protection unit (MCPU) to coordinate differential current protection. This system is also used to accommodate multi-terminal differential protection and propose a roll-back strategy, in case of communication failure. The proposed system is also compared with the differential protection from a reliability perspective.
The growing number of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) deployments in Electrical Networks (ENs) have significant impacts on existing networks. In an effort to control these impacts, it is proposed to divide them into more manageable smaller sets which are called ‘microgrids’. Unlike conventional utility grids, microgrids include generators, storage devices and loads at all levels of the system. Power generation, distribution and consumption levels are not discrete and power flow may occur at any direction. Furthermore, some microgrids may have changing structures with alternative paths and the coupling point for a device or a part of the microgrid may change due to the altering conditions. In order to sustain a safe operation in such a versatile and dynamic structure, which has numerous parameters and variables (data) to be monitored, communicated and controlled, a new management strategy with extensive communication capability is required. The need of extensive communication between the microgrid components is widely accepted in the Power Engineering field. In an effort to standardize the communication methods and the data to be communicated, the IEC 61850 standard is issued by International Electrotechnical Commission. Currently, there are studies underway to extend this standard with IEC 61850-7-420 so that DERs can also be modeled in a standard way. This paper focuses on the review of IEC 61850-7-420 and its implementation for DER modeling. It also proposes an extension for devices with fault current limiters, a feature not previously included in the existing published standards
For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.
This paper presents an architecture for a future electric power distribution system that is suitable for plug-and-play of distributed renewable energy and distributed energy storage devices. Motivated by the success of the (information) Internet, the architecture described in this paper was proposed by the NSF FREEDM Systems Center, Raleigh, NC, as a roadmap for a future automated and flexible electric power distribution system. In the envisioned “Energy Internet,” a system that enables flexible energy sharing is proposed for consumers in a residential distribution system. The key technologies required to achieve such a vision are presented in this paper as a result of the research partnership of the FREEDM Systems Center.
Energy router is one of the key elements for power electronic based dc microgrid cluster system. Traditional AC/DC converter and Solid-State Transformer (SST) can act as an energy router, but their functions and interfaces are restricted. In this paper, a novel modular-based energy router(MBER) for DC microgrid cluster has been proposed to extend the functions of energy router. Each module of MBER is composed of an AC/DC converter and an isolated dual active bridge (IDAB) converter with high frequency transformers. The power multi-directional exchange mechanism between AC grid and DC microgrid cluster are shown. Then, the operation mechanism and the operation modes of MBER are analyzed. Considering the operation range of MBER is limited by the operation modes and the DC voltage of each module, a dc voltage adjustment strategy and control method have been proposed to expansion the operation range of MBER. Finally, simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed topology and control methods.
In this paper a hierarchical distributed energy management of multi-microgrids with energy routing is proposed. Existing control strategies for power sharing, transient performance and economic-emission dispatch in microgrids with distributed generators fall short in providing good dynamic performance. To address this issue, a hierarchical distributed optimization is proposed by using top-down approach, which decomposes original economic-emission dispatch of multi-microgrid scenario into individual microgrid and energy routing sub-problems. Distributed electric vehicle charging, intermittent photovoltaic source and battery energy storage system are incorporated in the optimization model. Using multi-agent system model for distributed generation, a dynamic performance controller (DPC) is proposed for each microgrid to achieve improved performance during transients. Convergence of optimization algorithm is proved using Lyapunov theory. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed DPC for economic-emission dispatch improves system performance significantly during either load or generator switching.
In this study, a 'microgrid community' (MGC) consisting of multiple microgrids (MGs) is investigated. Each MG is a self-governed entity and independently decides how much power is in need or can provide. Neighbouring MGs are aggregated by a multi-terminal energy router (ER), forming a MGC, which is then connected to the distribution network at one terminal. Other terminals are connected to those MGs and all terminals share a common DC link. A concise trading mechanism is proposed to coordinate the involved MGs. Every MG submits its power requirement to the ER in real time and the ER decides how much to accept, fully or with a discount, according to the DC-link voltage level. Meanwhile, a price stimulation mechanism based on the DC-link voltage deviation is designed to exploit the potential of the MGs in power generation and consumption. The ER has no central controllers and the proposed bargaining process is achieved at each terminal without mutual communications. The control strategy is fully distributed and will benefit the scalability and plug-and-play of such an MGC. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed solution for the operation of multi-microgrid systems.
Energy Router (ER) based system is a crucial part in the energy transmission and management under the circumstance of Energy Internet for green cities. During its design process, a sound formal verification and a performance monitoring framework are needed to check its reliability and meaningful quantitative properties. In this paper, we provide formal verification solutions for ER based system by proposing a continuous-time Markov chain model describing the architecture of ER based system. Then, we choose electricity trading to propose an Markov decision process model based on an ER subsystem to describe the trading behaviour. To monitor the system performance, we project the energy scheduling process in ER based system, and then implemented this scheduling process on top of cloud computing experiment tool. Finally, we perform extensive experiment evaluations to investigate the system reliability properties, quantitative properties, and scheduling behaviours. The experiment verifies the effectiveness of the proposed models. scheme.
The energy internet concept has been considered as a new development stage of the Smart Grid, which aims to increase the energy transmission efficiency and optimise the energy dispatching in time and space. Energy router is a core device in the energy internet and it connects all the devices together into a net structure and manages power flows among them. The research work presented in this paper described the energy router’s structure and function expectations from the network perspective, and improved the existing energy router design. Open-shortest-path first (OSPF) protocol and virtual circuit switching mode are referenced from the Internet in the energy local area network (e-LAN) design. This paper proposed a design of an energy routing algorithm based on graph theory in an e-LAN. A lowest-cost routing selection algorithm is designed according to the features of power transmission, and a source selection and routing design algorithm is proposed for very heavy load conditions. Both algorithms have been verified by case analyses.
Energy Internet (EI) is proposed as the evolution of smart grid, aiming to integrate various forms of energy into a highly flexible and efficient grid that provides energy packing and routing functions, similar to the Internet. As an essential part in EI system, a scalable and interoperable communication infrastructure is critical in system construction and operation. In this article, we survey the recent research efforts on EI communications. The motivation and key concepts of EI are first introduced, followed by the key technologies and standardizations enabling the EI communications as well as security issues. Open challenges in system complexity, efficiency, reliability are explored and recent achievements in these research topics are summarized as well.
A highly reliable, fast, and deterministic communication network is required to support time-critical real-time monitoring, protection, and control functions of the substation automation systems (SAS). This paper proposes an Ethernet-based logical architecture for the substation communication network (SCN). Improved reliability, availability, and survivability of the SAS are demonstrated through the unique architectural features of this SCN, whereas the end-to-end (ETE) time-delay performance of the SCN architecture is evaluated with the help of simulation. The optimized network engineering tool modeler is used for modeling and simulation of the various nodes of the SCN and the communication traffic according to IEC 61850, the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) standard for Communication Networks and Systems for Substation.
- K Wang
- X Hu
- H Li
- P Li
- D Zeng
- S Guo
K. Wang, X. Hu, H. Li, P. Li, D. Zeng and S. Guo, "A Survey on Energy
Internet Communications for Sustainability," in IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Computing, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 231-254, July-Sept. 1 2017.
His research interests include power system communication, cybersecurity in power systems, substation automation systems
S. M. Suhail Hussain (M'13) received his
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
Jamia Millia Islamia (a Central University), New
Delhi, India in 2018. He is currently a
Postdoctoral
researcher
at
Fukushima
Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA),
Koriyama, Japan. His research interests include
power system communication, cybersecurity in
power systems, substation automation systems,
IEC 61850 standards, electric vehicle
integration and smart grid.
He was a recipient of IEEE Standards Education Grant approved by the IEEE Standards Education Committee for implementing project and submitting a student application
- Dr
Dr. Hussain is Guest Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
INFORMATICS. He was a recipient of IEEE Standards Education Grant
approved by the IEEE Standards Education Committee for
implementing project and submitting a student application paper in
2014-15.